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Endogenizing Capital in Measuring Trade in Value-Added
Get PDFapplication/pdfIDP000982_001This paper addresses a critical methodological gap in measuring trade in value added (TiVA) using conventional inter-country input–output (ICIO) models, in which capital is predominantly treated as an exogenous component of final demand. By applying both augmentation and flow-matrix approaches to endogenize capital within ICIO models, we develop new indicators that capture domestic and foreign capital value added embodied in exports, as well as countries’ capital dependence. Our empirical analysis, based on OECD ICIO tables and newly constructed capital-flow matrices, shows that conventional TiVA metrics substantially underestimate the degree of developed economies’ participation and comparative advantages in GVCs, particularly those specializing in the production of capital goods and services. The capital-endogenized approach provides important insights into countries’ export competitiveness and capital dependency, thereby offering a more comprehensive understanding of GVCs and international trade patterns, with implications for technological dependence, supply-chain resilience, and industrial policy.technical repor
Kenya’s Coffee Marketing System:The Monopoly of Smallholder Producer Cooperatives and Its Historical Context
No full textPJa/3/Af4application/pdfZAF202500_103現代ケニアの小規模コーヒー生産者協同組合は、政府による強い規制の下で、コーヒー流通において独占的な地位を与えられている。この流通制度は、小規模生産者に販売先を保証するとともに、中間買付業者による安価での買いたたきを防いで生産者を保護する効果を持つ。その一方で、コーヒー代金支払の遅延、コーヒー販売先に関する選択肢の欠如などの問題点も内包している。協同組合を中心としたこの流通制度は植民地時代に形成され、コーヒー部門とは直接関係のない外的要因の変化や、時代ごとの政府の戦略の影響を受けながら、現代まで一貫して継続している。他方で協同組合による流通独占は、組合の競争力欠如や自律性の阻害を生じさせて組合運営を非効率化・弱体化させるリスクを内包している。journal articl
