Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
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Genetic research initiatives for sustainable aquaculture production in the Philippines
No full textThe Philippines is one of several countries in Southeast Asia that has, for several decades, made steady contributions to world aquaculture production both from inland and marine waters. In recent years, fish production has been on the decline mainly because of the lack of quality seedstock, limited stocks of captive breeders or spawners of major aquaculture commodities, adverse effects of climate change and other environmental factors on fish breeding and rearing, fish diseases caused by pathogenic organisms and prohibitive cost of aquaculture inputs such as feeds, etc. Genetic researches have been conducted mostly through local grants with the aim of addressing the aforementioned constraints. Such initiatives focused on developing and applying methods in (a) selective breeding; (b) marker-assisted genetic strain assessment for broodstock development and for monitoring inbreeding in farmed stocks and (c) genomics to understand and enhance on-farm stock performance through the identification of genes that are responsible for nutrition, stress and immune responses, among others. This paper highlights examples of local genetics applications in tilapia, mangrove crab, shrimp, milkfish and abalone aquaculture. The significance of implementing genetic interventions to boost and sustain aquaculture production in the Philippines is likewise discussed
Towards reviving the production of Philippine native aquatic species
No full textThe overexploitation of native aquatic species mainly for household consumption, not to mention the habitat loss and introduction of invasive alien species in major inland water bodies of the Philippines, has resulted in the significant decline of their natural populations. Philippine Republic Act 9147 otherwise known as the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 and the Fisheries Administrative Order 233-1 in 2010 issued by the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) served as two legal frameworks for protecting and conserving aquatic wildlife including indigenous species of the Philippines. With the current declining state of the country’s native aquatic species, relevant studies such as breeding and development of seed production techniques are necessary to revive the production of native aquatic species. These studies would also support the Philippine Government’s Balik Sigla sa Ilog at Lawa (BASIL) program of restocking inland water bodies with native aquatic species
Gonadal response of juvenile protogynous grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) to long term recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone administration
No full textThe role of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the gonadal development of protogynous hermaphroditic grouper (E. fuscoguttatus) was investigated. Recombinant giant grouper (E. lanceolatus) FSH (rggFSH) was produced in yeast. Its receptor binding capacity and steroidogenic potency were confirmed in vitro. Weekly injections of rggFSH to juvenile tiger grouper for 8 weeks (100 μg/kg body weight, BW) resulted in significantly larger and more advanced oocytes (cortical alveolar stage vs. primary growth stage in control). Sustained treatment with rggFSH (20 to 38 weeks at 200 μg/kg BW) resulted in significant reduction in gonad size, degeneration of oocytes and proliferation of spermatogonial cells, indicative of female to male sex change. Gene expression analysis showed that, while initiating female to male sex change, the rggFSH significantly suppressed the steroidogenic genes cyp11b, cyp19a1a and foxl2 which restrained the endogenous production of sex steroid hormones thus prevented the differentiation of spermatogonial cells. Expression profile of sex markers dmrt1, amh, figla and bmp15 suggests that the observed sex change was restricted at the initiation stage. Based on these results, we propose that the process of female to male sex change in the protogynous grouper is initiated by FSH, rather than sex steroids and likely involves steroid-independent pathway. The cortical alveolar stage in oocyte development is the critical point after which FSH-induced sex change is possible in grouper.This study was funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) through project no. FIS/2012/101 granted to A. Elizur. P. Palma was a recipient of an ACIAR funded Australia Awards John Allwright Fellowship
Current status, issues, and gaps on aquatic emergency preparedness and response systems practiced by Cambodia
Get PDFA few decades ago, Cambodia was rich in both freshwater and marine fisheries resources because of its favorable geographical area. However, the fisheries resources have depleted and were unable to totally fulfill the increasing fish demands of its people. This was caused by various factors including unfavorable climate changes, increase in population, improper agricultural production practices, and other human affecting activities. In this sense, aquaculture development in Cambodia becomes increasingly important in order to reduce the fishing pressure on its natural resources which are mainly for food security and economy of Cambodian people. Aside from this, aquatic animals in the country are vulnerable to infectious aquatic transboundary diseases as a result of insufficient and low transboundary diseases monitoring capacity. Neither the official list of aquatic transboundary diseases was created nor are the emergency preparedness and response systems for effective management of transboundary disease outbreaks in Cambodia has been well-established. Nonetheless, the government fisheries officers of both central and provincial levels have conducted fish health monitoring and undertake sample collection from fish farmers since 2016 in 10 targeted provinces as funded by the European Union s Programme. Regarding the capacity of the diagnostic laboratory, officers can perform level I and II but not for all species and diseases. Level III diagnoses cannot be effectively performed yet due to the lack of facilities, skills, and knowledge. The Marine Aquaculture Research and Development Center (MARDeC) is the only main laboratory for aquatic animal health diagnosis in the country. To minimize the spread of aquatic transboundary diseases in freshwater and seawater, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has been moving to initiate and establish policies regarding: (1) the registrations, licensing, and law enforcement; (2) the inspection of sites; (3) and the issuance of health certificate and quality seals. However, those national regulations and legislation regarding the movement of aquatic animal stocks are not yet practical or effective. Importantly, the Royal Government of Cambodia needs both technical and financial assistance. It requires an improvement, amendment, and enforcement of the regulations, laws and the standard operating procedures (SOPs). It requires laboratory capacity building and SOPs for responsible management to establish the aquatic emergency preparedness and response systems for effective management of transboundary disease outbreaks in Cambodia as well as Southeast Asia
Risk analysis in aquaculture
Get PDFThe information presented in this paper were taken from several key FAO documents. The objective is to continuously raise awareness about the concept of risk analysis and its application to the aquaculture sector.
