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The Body as a Limit: Work, Exploitation, and Harm
No full textThis article takes stock of the concept of the body in social theory and considers the impact of work on the experience of the body in terms of damage and exhaustion. It begins by emphasising the importance of a phenomenological principle of opacity as opposed to an aspiration for transparency. Two definitions of work (anthropological and socio-historical) and two possible uses of the concept of exploitation are proposed, taking into account different manifestations of bodily harm and considering the ways in which the body adapts to the demands of work as a concern for the body (fitness, nutrition, analgesia, stimulants, or the cultivation of erotic capital). From the perspective of psychodynamics and the sociology of work, and combining Marxism and Foucauldian studies, the social relationship of exploitation and the need to optimise the body are addressed as experiences that lead to wear and tear and exhaustion. Finally, the materiality of thebody is proposed as a limit to its appropriation.En este artículo se lleva a cabo un balance del concepto del cuerpo en la teoría socialy se planteael impactodel trabajo sobre la experiencia del cuerpoen términos de daño y desgaste.En primer lugar, se parte de laimportancia de un principio fenomenológicode opacidad frente auna aspiración a la transparencia. Se plantean dos definiciones del trabajo (antropológica y sociohistórica) y dos usos posibles del concepto de explotación, atendiendoa distintas manifestaciones del daño corporalyconsiderandolas formas de adaptación del cuerpo a las exigencias del trabajocomo una preocupación porel cuerpo(el fitness, la alimentación, la analgesia, los estimulantes o el cultivo del capital erótico). Desde lapsicodinámicay la sociología del trabajo, y conjugando el marxismoy los estudios foucaultianos,se abordan la relación social de explotacióny las necesidades de optimización del cuerpo como experiencias que conducen aldesgaste y la extenuación. Por último, se plantea la materialidad del cuerpo como un límite a su apropiación
Marrades, Julián (ed.): Wittgenstein: Arte y Filosofía. Plaza y Valdés Editores, Madrid, 2013. [Reseña bibliográfica]
No full textEs reseña del libro Wittgenstein: Arte y Filosofía. Julián Marrades (ed.). Plaza y Valdés Editores, Madrid, 2013
Individual and Professional Factors Influencing the Use ofArtificial Intelligence in Medicine : A Multivariate StudyAcross Latin America
No full textEste estudio analiza los factores individuales y profesionales asociados al uso de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en la práctica médica en América Latina. Se realizó un estudio transversal y analítico mediante una encuesta estructurada aplicada a 1,041 médicos de 18 países, que incluyó variables sociodemográficas, formación académica, conocimientos estadísticos, familiaridad con la IA, actitudes, experiencia de uso y toma de decisiones en escenarios clínicos simulados. El análisis comprendió estadística descriptiva, pruebas bivariadas y regresión logística multivariada. La edad media de los participantes fue de 51.5 ± 13.5 años; el 77.5 % eran especialistas y el 50.5 % ejercía docencia universitaria. Aunque la mayoría manifestó haber oído hablar de IA, predominó un nivel básico de conocimiento (51.8 %), con una proporción reducida de formación avanzada (3.7 %). Se observó una marcada preferencia por el juicio clínico humano (86.0 %), junto con preocupaciones relacionadas con la falta de empatía (28.0 %) y la limitada personalización del cuidado (25.0 %).En el modelo multivariado final, la familiaridad con la inteligencia artificial se identificó como el predictor más fuerte del uso de IA en la práctica médica (OR = 4.59; IC 95 %: 3.10–6.81). Asimismo, la percepción de utilidad de la IA se asoció de manera significativa con una mayor probabilidad de adopción (OR = 2.49; IC 95 %: 1.07–5.81). En contraste, el escepticismo frente a la capacidad diagnóstica de la IA y el conocimiento técnico básico no mostraron asociaciones independientes significativas tras el ajuste del modelo. Una actitud favorable hacia la IA se relacionó significativamente con una mayor disposición a seguir sus recomendaciones en escenarios clínicos simulados (χ² = 75.2; p < 0.001). En conjunto, los resultados indican que la adopción de la inteligencia artificial en la práctica médica latinoamericana depende principalmente de la familiaridad práctica y del valor percibido, más que del dominio técnico avanzado. Estos hallazgos respaldan la necesidad de estrategias formativas y normativas orientadas a una integración crítica, responsable y contextualizada de la IA, preservando el papel central del juicio humano en la toma de decisiones médicas.This study examines the individual and professional factors associated with the use ofartificial intelligence (AI) in medical practice across Latin America. A cross-sectional analyticalstudy was conducted using a structured survey administered to 1,041 physicians from 18 countries.Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, academic background, statisticaltraining, AI familiarity, attitudes, prior use, and decision-making in simulated clinical scenarios. Analyses comprised descriptive statistics, bivariate tests, and multivariate logistic regression. Themean age of participants was 51.5 ± 13.5 years; 77.5% were specialists and 50.5% held universityteaching positions. Although AI awareness was widespread, most physicians reported basicknowledge (51.8%), with a small proportion indicating advanced training (3.7%). A strongpreference for human clinical judgment predominated (86.0%), accompanied by concerns regardinglack of empathy (28.0%) and limited personalization of care (25.0%). In the final multivariate model,AI familiarity emerged as the strongest predictor of use (OR = 4.59; 95% CI: 3.10–6.81). Perceivedusefulness of AI was also independently associated with a higher likelihood of adoption (OR = 2.49;95% CI: 1.07–5.81). In contrast, diagnostic skepticism and basic technical knowledge were notindependently associated with AI use after adjustment. A favorable attitude toward AI wassignificantly related to a greater willingness to follow AI recommendations in simulated clinicalscenarios (χ² = 75.2; p < 0.001). Overall, AI adoption in Latin American medical practice appears tobe driven primarily by practical familiarity and perceived value, rather than by advanced technicalexpertise. These findings support the need for educational and regulatory strategies that foster acritical, responsible, and context-sensitive integration of AI, while preserving the central role ofhuman judgment in medical decision-making
Technological competences of Vocational Training and Baccalaureate teachers for the inclusion of students with Autism.
No full textEl estudio analiza la formación y el conocimiento tecnológico del profesorado de Bachillerato y Formación Profesional (FP) en el uso de Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) para apoyar a estudiantes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA). La investigación destaca la baja competencia digital del profesorado en este ámbito, con diferencias a favor del profesorado de Bachillerato respecto al de FP. Se identifican carencias en la formación en TIC, especialmente en la accesibilidad y la personalización del aprendizaje.Mediante encuestas a 318 docentes en Andalucía, el estudio revela que ni el género ni la titularidad del centro influyen significativamente en la competencia digital, pero sí la edad y la experiencia docente, aunque de manera moderada. La investigación resalta la necesidad de fortalecer la formación docente con programas específicos que optimicen el uso de TIC en la educación inclusiva.Las conclusiones subrayan la importancia de mejorar la capacitación del profesorado para garantizar una enseñanza inclusiva y efectiva, promoviendo programas formativos que reduzcan la brecha digital y favorezcan la integración del alumnado con TEA.The study analyses the training and technological knowledge of Baccalaureate and Vocational Training (VET) teachers in the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to support students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The research highlights the low digital competence of teachers in this area, with differences in favour of Baccalaureate teachers compared to VET teachers. Shortcomings are identified in ICT training, especially in accessibility and personalisation of learning. Through surveys of 318 teachers in Andalusia, the study reveals that neither gender nor the type of school significantly influences digital competence, but age and teaching experience do, albeit to a moderate extent. The research highlights the need to strengthen teacher training with specific programmes that optimise the use of ICT in inclusive education. The conclusions underline the importance of improving teacher training to ensure inclusive and effective teaching, promoting training programmes that reduce the digital divide and favour the integration of students with ASD
Cambio en la rugosidad de superficie de implantes dentales tras su inserción en hueso denso
No full textLa osteointegración de los implantes dentales depende en gran medida de las características de su superficie, especialmente de su rugosidad, la cual influye en la adhesión celular, la estabilidad primaria y la cicatrización ósea. Sin embargo, durante el proceso de inserción quirúrgica, las superficies implantarias pueden sufrir modificaciones microtopográficas debido a la fricción contra las paredes del lecho óseo, lo que podría alterar sus propiedades biológicas y mecánicas.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue evaluar si se producen alteraciones en la microtopografía superficial de seis modelos comerciales de implantes dentales tras su inserción y desinserción en un modelo in vitro de hueso denso tipo II, mediante análisis de rugosidad tridimensional. Los objetivos secundarios incluyeron comparar los cambios en distintas zonas del implante, analizar el impacto del tratamiento de superficie y la composición química, evaluar la afectación de la macromorfología de las espiras y determinar la precisión del análisis tridimensional mediante microscopía láser confocal para detectar las alteraciones postinserción.
