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Review processes by the number, weights and mistakes of reviews
No full textBegutachtungsverfahren werden analysiert anhand der Zahl der Gutachten, der Entscheidungsregel
bei abweichenden Gutachtenempfehlungen und den Annahme- und Ablehnungsfehlern der Gutachten. Begutachtungsverfahren können grundsätzlich strenger oder lockerer sein, was entsprechend zu weniger fehlerhaften Annahmen oder Ablehnungen führt.Review processes are analysed by the number of reviews, the decision rule in case of contradictory
recommendations and the mistakes of the reviews concerning acceptance and rejection. Review processes can be stricter or laxer in general with accordingly less incorrect acceptances or rejections
Investigating electrophysiological correlates of nonconscious processing of facial expressions using dichoptic forward masking
No full textAffective stimuli, such as fearful faces, are assumed to receive prioritized processing over neutral stimuli, making them easier to detect when perception is suppressed using techniques such as visual masking or binocular rivalry. Moreover, some studies suggest that fearful expressions can be processed outside of conscious awareness, as evidenced by enhanced early event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to subliminally presented fearful vs. neutral faces. This might be associated with increased detection of fear-related stimuli.However,it remains unclear whether increased cortical processing of unseen fearful faces is a necessary condition for detection advantages and whether effects are related to expression-related or low-level features of stimuli. In the present pre-registered ERPstudy, we addressed these questions using stereoscopic forward masking (FM). Forty-eight male and female participants were presented with fearful and neutral, intact and phase-scrambled faces. The behavioural results showed that masked fearful faces were detected better than neutral faces. Phase-scrambled faces did not show this effect, indicating that the perceptual advantage was not mediated by low-level spectral stimulus properties. ERPs elicited by consciously perceived faces showed typical expression effects in the form of enhanced occipito-temporal negativities in the time range of the N170 and the early posterior negativity (EPN). Crucially,these effects were absent for subjectively invisible faces, as corroborated by Bayesian statistics. Taken together, our results suggest that the perceptual advantage of fearful faces under dichoptic FM cannot be attributed to low-level stimulus properties. Furthermore, with in this paradigm, the perceptual advantage does not coincide with the amplification of early ERPs to subjectively invisible faces, suggesting a dissociation between unconscious stimulus processing and stimulus detection
Nutzen und erfreuen:Vereinfachte Gegenwartsliteratur im Spannungsfeld zwischen kultureller Teilhabe und Urheberschutz
No full textAuch wenn die Sensibilität für das Thema der kulturellen Teilhabe steigt und verstärkt auf den Einsatz von Leichter und Einfacher Sprache geachtet wird, bleibt Menschen mit Leseschwierigkeiten die deutsche Gegenwartsliteratur oft weitgehend unzugänglich. Dieser Zugangsproblematik liegt ein Zugangskonflikt zugrunde: eine Spannung zwischen dem Menschenrecht auf kulturelle Teilhabe von Menschen mit Leseschwierigkeiten und den Urheberrechten von Autoren. Aus zugangsethischer Perspektive werden zwei mögliche Lösungen dieses Zugangskonflikts diskutiert. Da eine mögliche Erweiterung der in § 45b UrhG kodifizierten Schrankenregelung für Menschen mit einer Seh- oder Lesebehinderung kaum auf die Zustimmung von Urhebern und weiteren Rechteinhabern rechnen kann, wird für eine ebenso freiwillige wie freigiebige Lizenzgewährung plädiert. Eine solche würde nicht nur Betroffenen kulturelle Teilhabe ermöglichen, sondern ebenfalls Urhebern nutzen.Although there is currently great awareness of the issue of cultural participation and a related increasing use of easy language (Leichte Sprache) and plain language, contemporary German literature often remains largely inaccessible to people with reading difficulties. The article will first of all examine both this access problem and the underlying access conflict, which is identified in the tension between the human right to cultural participation of people with reading difficulties and the authors' copyrights. Finally, two possible solutions to the access conflict are discussed from the perspective of an ethics of access. Since a possible extension of the limitation rule codified in § 45b UrhG for people with visual or reading disabilities can hardly count on the consent of authors and other rights holders, the article argues for a voluntary and permissive granting of licenses. This, it is argued, would not only allow people with reading difficulties for cultural participation, but would also benefit authors
T6SS4 is heterogeneously expressed in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and is a target for transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation
