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Uncovering hidden sensitivity: Inter-individual growth variation in earthworms under fungicide exposure
No full textInternational audienceEnvironmental risk assessments (ERAs) of chemicals typically rely on standardized ecotoxicological tests that overlook inter-individual variability, despite its importance in ecological resilience and evolutionary success. Contaminants can disrupt individual differences by altering life-history traits, amplifying fitness disparities, favoring certain phenotypes, and reducing genetic diversity, ultimately impacting population dynamics and adaptability. However, the extent to which pollutants influence inter-individual variability and its population-level consequences remains poorly understood. To address this, our study examines the inter-individual variability of growth trajectories in the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa in response to sublethal exposure to the two active substances of Swing® Gold fungicide. Using a longitudinal design with 30 exposed and 30 unexposed individuals, we compared mean and inter-individual growth rate variability. While the fungicide had a weak effect on the cohort’s mean growth rate, we observed a three-fold increase in inter-individual variability in the exposed group. This increase highlighted a subset of highly sensitive individuals, whose growth was reduced by up to 10% compared to the average response. Our results suggest that focusing solely on population mean effects could overlook impacts on sensitive individuals, who could serve as early indicators of environmental stress. Incorporating individual variability into ecotoxicological studies is challenging due to the labor-intensive nature of individual monitoring and the need for larger datasets. Nonetheless, these efforts are essential for refining higher-tier ERA frameworks, improving safety factors for intraspecies variability, and defining regulatory thresholds. A better understanding of how contaminants affect inter-individual variation will enhance the accuracy and ecological relevance of risk assessments, ultimately capturing the long-term implications for population and ecosystem dynamics
Mapping and explaining syntax errors with LRgrep
No full textInternational audienceLR parsers and generated parsers are often criticized for their perceived inability to produce good syntax error messages. Yet, we believe, this inability is not inherent to LR parsing or to the use of a parser generator. Instead, we claim, this perception is caused mainly by the lack of languages and tools that allow the problem of producing good syntax error messages to be addressed at a suitable level of abstraction.In this paper, we demonstrate how to use the LRgrep language and its compiler to construct good syntax error explanations for an LR parser. We focus on a toy language of arithmetic expressions, with global and local variable definitions, whose parser is built by the Menhir parser generator. The LRgrep tool helps us discover all of the error situations that this parser can encounter. The LRgrep language lets us describe each situation via a succinct pattern and provide code that constructs an explanation message for this situation. Our description of all error situations and messages fits in one page of LRgrep and OCaml code
Explainable quantum convolutional neural network for attack detection in healthcare IoMT systems using SHAP and Grid5000 computing
No full textInternational audienceThe growth of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) improves patient care and data analysis, but it alsomakes healthcare systems newly vulnerable to cyberattacks.Current intrusion detection systems (IDS) strug-gle to work with the many different IoMT protocols. More importantly, they are ”black boxes” that can’texplain their decisions, which is a major problem in healthcare where safety is critical. This paper pro-poses a hybrid explainable quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN–SHAP) framework for accurateand transparent attack detection in IoMT environments. The QCNN exploits quantum feature encoding andentanglement to capture complex correlations in high-dimensional IoMT traffic data, while SHAP (SHapleyAdditive exPlanations) provides feature-level interpretability for each detection decision. We tested our modelon the CICIoMT2024 dataset, a benchmark for multi-protocol IoMT security assessment, using the Grid5000distributed computing platform. The proposed QCNN–SHAP model achieved a detection accuracy of 98.05%,outperforming current models like CNN, LSTM–Autoencoder, and Transformer–XAI models while maintain-ing explainability and moderate computational cost. SHAP analysis showed that key network features suchas packet size variance, flow duration, and protocol type were the most influential in identifying attacks. Theresults validate the model’s robustness, interpretability, and suitability for real-time IoMT intrusion detectionin healthcare contexts
The ENDOMIX project: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding how real-life chemical mixtures target the immune system to trigger disease