Se diseñó un estudio piloto in vitro en el que treinta implantes de seis diseños y superficies diferentes (Anker, Ankylos, Intralock, Nobel Replace, Straumann BLT y Straumann Tapered Effect) fueron insertados en bloques de hueso artificial tipo II bajo un torque de 50-60 Ncm. Se analizó la rugosidad superficial antes y después de la inserción mediante microscopía láser confocal (Keyence VK-X150), midiendo parámetros como Sa, Sz, Sq, Sdr y Spd en cuatro zonas anatómicas del implante: cuello, tercio coronal, tercio medio y ápice. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante prueba t para muestras relacionadas.
Los resultados mostraron que todos los diseños implantarios analizados presentaron disminuciones en sus valores de rugosidad tridimensional tras la inserción, especialmente en los parámetros Sa, Sq y Sdr, considerados clave en la caracterización topográfica. Las zonas más afectadas fueron el tercio medio y el ápice, coincidiendo con las áreas de mayor contacto friccional durante la inserción.
La magnitud del cambio estuvo influida por la composición y el tratamiento de superficie. Implantes sometidos a tratamientos más agresivos como arenado con partículas y grabado ácido (Straumann BLT, Nobel Replace) presentaron mayor pérdida de microestructura, especialmente en parámetros como Sdr y Sz. En contraste, los implantes con superficies más pasivadas o menos agresivasn(Ankylos, Straumann Tapered Effect) mostraron mayor estabilidad topográfica postinserción.
Aunque no se observaron deformaciones macroscópicas severas, se detectaron cambios morfológicos leves en los bordes de las espiras, sugiriendo que el diseño macroscópico condiciona la resistencia local frente a la fricción mecánica. Este hallazgo refuerza la necesidad de considerar simultáneamente química superficial, microtopografía y diseño estructural en el desarrollo de implantes con mejores resultados clínicos.
En conclusión, este estudio confirma que la inserción en hueso denso produce modificaciones detectables en la superficie implantaria, y que estas dependen tanto de la zona del implante como de sus características superficiales y químicas. Asimismo, la microscopía láser confocal se mostró como una herramienta eficaz para el análisis tridimensional de superficies, permitiendo cuantificar con precisión los cambios inducidos tras la inserción. Estos resultados subrayan la importancia de seguir investigando la estabilidad superficial de los implantes bajo condiciones clínicas reales para mejorar su rendimiento a largo plazo.The osseointegration of dental implants relies heavily on surface characteristics, particularly surface roughness, which plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, primary stability, and bone healing. However, during surgical insertion, implant surfaces are subjected to frictional forces that may induce microtopographical changes, potentially modifying their biological and mechanical behavior.
The main objective of this thesis was to investigate whether microtopographical alterations occur in six commercial dental implant systems after insertion and removal in a type II dense bone in vitro model, utilizing three-dimensional surface roughness analysis. Secondary objectives included comparing changes across different implant regions, assessing the influence of implant composition and surface treatment, evaluating possible changes to macro-thread morphology, and determining the accuracy of laser confocal microscopy in detecting post-insertion alterations.
A pilot in vitro study was designed using thirty implants of six different macro- and microdesigns (Anker, Ankylos, Intralock, Nobel Replace, Straumann BLT, and Straumann Tapered Effect). All samples were inserted into artificial type II bone blocks under a 50-60 Ncm torque following manufacturer protocols. A laser confocal microscope (Keyence VK-X150) was used to assess surface roughness before and after insertion, measuring Sa, Sz, Sq, Sdr, and Spd at four anatomical regions: neck, coronal third, middle third, and apical area. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test.
The results showed that all implant designs analyzed exhibited decreases in their three-dimensional roughness values after insertion, particularly in the Sa, Sq, and Sdr parameters, which are considered key in topographical characterization. The most affected regions were the middle third and the apex, coinciding with the areas of greatest frictional contact during insertion.
The magnitude of change was influenced by the surface composition and treatment. Implants subjected to more aggressive treatments such as particle blasting and acid etching (Straumann BLT, Nobel Replace) showed greater loss of microstructure, especially in parameters such as Sdr and Sz. In contrast, implants with more passive or less aggressive surfaces (Ankylos, Straumann Tapered Effect) demonstrated greater topographical stability after insertion.
Although no severe macroscopic deformations were observed, slight morphological changes were detected at the thread edges, suggesting that macroscopic design influences local resistance to mechanical friction. This finding reinforces the need to simultaneously consider surface chemistry, microtopography, and structural design in the development of implants with improved clinical outcomes.