No full textThe type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a complex secretion system encoded by many Gram-negative bacteria to translocate effector proteins directly into target cells. Due to its high complexity and energy-intensive firing process, regulation of the T6SS is tightly controlled in many organisms. 'Y. pseudotuberculosis' encodes four complete T6SS clusters but lacks genes implicated in T6SS gene regulation in other microorganisms, indicating a distinct control mechanism. Here, we could show that the T6SS4 of 'Y. pseudotuberculosis' is heterogeneously expressed within a population, which is determined by the transcriptional T6SS4 activator RovC. Moreover, the T6SS4 and RovC are embedded in a complex and global regulatory network, including the global post-transcriptional regulator CsrA, the 'Yersinia' modulator A (YmoA), the global protease Lon, and RNases (PNP and RNase III). Post-transcriptional processing of the T6SS4 polycistron and different transcript stability within the operon also achieve a higher regulatory complexity. In summary, our work provides new insights into the sophisticated and complex regulatory network of the T6SS4 of 'Y. pseudotuberculosis', which clearly differs from regulation in other organisms
Academic Career Pathways in German Medicine: Current Structures and International Comparisons
No full textIntroduction: Academic qualification processes in medicine are an essential component of excellent research and teaching. In Germany, these qualification paths are characterized by heterogeneity in the regulations both between the federal states and between the faculties. This lack of uniformity in Germany stands in contrast to internationally established models with standardized and transparent career paths. In view of growing international mobility and increasing global competition, the need to reform academic careers in medicine in Germany is increasingly coming into focus. Methods: On the basis of a systematic analysis, higher education laws, doctoral, habilitation and appointment regulations of German medical faculties were examined for defined target criteria. This was followed by a literature search in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases as well as freely accessible documents on the qualification systems of other international universities. Results: The evaluation reveals considerable differences in the requirements, regulations and transparency of academic qualification levels in Germany. There is a lack of standardization processes in German regulations, particularly in the area of habilitation and extraordinary professorship. In an international comparison, there are clear differences between countries both in the existence of qualification levels and the qualification path to the qualification level. However, many countries have structured and transparent qualification levels with underlying tenure-track models or performance-oriented criteria. Conclusion: The results of the academic qualification structures in medicine show a need for reform of the German academic system in an international comparison. The introduction of transparent and structured career paths, based on systems already established in other countries (PhD model/tenure track system), would contribute to harmonization and the promotion of international comparability and mobilit
Effekte psychopharmakologischer Medikation auf die Mikrostruktur der weißen Substanz bei bipolarer Störung
No full textBei der bipolaren Störung (BD) konnten Studien mit Diffusions-Tensor-Bildgebung Veränderungen der Mikrostruktur der weißen Substanz zeigen. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte, ob diese durch Medikation beeinflusst werden. 135 BD-Erkrankte und 135 gesunde Kontrollen (HC) wurden im Hinblick auf Unterschiede der Mikrostruktur der weißen Substanz anhand des Maßes der fraktionellen Anisotropie (FA) untersucht. Anschließend wurden Subgruppen BD-Erkrankter, welche bestimmte Wirkstoffe nicht einnahmen (jegliche psychopharmakologische Medikation, Lithium, Antidepressiva, Antikonvulsiva, Antipsychotika), mit den HC sowie mit den Subgruppen BD-Erkrankter, welche die ausgeschlossenen Wirkstoffe einnahmen, verglichen. Es zeigte sich eine erniedrigte FA bei der Gesamtgruppe der BD-Erkrankten sowie in allen Subgruppen im Vergleich zu den HC. Im Vergleich der BD-Erkrankten untereinander fanden sich keine signifikanten Befunde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die BD auch nach Ausschluss häufig eingenommener Psychopharmaka mit Schäden der Mikrostruktur der WS einhergeht
Messung der immunassoziierten Genexpression im peripheren Blut in einer Kohorte von Patienten mit pädiatrischen rheumatischen Erkrankungen
No full textPädiatrische rheumatische Erkrankungen sind durch unterschiedliche immunologische Signalwege geprägt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Analyse immunassoziierter Genexpression im peripheren Blut und deren Zusammenhang mit der Krankheitsaktivität. In einer Kohorte von 154 Patienten mit 412 Proben und 33 Kontrollproben wurde mittels NanoString-Technologie die Expression von 24 immunrelevanten Genen quantifiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Krankheitskategorien: Typ-I-Interferon-Signaturen dominierten bei Kollagenosen und Interferonopathien, während IL-1-assoziierte Gene bei autoinflammatorischen Erkrankungen vermehrt exprimiert waren. Die Genexpression korrelierte mit klinischen Aktivitätsparametern und bildet die Grundlage für molekulare Scores zur objektiven Krankheitsbewertung. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen das Potenzial expressionsbasierter Biomarker für die Diagnostik und Verlaufskontrolle in der pädiatrischen Rheumatologie
From the doctorate to the professorship:Fifteen tips for young academics
No full textEs werden fünfzehn Tipps gegeben und erläutert für Promovierte, die eine Universitätsprofessur in Deutschland anstreben.Fifteen tips are given and explained for graduates with a doctoral degree who want to become university professors in Germany