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    "Erfolgreicher Spracherwerb findet außerhalb des Unterrichts statt":Podcast: Germanistin Christine Dimroth über den Fremdsprachenunterricht an Schulen und Sprachensterben

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    Mit dem aktuellen Fremdsprachenunterricht in den Schulen werden unsere Fähigkeiten, eine fremde Sprache zu lernen, bei weitem nicht ausgeschöpft. Zwar sei es nachvollziehbar und richtig, Kinder möglichst früh beispielsweise Englisch beizubringen, betont die Germanistin Prof. Dr. Christine Dimroth von der Universität Münster. Entscheidend sei allerdings die Methode. "Es sollten weniger die Regeln, sondern das alltägliche Sprechen im Vordergrund stehen", betont die Sprachwissenschaftlerin in der neuen Podcast-Folge "Umdenken" der Universität Münster mit Blick auf den Internationalen Tag der Muttersprache am 21. Februar. Mehrere Studien belegten, dass sich Kinder, die ab der Sekundarstufe Englischunterricht bekommen, in ihrer Sprachkompetenz spätestens ab der achten Klasse kaum von denjenigen unterschieden, die bereits seit der Grundschule Englisch lernen. "Der erfolgreichste Spracherwerb findet sehr früh statt", ergänzt Christine Dimroth. "und zwar in einer Phase, in der wir grammatikalische und orthographische Regeln noch nicht lernen können." Zudem plädiert die Sprachwissenschaftlerin dafür, insbesondere bei Zuwanderern zwischen der sprachlichen und beruflichen Kompetenz zu unterscheiden. Die Tatsache, dass ein Arzt mit einem Akzent spreche, habe nichts mit dessen medizinischen Fähigkeiten zu tun. "Als Einwanderungsgesellschaft sollten wir andere Sprachen oder Sprachvarietäten nicht als Bedrohung oder Konkurrenz zu unserer eigenen Sprache einstufen", betont Christine Dimroth. "Insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der notwendigen Fachkräfteeinwanderung müssen wir uns daran gewöhnen." Und wie bewertet die Germanistin das Aussterben vieler Sprachen? Einerseits sei es "bedauernswert", dass Schätzungen zufolge von den weltweit rund 7.000 Sprachen mehr als die Hälfte vom Aussterben bedroht ist. Andererseits sei dieser Trend eine "Normalität des sprachlichen Handelns". Demnach würden die meisten Menschen Sprachen lernen, die ihnen die größten Lebenschancen eröffnen – sei es im Alltag, in der Bildung oder im Beruf. "Viele werden zu den Sprachen übergehen, mit denen sie eine hohe kommunikative Reichweite haben. Das lässt sich kaum verhindern", erklärt Christine Dimroth

    Inability to pursue nonrigid motion produces instability of spatial perception

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    Vision generates a stable representation of space by combining retinal input with internal predictions about the visual consequences of eye movements. We report a type of nonrigid motion that disrupts the connection between eye movements and perception, causing visual instability. This motion is accurately perceived during fixation, but it cannot be pursued. Catch-up saccades are accurately directed to the moving target but the motion stimulus appears to jump in space with each saccade. Our results reveal four major findings about perception and the visuomotor system: (i) Pursuit fails for certain types of motion; (ii) pursuit and catch-up saccades are independently controlled; (iii) prediction of saccade consequences is independent from saccade control; and (iv) the visual stability of moving objects relies on similar motion mechanisms as pursuit

    Multi-chiral materials comprising metallosupramolecular and covalent helical polymers containing five axial motifs within a helix

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    Supramolecular and covalent polymers share multiple structural effects such as communication mechanisms among monomer repeating units, which are related to their axial helical structure. Herein, a unique multi-helical material combining information from both metallosupramolecular and covalent helical polymers is presented. In this system, the helical structure described by the poly(acetylene) (PA) backbone ('cis-cisoidal', 'cis-transoidal') guides the pendant groups in a fashion where a tilting degree emerges between a pendant and the adjacent ones. As a result, a multi-chiral material is formed comprising four or five axial motifs when the polyene skeleton adopts either a 'cis-transoidal' or 'cis-cisoidal' configuration: the two coaxial helices—internal and external—and the two or three chiral axial motifs described by the bispyridyldichlorido PtII complex array. These results show that complex multi-chiral materials can be obtained by polymerizing appropriate monomers that combine both point chirality and the ability to generate chiral supramolecular assemblies

    Nasolacrimal intubation in transcanalicular endoscopic dacryoplasty: a long-term follow-up study