No full textInternational audienceThe true impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on human health is far from being understood. Humans are exposed to mixtures of chemicals throughout their lives, yet regulations and most studies focus on individual chemicals. ENDOMIX takes a novel approach to identifying associations and causality between EDCs and adverse health outcomes by focusing on exposure to mixtures of EDCs over the life course, including windows of susceptibility, using human biomonitoring data from several European cohorts. We will model and measure how real-life EDC mixtures act together and target the immune system to initiate, trigger or maintain disease. Health effects will be investigated using pioneering methodologies ranging from high-throughput in vitro bioassays, sophisticated organoid and co-culture systems, to in vivo models. In combination, they will provide valuable information on mechanistic pathways and transgenerational effects of EDC exposure. We aim to identify biomarkers and patterns of chemical exposures that are easy to measure, available for large cohorts and indicative for adverse health outcomes. We will use in vitro, in silico and in vivo data to strengthen causal inference using a weight-of-evidence approach. Moreover, using novel text mining methods, we will create knowledge graphs to capture and summarize the complexity of biomechanistic information, which aids rapid risk assessments and the creation of network models. The knowledge generated by ENDOMIX will provide an evidence base for policy-making and also reach people of all ages to raise awareness of the risks of EDC exposure and encourage health-promoting behaviors
Chapter 3: Containers: From Wrapped Textiles and Jars to Hard Disks
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter explores the diverse range of containers used throughout history to store and preserve written and non-written artefacts, from ancientmanuscripts to modern digital data. It highlights the varying materials – such as threads, textiles, leather, reeds, clay, wood, and cardboard – used for archival storage, as well as the different shapes and sizes of containers, including bags, boxes, baskets and jars. It discusses how these containers were adapted to the specific needs of the artefacts they held, and the challenges involved in preserving them. It also examines the historical and geographical diversity of archival storage, the evolution of archival terminology, and the way in which these containers were arranged, transported, and preserved. The chapter is organised by material type and chronological period, offering a comprehensive overview of archival storage practices across time and culture
Seven-Coordinate Lanthanide Bis-Halide Bis-Tetrathiometallate Complexes: A Compelling Platform for Luminescent and Magnetic Properties
No full textInternational audienceTo harness the unique luminescent and magnetic properties of lanthanides, precise control over their coordination sphere is essential, whether to minimize deactivation processes or maximize magnetic anisotropy. The traditional approaches rely on the use of large organic ligands bearing strong atom donors to enforce low coordination numbers of Ln ions. Herein we explored an alternative approach, constraining low coordination numbers via a better control of the primary coordination sphere of the Ln center using fully inorganic sulfur-based ligands, tetrathiotungstates. This strategy led to the preparation of an isostructural series of 13 rare-earth complexes, [NEt(4)](3)[LnCl(2)(MeCN){(μ-S)(2)WS(2)}(2)] (1Ln, Ln = Ce-Yb and Y). The unusually low coordination numbers (CN = 7) observed here in the absence of sterically bulky or rigid chelating ligands was rationalized using buried volume analysis. We highlight the potential of this new ligand set for luminescent and single-molecule magnets applications by investigating the properties of 1Yb and 1Dy complexes, respectively
Mechanistic insights into the thermal ground-state recovery of salicylidene aniline photoswitches
No full textInternational audienceSalicylidene aniline (SA) and its derivatives are attractive photochromes for many applications thanks to the environmental sensitivity of their photoswitching. While a large volume of work has been dedicated to understanding the photochemistry of SA, the mechanism by which the trans-keto photoproduct returns to the initial cis-keto form is underexplored in solution. This thermal relaxation has often been previously assumed to proceed via a trans-keto to cis-keto isomerization, as in the solid state. Through a combination of experimental lifetime measurements of such anils with various substituents and theoretical calculations, we show that in solution the thermal recovery is unlikely to occur via direct isomerization of the trans-keto form. Measured lifetimes are on the order of 10−4–10−5 s for all SA derivatives and are incompatible with theoretical predictions. We instead propose three alternative recovery mechanisms, involving an initial proton abstraction, addition, or enolization step before isomerization, which are consistent with experimental lifetimes and further supported by a strong primary isotope effect in deuterated ethanol. Overall, thermal relaxation of SA-based photochromes in solution is shown to be dependent on not only molecular substitution, but also environmental factors, making prediction of the lifetime of the photoproduct a complex problem
How Do Judges Use the Doctrine of Global Climate Constitutionalism? Comparative Expertise as a ‘Perilous’ Tool for Judicial Legitimacy
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From Butler to Wakanda: Afrofuturism as Transatlantic Dialogue
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines how twentieth-century African and African American Afrofuturist works anticipate and resonate with Ryan Coogler’s Black Panther (2018), positioning the film not as a rupture but as a crystallization of long-standing transatlantic conversations. By placing Octavia Butler’s Parable of the Sower (1993) and Wanuri Kahiu’s Pumzi (2009) in dialogue with Black Panther, I argue that Coogler synthesizes a diasporic tradition of speculative aesthetics that interrogates sovereignty, memory, and futurity across the Black Atlantic