In conclusion, this study confirms that insertion into dense bone leads to measurable alterations in implant surface topography, influenced by anatomical location, surface treatment, and material composition. Laser confocal microscopy proved to be a highly effective tool for three-dimensional surface characterization, enabling precise quantification of insertion-induced changes. These findings underscore the need for further research into implant surface stability under clinical conditions to improve long-term biomechanical and biological performance
Evaluating the Accuracy of Declared Eating Schedules by Continuous Glucose Monitoring
No full textBackground/Objectives: Chrononutrition is an emergent field concerning the effect of
eating patterns on human health and their relationship with biological rhythms. Current
evidence points towards the benefits of early eating in the prevention of non-communicable
diseases and circadian health. Despite the importance of eating/fasting rhythm, current
methods are neither specific nor validated against physiological variables. This work
aimed to explore an objective metabolic outcome, postprandial glucose, as an accuracy
indicator of self-declared meal schedules registered in a mobile app. Methods: A 1-week
protocol of ambulatory monitoring of meal schedules, glucose, and circadian variables was
performed in 20 young adults. Meal annotations were registered using KronoEat 1.0, a
smartphone app, allowing for both prospective and recall entries. A circadian monitoring
device provided data on movement intensity, distal skin temperature, and prospective food
annotation. Results: Participants annotated an average of 3.5 food events/day/participant
with KronoEat. Breakfast (92.7%) and lunch (86.4%) showed the highest proportion of
food events related to a glycemic excursion, whereas this proportion was lower for dinner
(79.7%) and snacks (67.7%). Postprandial glucose after main meals differed significantly
from average glucose levels. Interesting couplings were found in circadian variables
and glucose—for example, between post-breakfast glycemic excursions and the morning
increase in activity. Conclusions: Meal schedules registered under free-living conditions
in KronoEat show high levels of correlation with postprandial glucose and glycemic
excursions derived from continuous glucose monitoring
Cellular responses to electromagnetic fields and ultraviolet radiation: an in vitro study on microalgae and fish cell lines
No full textBackground
The molecular effects involved in the cellular response to non-ioninzing electromagnetic radiation on marine and freshwater microalgae and fish cell lines are incompletely understood.
Objectives
The direct impact of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation on marine and freshwater microalgae and fish cell lines was investigated.
Methods
Six microalgae species from different taxonomic groups were exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) for five days. Four fish cell lines (SAF-1, DLB-1, DLEC, and Fugu eye) were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, with SAF-1 demonstrating the highest sensitivity. In addition, three commercial antioxidants (2101, 3600, and 4004) were tested for their possible radioprotective effects.
Results
Although no statistically significant differences in cell density were observed, certain taxa (Chlorotylium sp., Mayamea sp., and Scenedesmus sp.) exhibited a declining trend compared to the controls, suggesting species-specific sensitivity to ELF-EMF. Principal component analysis revealed significant differences in physiological responses, particularly in photosynthetic variables such as electron transport rate and dissolved carbon. The total antioxidant capacity did not differ significantly between the control and exposed microalgae, and Chlorotylium sp. showed the highest basal levels. The photosystem II productivity index remained largely unaffected by ELF-EMF exposure, except for an increase in irradiated Scenedesmus sp. Low antioxidant concentrations (≤125 µg/ml) and short incubation times (6 h) of 2101 and 3600 induced proliferation or increased cell viability, particularly under irradiation. However, prolonged incubation time (24 h) or high antioxidant concentrations (≥250 µg/ml) resulted in significant cytotoxicity in all cell lines
Teachers' perspectives toward bullying on physical education in elementary schools
No full textBullying in physical education (PE) classes remains a significant issue, impacting student well-being
and participation in physical activities. This study explored the perspectives of PE teachers regarding
bullying in elementary school settings. Through qualitative analysis, four key themes emerged:
teacher awareness of bullying, PE as a trigger for bullying, the role of learning approach models, and
the impact of bullying on students. The findings indicate that while many PE teachers recognize
bullying as a problem, their responses vary from proactive interventions to perceptions of bullying as
normal peer interactions. Additionally, the study highlights how the competitive nature of PE can
exacerbate bullying behaviors, particularly among students with lower skill levels. The selection of
appropriate learning approaches, such as cooperative and inclusive teaching methods, is suggested to
mitigate bullying incidents. The study further emphasizes the need for professional development
programs to equip teachers with effective bullying prevention strategies. Future research should
explore intervention models tailored to PE settings and conduct longitudinal studies to assess the
long-term effectiveness of different teaching methodologies in reducing bullying