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    Nowadays, transcanalicular endoscopic dacryoplasty represents the majority of lacrimal duct surgery procedures performed in adults in specialised centers. However, there are still hardly any data available regarding the intra- and postoperative care, particularly regarding the duration of silicone tube intubation (STI). Our aim was to evaluate the relation between tube duration and recurrence of symptoms in patients who underwent transcanalicular microdrill dacryoplasty (MDP) in a long-term setting. Medical records of 576 adult patients after MDP were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 256 eyes of 191 patients could be included. The median follow-up time was 7.83 [7.08; 9.25] years. In 57.0% of the cases there was still full resolution of symptoms at the time of the survey. The median duration of the STI was 6 [3.00; 6:00] months. When distinguishing between a tube duration < 3 months and ≥ 3 months there was a significant difference in the long-term success rate (< 3 months: 38%; ≥ 3 months: 61%; p = 0.011). In conclusion, an early removal of the STI (< 3 months) after transcanalicular MDP seems to be associated with a higher incidence of recurrence of symptoms. This should be considered in the intra- and postoperative care of patients following this minimally invasive first-step procedure

    The effects of visual working memory load on detection and neural processing of task-unrelated auditory stimuli

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    While perceptual load has been proposed to reduce the processing of task-unrelated stimuli, theoretical arguments and empirical findings for other forms of task load are inconclusive. Here, we systematically investigated the detection and neural processing of auditory stimuli varying in stimulus intensity during a stimuli-unrelated visual working memory task alternating between low and high load. We found, depending on stimulus strength, decreased stimulus detection and reduced P3, but unaffected N1 amplitudes of the event-related potential to auditory stimuli under high as compared to low load. In contrast, load independent awareness effects were observed during both early (N1) and late (P3) time windows. Findings suggest a late neural effect of visual working memory load on auditory stimuli leading to lower probability of reported awareness of these stimuli

    The influence of signal strength on conscious and nonconscious neural processing of emotional faces

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    Consciously perceived emotional relative to neutral facial expressions evoke stronger early and late event-related potential (ERP) components. However, the extent of nonconscious neural processing of emotional information in faces is still a matter of debate. One possible reason for conflicting findings might relate to threshold effects depending on the sensory strength of stimuli. In the current study, we investigated this issue by manipulating the contrast of fearful and neutral faces presented with or without continuous flash suppression (CFS). Low, medium, and high contrasts were calibrated individually so that faces were consciously perceived at all contrast levels if presented without CFS. With CFS, however, low- and medium-contrast faces remained nonconscious, while high-contrast faces broke the suppression. Without CFS, ERPs showed an increased early negativity and late positivity in response to fearful vs. neutral faces regardless of contrast. Under CFS, we observed differential early negativities for suppression-breaking high-contrast fearful vs. neutral faces. For nonconscious faces, however, the contrast level modulated the difference between fearful and neutral faces, showing enhanced early negativities only at medium contrast and an inverted effect at low contrast. Additional analysis of late positivities provided evidence for the absence of an effect at low and medium contrast, while at high-contrast, fearful faces elicited a larger positivity than neutral ones. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the significance of stimulus strength for nonconscious emotion processing under CFS, implying that early negative ERP differences between neutral and fearful faces depend on stimulus contrast near the detection threshold

    The Merchant from Patristics to the Honnête Homme in the Writings of Savary

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    Der Text untersucht die Entwicklung des Bildes des Kaufmanns von den frühen christlichen Theologen (Patristik) bis hin zum Konzept des honnête homme im 17. Jahrhundert, insbesondere in den Schriften von Jacques Savary. Ursprünglich negativ bewertet, wurde der Kaufmann als von Gier getrieben und moralisch fragwürdig dargestellt. Im Laufe der Zeit änderte sich dieses Bild jedoch, besonders durch den Einfluss von Handelspraktiken und der wachsenden Anerkennung der Nützlichkeit des Handels für das Gemeinwohl. Savary betont in seinen Schriften die Tugenden des idealen Kaufmanns, darunter Effizienz, Wissen und Anstand, wobei der Handel als wesentlicher Faktor für den gesellschaftlichen Wohlstand und die Völkerverständigung betrachtet wird.The document explores the evolution of the image of the merchant from early Christian theologians (Patristics) to the concept of the honnête homme in the 17th century, particularly in the writings of Jacques Savary. Initially viewed negatively, the merchant was often seen as driven by greed and morally questionable. Over time, this perception shifted, particularly due to the growing recognition of trade's utility and its role in serving the common good. Savary highlights the virtues of the ideal merchant, including efficiency, knowledge, and decorum, portraying trade as a crucial factor for societal prosperity and fostering international understanding

