Ministry for Environment, Agriculture, Conservation and Consumer Protection
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Designing Competitive Markets for Industrial Data – Between Propertisation and Access
No full textAs part of the project to establish a Digital Single Market, the European Commission has launched a ‘Free Flow of Data’ initiative. This initiative is meant to enhance the growth potential of the emerging data economy, which is characterised by the digitisation of production (smart factories) and the advent of digitised products such as smart—driverless—cars, or smart wearables that will be able to communicate with each other and the environment through the Internet of Things. Furthermore, the enormous amount of data generated and controlled by the industry could serve as a most valuable input for other new data-driven services and for applications in the public interest, such as the operation of smart cities, smart and resource-efficient farming, or measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Obviously, this new data economy has to rely on the commercialisation of data. But what kind of regulation is needed in order to make the data economy work? Do we need new ownership rights in data? Or should regulation focus on access in order to make data as widely available as possible? The European Commission is currently trying to formulate answers to these questions. This article aims to assist the Commission by working on a pro-competitive framework for issues of both ownership and access.** In so doing, this article undertakes two things: first, it analyses to what extent intellectual property laws already provide control over data and then discusses the need and justification for introducing new rules on data ownership. Second, it analyses whether EU competition law already provides remedies to promote access to data, and furthermore explores whether and under which conditions the introduction of new access regimes would be advisable. This article is to be considered as on-going research. It does not yet take into account more recent developments in 2017
A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluation of Stereo Correspondence Solutions in Immersive Augmented and Virtual Realities
No full textIn this article, a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of hardware and software solutions to support stereo vision and depth-dependent interactions based on the specific requirements of the human visual system within the context of augmented reality applications is presented. To evaluate stereo correspondence solutions in software, we present an evaluation model that integrates existing metrics of stereo correspondence algorithms with additional metrics that consider human factors that are relevant in the context of outdoor augmented reality systems. Our model provides modified metrics of stereoacuity, average outliers, disparity error, and processing time. These metrics have been modified to provide more relevant information with respect to the target application. We illustrate how this model can be used to evaluate two stereo correspondence methods: the OpenCV implementation of the semi-global block matching, also known as SGBM, which is a modified version of the semi-global matching by Hirschmuller; and ADCensusB, our implementation of ADCensus, by Mei et al.. To test these methods, we use a sample of fifty-two image pairs selected from the Kitti stereo dataset, which depicts many situations typical of outdoor scenery. Further on, we present an analysis of the effect and the trade-off of the post processing steps in the stereo algorithms between the accuracy of the results and performance. Experimental results show that our proposed model can provide a more detailed evaluation of both algorithms. To evaluate the hardware solutions, we use the characteristics of the human visual system as a baseline to characterize the state-of-the-art in equipment designed to support interactions within immersive augmented and virtual reality systems. The analysis suggests that current hardware developments have not yet reached the point where their characteristics adequately match the capabilities of the human visual system and serves as a reference point as to what are the desirable characteristics of such systems
Determining the longitudinal creep of a driven crane wheel on a crowned rail
No full textDer Längsschlupf an einem Kranrad hat sowohl für die Konstruktion als auch für die Antriebstechnik eines modernen Kranes erhebliche Bedeutung. Die im Betrieb auftretenden Schlupfwerte sind jedoch weitgehend unbekannt. Dieser Beitrag stellt ein Berechnungsmodell für den Längsschlupf an einem angetriebenen Kranrad vor, das für eine schnelle analytische Bestimmung verwendet werden kann. Ausgehend von der Berührfläche zwischen Kranrad und Schiene wird statt dem nur aufwendig berechenbaren realen Punktkontakt eine flächengleiche Linienberührung zur Schlupfabschätzung herangezogen. Validiert wurde der Ansatz am Rad-Schiene-Prüfstand des Instituts.The longitudinal creep on a crane wheel has considerable effects, both for the design and the control of the drive technology of a modern crane. The creep values occurring during operation are, however, widely unknown. This article presents a calculation model for longitudinal creep of a driven crane wheel, which can be used for a fast analytical determination. Based on the contact area between the crane wheel and the rail, instead of the complex real point contact situation an equivalent line contact is calculated. The approach was validated at the Institute's wheel-rail test rig
Multikriterielle Layout Optimierung für Materialflusssysteme mit dezentralisierter und skalierbarer Steuerung
