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The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation Speed in Startups
No full textInnovation is a crucial factor for the success of companies, particularly start-ups, in maintaining their position in the market. Consequently, these companies must be prepared to incorporate new technologies into their business activities. One such technology is artificial intelligence (AI). AI is undergoing rapid technological development, yet the integration of AI into innovation management is still barely researched.
This paper examines the traditional "one-size-fits-all" approach to innovation processes and presents novel and versatile innovation processes. It considers the remaining commonalities of these processes and their potential for optimization through AI.
The importance of innovation as a success factor for startups is discussed. It emphasizes how innovation can help to overcome uncertainties and increase competitiveness. In the following, a framework is presented that deals with an AI-augmented innovation process and the potential obstacles during integration. It utilizes the ability of AI to improve the innovation process itself
The impact of vasomotion on analysis of rodent fMRI data
No full textIntroduction: Small animal fMRI is an essential part of translational research in the cognitive neurosciences. Due to small dimensions and animal physiology preclinical fMRI is prone to artifacts that may lead to misinterpretation of the data. To reach unbiased translational conclusions, it is, therefore, crucial to identify potential sources of experimental noise and to develop correction methods for contributions that cannot be avoided such as physiological noise. Aim of this study was to assess origin and prevalence of hemodynamic oscillations (HDO) in preclinical fMRI in rat, as well as their impact on data analysis. Methods: Following the development of algorithms for HDO detection and suppression, HDO prevalence in fMRI measurements was investigated for different anesthetic regimens, comprising isoflurane and medetomidine, and for both gradient echo and spin echo fMRI sequences. In addition to assessing the effect of vasodilation on HDO, it was studied if HDO have a direct neuronal correlate using local field potential (LFP) recordings. Finally, the impact of HDO on analysis of fMRI data was assessed, studying both the impact on calculation of activation maps as well as the impact on brain network analysis. Overall, 303 fMRI measurements and 32 LFP recordings were performed in 71 rats.
Results: In total, 62% of the fMRI measurements showed HDO with a frequency of (0.20 ± 0.02) Hz. This frequent occurrence indicated that HDO cannot be generally neglected in fMRI experiments. Using the developed algorithms, HDO were detected with a specificity of 95%, and removed efficiently from the signal time courses. HDO occurred brain-wide under vasoconstrictive conditions in both small and large blood vessels. Vasodilation immediately interrupted HDO, which, however, returned within 1 h under vasoconstrictive conditions. No direct neuronal correlate of HDO was observed in LFP recordings. HDO significantly impacted analysis of fMRI data, leading to altered cluster sizes and F-values for activated voxels, as well as altered brain networks, when comparing data with and without HDO.
Discussion: We therefore conclude that HDO are caused by vasomotion under certain anesthetic conditions and should be corrected during fMRI data analysis to avoid bias
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty versus locked plate fixation for proximal humeral fractures in the elderly: a systematic review
No full textIntroduction: For surgical treatment of proximal humeral fractures (PHF) in older patients, there is no consensus if locked plate fixation (LPF) or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) yields better clinical results. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the clinical and functional outcomes of LPF and RTSA. We hypothesized that RTSA would outperform LPF in patients with PHF aged 65 years or older. Materials & Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed and Google Scholar from 1 July 2022 up to 12 January 2024 by two independent reviewers. Comparative studies reporting on the functional outcome using the Constant-Murley score (CMS) in patients aged 65 years or older, treated after 2012 for PHF with LPF or RTSA and with a mean follow-up time of at least 12 months were included. Ten studies with 244 LPF and 287 RTSA patients were included into the statistical analysis. We used a frequentist network meta-analysis to assess the comparative effectiveness of the treatments. Individual risk of bias of the studies was assessed using the ROB2 and ROBINS-I tools. Results: Our network meta-analysis of the CMS resulted in the following order ranked from lowest to highest: LPF, LPF + screw augmentation, hemiarthroplasty (HA), RTSA + cemented stem, non-surgical treatment, LPF + fibular allograft, RTSA with an inclination angle of 135° (RTSA IA 135°), RTSA. However, none of the direct or indirect comparisons resulted in statistically noticeable differences. Conclusion: In conclusion, functional superiority of either treatment method is still unknown, with even high-powered RCT not being able to detect statistically noticeable differences in terms of function. Patient-individual factors, such as bone quality, sex and age have to be included when making treatment decisions