The paper provides information in response to several key risk questions, e.g.: (1) what is risk versus hazard, (2) what is risk analysis, (3) who uses risk analysis, (4) why do countries need to be able to use risk analysis? An overview of the risks in aquaculture is also provided in terms of the process and approaches; and the different risk sectors in aquaculture.
The paper concludes with some key points and challenges. Risk analysis is a decisionmaking tool that contributes to protecting national health and welfare. It can also contribute to sustainable aquaculture and the success of individual aquaculture businesses and operations. Risk analysis does not stand alone - it supports and is supported by other components of a National Strategy on Aquatic Animal Health. A basic strength of the risk analysis process is its flexibility - it is adaptable to almost any sector/system where risk and uncertainty occur.
Countries will often be confronted with a lack of scientific information, both quality and quantity, to support the risk analysis process. Nevertheless, governments must often act under these uncertainties as well as make decisions in the face of a great deal of complexity, significant variability, and multiple management goals
Way forward
Get PDFThe overall objective of this technical consultation is to bring together the representatives of ASEAN Member States and technical experts to examine the status of aquatic emergency preparedness and response systems currently being practiced in the region in order to identify gaps and other initiatives for regional cooperation. In the general sense, the RTC is successful in achieving the general objective.
As for the specific objectives, (a) to assess existing laws, legislations and standard operating procedures (SOPs), among others had been partially achieved. This is because the consultation didn t assess but was only informed (through the reports of country representatives) of the current situation in ASEAN member countries. The way forward of this is to complete the EPRS audit questionnaire as basis of the more systematic assessment. The second objective is (b) to assess the need for a regional aquatic EPRS in the ASEAN, the participant voted in the affirmative. The way forward of this is to create the ASEAN guidelines including the mechanics. The third objective is to (c) enhance cooperation among Member States, regional/international organizations and other relevant stakeholders on initiatives that support aquatic EPRS for effective management of aquatic animal disease outbreaks. This objective has been achieved. The way forward for this is to get the same people for a planned and proposed consultation II for continuity and for emphasis on more private sector and academe representation
Emergency response to emerging diseases: TiLV in tilapia
Get PDFTilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel RNA virus resembling Orthomyxovirus. It has been recently re-classified to Tilapia tilapinevirus species, under Tilapinevirus genus, Amnoonviridae family (ICTV, 2018). Since the first discovery in Israel in 2014, so far TiLV has been reported from 14 countries in three continents (Asia, Africa, and South America). Thailand is one of the affected countries that reported emergence of this virus in 2017. Initially, we employed nested RT-PCR primer sequences previously published for TiLV diagnosis. However, the resulting amplification of nonspecific fish genes led us to modify the nested RT-PCR protocols into a semi-nested RT-PCR by omitting a non-specific primer to avoid false positive results. Subsequently, our molecular work together with histopathology and sequence analysis confirmed the presence of TiLV infection in Thailand. Prior to the publication of our manuscript, we informed the Thai Department of Fisheries of our discovery of TiLV in Thailand. Our publication was preceded by a brief article at the website of the Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia-Pacific in which we warned of the spread of TiLV and offered free use of a newly improved, semi-nested RT-PCR method and positive control plasmid for detection of TiLV. To date, we have provided positive controls in response to 44 requests from 24 countries who have expressed their appreciation for our attempt to help in emergent controlling the spread of this fish pathogen. Our current study focuses on genetic diversity of TiLV and development of detection method that covers all genetic variants
A new species of the sanguinea-group Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida: Eunicidae: Marphysa) from the Philippines
No full textA new species of the Marphysa sanguinea group, M. iloiloensis n. sp. (Annelida: Eunicida: Eunicidae), is described from the Marine Annelids Hatchery of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC- AQD), Iloilo Province, Philippines. It represents the first record of this group in the Philippines. The new species is most similar morphologically to M. hongkongensa Wang, Zhang & Qiu, 2018, but can be distinguished from it by having fewer branchial filaments, a pair of faint eyes (absent in M. hongkongensa), and in slight differences in jaw morphology and chaetation. The embryos of the new species develop inside a jelly cocoon attached to the entrance of the adult burrow; this is the first time that egg-containing cocoons have been found in any species of the sanguinea-group. Phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) revealed that Marphysa iloiloensis n. sp. is genetically distinct from all other analysed Marphysa species and forms a sister group to M. hongkongensa. A revised identification key to members of the sanguinea-group in Southeast Asia is provided.The study was partially funded by SEAFDEC/AQD under the study code Br-02-Y2016T, ABRS grant RG18-21 involving authors EK, PH, and CG. We thank Olga Biriukova (Museum & Art Gallery Northern Territory) for preparing the morphological figures, Sue Lindsay (Macquarie University) for operating the SEM, Yubin Liu for providing specimens of M. tripectinata from China, and Nicolas Lavesque and Jacques Grall for providing specimens of M. sanguinea sensu stricto from France