    Untersuchung der intramolekularen Interaktionen in nicht-ribosomalen Peptidsynthetasen durch terminale Kommunikationsdomänen

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    In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Funktion der COM-Domäne in der Tyrocidin Synthetase untersucht. Dazu wurden drei Module (TycA, TycB1 und TycB3), die ein natürliches (TycA/TycB1) und ein orthogonales (TycB3/TycB1) COM-Paar bilden, genutzt. Auf Grundlage der ersten Kristallstruktur eines vollständigen in cis COM‑Domänenpaars aus der Bacitracin C Synthetase (Konstrukt: E-COMD-COMA-C) und eines Sequenzvergleichs wurde versucht, einen Spezifitätscode innerhalb der COM‑Interaktion zu identifizieren. Des Weiteren wurden in dieser Arbeit Austauschversuche mit den COM-Domänen der einzelnen Module durchgeführt. Hierzu wurden Teile der COM-Domänen ausgetauscht und die Produktbildung dieser Hybridmodule wurde untersucht. Zuletzt wurde die COM-Domäne hinsichtlich ihrer strukturgebenden Eigenschaft untersucht. Hierzu wurde die COM-Domäne des TycA-Moduls durch Deletions- und Insertionsmutationen strukturell verändert. Durch Produktbildung und Crosslink‑Studien mit einem TycB1(S5BzF)-Modul konnte die strukturgebende Eigenschaft der COM-Domäne eindeutig identifiziert werden

    Causal Hierarchy in the Financial Market Network—Uncovered by the Helmholtz–Hodge–Kodaira Decomposition

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    Granger causality can uncover the cause-and-effect relationships in financial networks. However, such networks can be convoluted and difficult to interpret, but the Helmholtz–Hodge–Kodaira decomposition can split them into rotational and gradient components which reveal the hierarchy of the Granger causality flow. Using Kenneth French’s business sector return time series, it is revealed that during the COVID crisis, precious metals and pharmaceutical products were causal drivers of the financial network. Moreover, the estimated Granger causality network shows a high connectivity during the crisis, which means that the research presented here can be especially useful for understanding crises in the market better by revealing the dominant drivers of crisis dynamics

    Dissociation of value extraction: the financialisation of solidarity-based German ambulatory healthcare

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    This paper explores why the financialisation of physician practices by private equity (PE) and the resulting value extraction from Germany’s solidarity-based healthcare system go largely unexamined in healthcare studies and regulation, despite contestation by medical associations. It contributes to feminist political-economic critiques of finance’s impact on social reproduction, employing the perspectives of economisation and dissociation from heterodox economic geography. This framework reveals how a solidarity-based health economy has historically aligned with neoclassical logics and how value extraction falls from view in this framing. Drawing on analyses of corporate spatial structures of PE-led healthcare chains, as well as narrative patterns from expert interviews and a text corpus on the disputed financialised restructuring of ambulatory healthcare, the paper identifies two dissociations that obscure value extraction and hinder effective regulatory oversight. First, the discursive framing of the ambulatory health economy through a neoclassical (health) economics lens makes value extraction seem implausible or invisible. Second, the opaque spatial ownership structures of PE-led healthcare chains prevent independent, evidence-based monitoring of these financialised healthcare providers. Therefore, the paper advocates for incorporating heterodox perspectives in health policy advising to rethink and foster definancialised investment and ownership models for a sustainable and solidarity-based future health economy.Das Paper untersucht die unbeachtete Finanzialisierung von Arztpraxen durch Private Equity (PE) und die Wertextraktion aus dem deutschen Gesundheitssystem. Es verbindet feministische polit-ökonomische Kritiken der Finanzialisierung sozialer Reproduktion mit den heterodox wirtschaftsgeographischen Perspektiven von Economization und Dissoziation. Es zeigt, wie das traditionell solidarische Gesundheitssystem zunehmend durch neoklassische Logiken überformt wird, wodurch Wertextraktion unsichtbar wird. Qualitative Analysen räumlicher Eigentumsstrukturen von PE- Facharztketten sowie narrativer Muster in Experteninterviews und Textkorpus identifizieren zwei Dissoziationen: Die neoklassische Rahmung des ambulanten Sektors verschleiert Wertextraktion und komplexe Eigentümerstrukturen verhindern unabhängiges Monitoring. Das Paper empfiehlt heterodoxe Ansätze in der Gesundheitspolitik für eine Förderung nachhaltiger Finanzierungs- und Eigentumsmodelle von Gesundheitsversorgung

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