Synthesis and structure of 1,1′,1′′-[(2-bromoethoxy)methanetriyl]tribenzene and 1,1′,1′′-[(2-iodoethoxy)methanetriyl]tribenzene
No full textThe present study reports on the molecular structures and syntheses of 1,1′,1′′-[(2-bromoethoxy)methanetriyl]tribenzene, C_21H_19BrO, and 1,1′,1′′-[(2-iodoethoxy)methanetriyl]tribenzene, C_21H_19IO. Both compounds crystallized from a saturated solution in THF by slow vapour diffusion of n-hexane in the monoclinic space group P2_1/c. While the two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit of 1,1′,1′′-[(2-iodoethoxy)methanetriyl]tribenzene show no close contacts to other molecules, in the structure of 1,1′,1′′-[(2-bromoethoxy)methanetriyl]tribenzene the molecules interact with each other via C—H⋯Pi contacts
Theologen im ‚Weltanschauungskampf’:Eine duale Biografie von Helmuth Schreiner und Karl Themel
No full textDie Dissertation analysiert in einer dualen Biografie die Lebenswege und kirchenpolitischen Ansichten von Helmuth Schreiner (1893–1962) und Karl Themel (1890–1973), zwei prominenten Theologen des deutschen Protestantismus. Anhand umfangreicher Quellen werden Parallelen, Unterschiede und Entwicklungen ihrer Haltungen untersucht. Bis 1933 zeigten beide ein vergleichbares, nationalkonservatives und dem Völkischen zum Teil wohlgesonnenes Profil. Unter der NS-Herrschaft gingen sie jedoch unterschiedliche Wege: Themel wurde Anhänger der Deutschen Christen und NS-Ideologie, Schreiner verhielt sich ambivalent zwischen Lagern. Neue Archivalien belegen zudem, dass Schreiner an NS-Rassenpolitik beteiligt war. Die Studie zeigt, dass die Dichotomie Bekennende Kirche versus Deutsche Christen der vielschichtigen Realität innerprotestantischer Auseinandersetzungen nicht gerecht wird und betont die Notwendigkeit größerer Ambiguitätstoleranz gegenüber biografischen Grauzonen
Tool mastering today – an interdisciplinary perspective
No full textTools have coined human life, living conditions, and culture. Recognizing the cognitive architecture underlying tool use would allow us to comprehend its evolution, development, and physiological basis. However, the cognitive underpinnings of tool mastering remain little understood in spite of long-time research in neuroscientific, psychological, behavioral and technological fields. Moreover, the recent transition of tool use to the digital domain poses new challenges for explaining the underlying processes. In this interdisciplinary review, we propose three building blocks of tool mastering: (A) perceptual and motor abilities integrate to tool manipulation knowledge, (B) perceptual and cognitive abilities to functional tool knowledge, and (C) motor and cognitive abilities to means-end knowledge about tool use. This framework allows for integrating and structuring research findings and theoretical assumptions regarding the functional architecture of tool mastering via behavior in humans and non-human primates, brain networks, as well as computational and robotic models. An interdisciplinary perspective also helps to identify open questions and to inspire innovative research approaches. The framework can be applied to studies on the transition from classical to modern, non-mechanical tools and from analogue to digital user-tool interactions in virtual reality, which come with increased functional opacity and sensorimotor decoupling between tool user, tool, and target. By working towards an integrative theory on the cognitive architecture of the use of tools and technological assistants, this review aims at stimulating future interdisciplinary research avenues
Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Kindheitstrauma und Inhibitionskontrolle:Eine Antisakkaden - Studie
No full textKindheitstrauma ist ein wesentlicher Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung psychischer und körperlicher Erkrankungen im Erwachsenenalter. Als möglicher Mediator gilt eine Beeinträchtigung der Inhibitionskontrolle, einem zentralen Aspekt exekutiver Funktionen. Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Kindheitstrauma und Inhibitionskontrolle bei Erwachsenen mithilfe des Antisakkadenparadigmas. 108 Teilnehmende (43 gesunde, 65 depressive Personen) wurden mittels Eyetracking getestet. Kindheitstrauma wurde durch den Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) erfasst. Es zeigte sich keine signifikante Assoziation zwischen CTQ-Summenscore und Antisakkadenfehlerrate oder -latenz. Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass Defizite der Inhibitionskontrolle nach Kindheitstrauma im Erwachsenenalter nicht persistieren. Zukünftige Studien sollten emotionale Stimuli und longitudinale Designs einbeziehen, um Zusammenhänge zwischen Kindheitstrauma, exekutiven Funktionen und psychischer Gesundheit zu vertiefen.Childhood trauma is a major risk factor for developing mental and physical disorders in adulthood. Impaired inhibitory control, a key component of executive functions, has been proposed as a mediating mechanism. This study examined the relationship between childhood trauma and inhibitory control in adults using the antisaccade paradigm. A total of 108 participants (43 healthy, 65 with depression) were assessed with video-based eye tracking. Childhood trauma was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). No significant association was found between CTQ total scores and antisaccade error rates or latencies. These findings suggest that inhibitory control deficits following childhood trauma do not persist into adulthood. Future studies should include emotional stimuli and longitudinal designs to better understand the links between childhood trauma, executive functioning, and mental health
Theses at the Institute for Organisational Economics
No full textEs wird beschrieben, wie eine Abschlussarbeit am Institut für Organisationsökonomik (IO)
angemeldet werden kann, wie die Themenausgabe und Betreuung verlaufen, wie die Arbeit
gestaltet werden soll, wie sie abzugeben ist und bewertet wird, wie mit Täuschungsversuchen
verfahren wird und was noch nach der Abgabe passiert.It is described how a thesis at the Institute for Organisational Economics (IO) can be
registered, how the topic assignment and supervision work, how the thesis should be
structured, how it should be submitted and how it is assessed, how attempts at deception are
dealt with, and what happens after submission
Bounded functions on the character variety:With an appendix by Dragos, Cris, an and Jingjie Yang
No full textThis paper is motivated by an open question in p-adic Fourier theory, that seems to be more difficult than it appears at first glance. Let L be a finite extension of Qp with ring of integers oL and let Cp denote the completion of an algebraic closure of Qp. In their work on p-adic Fourier theory, Schneider and Teitelbaum defined and studied the character variety X. This character variety is a rigid analytic curve over L that parameterizes the set of locally L-analytic characters λ : (oL,+) → (C×p ,×). One of the main results of Schneider and Teitelbaum is that, over Cp, the curve X becomes isomorphic to the open unit disk. Let ΛL(X) denote the ring of bounded-by-one functions on X. If μ ∈ oLJoLK is a measure on oL, then λ 7→ μ(λ) gives rise to an element of ΛL(X). The resulting map oL[oL] → ΛL(X) is injective. The question is: do we have ΛL(X) = oL[oL]? In this paper, we prove various results that were obtained while studying this question. In particular, we give several criteria for a positive answer to the above question. We also recall and prove the "Katz isomorphism" that describes the dual of a certain space of continuous functions on oL. An important part of our paper is devoted to providing a proof of this theorem which was stated in 1977 by Katz. We then show how it applies to the question. Besides p-adic Fourier theory, the above question is related to the theory of formal groups, the theory of integer-valued polynomials on oL, p-adic Hodge theory, and Iwasawa theory
Cardiac Electrophysiological Effects of the Sodium Channel-Blocking Antiepileptic Drugs Lamotrigine and Lacosamide
No full textBackground: The two antiepileptic drugs lacosamide and lamotrigine exert their antiepileptic effect by inhibiting sodium channels. Lacosamide enhances the inactivation of sodium channels, while lamotrigine inhibits the activation of the channel. Interactions with sodium channels also play an interesting role in cardiac pro- and antiarrhythmia, with inhibition of inactivation, in particular, being regarded as potentially proarrhythmic. Therefore, the ventricular electrophysiologic effects of lacosamide and lamotrigine were investigated in an established experimental whole-heart model. Methods: A total of 67 rabbit hearts were allocated to four groups. Retrograde aortic perfusion was performed using the Langendorff setup. The action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90), QT intervals, spatial dispersion of repolarization, effective refractory period, post-repolarization refractoriness, and VT incidence were determined. The electrophysiological effects of lacosamide and lamotrigine were investigated in increasing concentrations on the natively perfused heart. On the other hand, perfusion with the IKr-blocker sotalol was performed to increase arrhythmia susceptibility, followed by perfusion with lacosamide or lamotrigine to investigate the effects of both in a setting of increased arrhythmia susceptibility. Perfusion with lacosamide and lamotrigine tended to decrease APD90 and QT-interval. As expected, perfusion with sotalol led to a significant increase in APD90, QT interval, and arrhythmia incidence. Additive perfusion with lacosamide led to a further increase in arrhythmia incidence, while additive perfusion with lamotrigine led to a decrease in VT incidence. Conclusions: In this model, lacosamide showed proarrhythmic effects, especially in the setting of an additive prolonged QT interval. Lamotrigine showed no significant proarrhythmia under baseline conditions and rather antiarrhythmic effects with additive QT prolongation