No full textThe lack of flexibility in logistic systems currently on the market leads to the development of new innovative transportation systems. In order to find the optimal configuration of such a system depending on the current goal functions, for example minimization of transport times and maximization of throughput, various mathematical methods of multi-criteria optimization are applicable. In this work, the concept of a complex transportation system with decentralized and scalable control is presented. Furthermore, the question of finding the optimal configuration of such a system through mathematical methods of optimization is considered.Der Mangel an Flexibilität bei heutigen Logistiksystemen führt zur Entwicklung von neuartigen Fördersystemen. Um die optimale Konfiguration der Systeme anhand aktueller Zielfunktionen, wie beispielsweise Minimierung von Transportzeiten und Maximierung des Durchsatzes, herauszufinden, sind verschiedene mathematische Ansätze zur simultanen Optimierung verschiedener Kriterien anwendbar. In dieser Arbeit wird das Konzept für ein komplexes Materialflusssystem mit dezentraler und skalierbarer Steuerung vorgestellt. Außerdem wird die Frage nach einer Konfigurierung solcher Systeme durch mathematische Optimierungsmethoden betrachtet
Time analysis of stacker cranes – comparing theory with reality
No full textSpielzeiten von RBGs sind in der heutigen Zeit ein entscheidendes, markendifferenzierendes Kriterium bei der Abnahme von Lagerdurchsätzen. In diesem Beitrag werden die aktuellen Forschungsergebnisse zur Spielzeitanalyse an RBGs vorgestellt sowie Begründungen und Antworten auf die Leitfragen gegeben: Wie groß ist der Unterschied der mittleren Spielzeiten beim Einzelspiel zwischen Realität und Theorie?Timing constraints are major competitive parameters for the differentiation of stacker cranes in throughput. For that reason we will present in this paper our actual research results of timing analysis of stacker cranes and give answers to the research question: How big is the difference in mean single command cycle time between reality and theory
Smart Objects und Smart Finance für das Supply Chain Management
No full textLogistic transport processes are highly distributed and often subject to disturbances, as they are embedded in dynamic environments that prohibit tight control, as many third-party actors and influences exist. Classical approaches for planning and controlling supply chains based on centralized architectures often encounter their limits managing processes at runtime, due to inherent latencies. Decentralized approaches promise a more robust and timely control. The project SOFiA strives to elevate the machines and objects themselves to smart objects, equipped with an understanding of processes and capable of independent decision-making, rather than a centralized server-based system. This paper discusses the project’s decentralized control architecture and the integration of semantic process models with event-discrete simulations as well as smart payment technology to provide an integrated solution for planning, controlling, monitoring and accounting of logistic processes.Planungs- und Steuerungsprozesse in Supply Chain sind stark verteilt und oft Störungen durch die involvierten Stakeholder und externen Einflussfaktoren ausgesetzt. Die klassischen Ansätze zur Planung und Steuerung bauen auf einer zentralisierten IT-Architektur auf und sind für das Management von kurzfristigen Störungen aufgrund der inhärenten Latenzzeit bei der Übermittlung von Zustandsinformationen zu schwerfällig. In diesem Artikel wird die hierfür entwickelte Lösung des SOFiA-Projekts vorgestellt. Die Lösung besteht aus einer dezentralen Architektur, dem Einsatz von Smart Objects und der ereignis-diskreten Simulation sowie Blockchain-basierte Verfahren für das Smart Contracting und das Smart Payment in Supply Chains
From Cyberpunk to Regulation – Digitised Memories as Personal and Sensitive Data within the EU Data Protection Law
No full textEvery new medium through which information can be communicated is likely to bring new challenges for the established data protection laws and paradigms. In the light of progressing research aimed at deciphering the human brain, this article seeks to analyse the General Data Protection Regulation’s ability to respond to the possible appearance of memory digitisation technology. To this end, the article draws on the fictional setting of a PC game entitled Remember Me, where such a technology was developed and embraced by the society. In an exploratory analysis, the GDPR’s definitions of personal and sensitive data are tested regarding their ability to remain “technology-neutral” in the face of an information technology capable of identifying individuals in unique and unprecedented ways. The article confirms the Regulation’s preliminary potential to accommodate the studied invention and proposes an interpretation of the corresponding articles of the GDPR, aimed at the adequate protection of data subjects
EU Copyright Liability for Internet Linking
No full textThis article analyzes linking on the internet from the perspective of the EU copyright concept communication to the public in the light of recent developments in late 2016 and early 2017, especially the Court of Justice of the European Union judgments GS Media, Filmspeler, and Ziggo. The article highlights the doctrinal approach on communication to the public and de facto harmonization of certain aspects of classic indirect liability. The article analyzes open issues relating to linking to illegal publications, specifically the uncertainty relating to the extent of liability for the contents of the linked page, the scope of pursuing profit when linking, and the linker’s duties of care. The article also discusses two aspects related to linking to legal publications; that is, the conceptualization of the “new public” requirement as a regulated implied license and the conditions of restricting access and circumventing restrictions
Semi-analytical approach for calculating friction temperatures in slide chain conveyors
No full textMit höheren Geschwindigkeiten oder Flächenpressungen erhöht sich die thermische Beanspruchung im Reibkontakt von Gleitketten und Gleitschienen, welche ab einer bestimmten Temperatur zu Erweichung und Aufschmelzen führt. Um dies zu vermeiden, wird ein semi-analytisches Modell zu Berechnung der Reibtemperatur hergeleitet und anhand experimenteller Untersuchungen validiert.At higher speeds or contact pressures, thermal stress in frictional contacts of sliding chains and slide rails increases, which leads to softening and melting at a certain temperature. To avoid this, a semi-analytical model for calculating the friction temperature is derived and validated by means of experimental studies