Ministry for Environment, Agriculture, Conservation and Consumer Protection
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Access to Research Data and EU Copyright Law
No full textWith the advent of data-driven science and data-based business models in the 21st century, legal questions surrounding data, data rights and data law have become one of the most discussed topics both for lawmakers and for legal scholars globally. This is true particularly in the European Union, which in recent years has introduced data protection legislation, cybersecurity legislation, legislation regarding digital content and digital services, and more. Within this flurry of legal activity, one area of data law goes surprisingly unnoticed—the generation, ownership and use of research data. The slim attention it receives is disproportionate to its relevance in the digital economy. Not only are research data essential for the development of new technologies, they also feed machine-learning algorithms and are produced in any and all academic institutions. In order to maximize innovative potential, it is essential that researchers operate with legal certainty when using research data. The article seeks to contribute to this aim by exploring the legal framework in which research data can be accessed and used in EU copyright law. First, it delineates the authors’ understanding of research data. It then examines the protection research data currently receives under EU and Member State law via copyright and related rights, as well as the ownership of these rights by different stakeholders in the scientific community. After clarifying relevant conflict-of-laws issues that surround research data, it maps ways to legally access and use them, including statutory exceptions, the open science movement and current developments in law and practice
Über die Verwendung von Blockchain-basierten Token in cyber-physischen Produktionssystemen
No full textServices and devices in a Cyber-Physical Production System (CPPS) can be provided and requested by multiple parties. Therefore, CPPS face challenges such as cross-company interactions, data security, and robustness against failure. Blockchain Technology (BCT) appears to be a suitable solution for these challenges, since it ensures immutable, trust-building, partly automatable, and transparent data handling and storage. In particular, BCT-based tokens enable the digital representation of objects such as products, tools and machinery or values and permissions and offer new possibilities for CPPS. Thus, this contribution focuses on the application of tokens in CPPS. Multiple use cases for tokens such as asset-backed tokens or utility tokens are presented. Based on this, a concept for an asset-backed token, representing material in a CPPS, is developed and demonstrated in a simulation model.Die Dienste und Geräte in einem Cyber-Physischen Produktionssystem (CPPS) können von mehreren Parteien bereitgestellt und nachgefragt werden. Daher stehen CPPS vor Herausforderungen wie unternehmensübergreifenden Interaktionen, Datensicherheit und Robustheit gegenüber Ausfällen. Die Blockchain-Technologie (BCT) scheint eine geeignete Lösung für diese Herausforderungen darzustellen, da sie eine unveränderbare, vertrauensbildende, teilweise automatisierbare und transparente Datenverarbeitung und -speicherung gewährleistet. Insbesondere BCT-basierte Tokens ermöglichen die digitale Darstellung von Objekten wie Produkten, Werkzeugen und Maschinen oder Werten und Berechtigungen und bieten neue Möglichkeiten für CPPS. Daher konzentriert sich dieser Beitrag auf die Anwendung von Tokens in CPPS. Es werden verschiedene Anwendungsfälle für Tokens vorgestellt, wie etwa Asset-Backed Tokens oder Utility Tokens. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Konzept für einen Asset-Backed Token entwickelt, der Material innerhalb eines CPPS repräsentiert, und in einem Simulationsmodell demonstriert wird
Task Assignment in Automated Guided Vehicle Systems considering Transport Load Transfers
No full textDer Beitrag beschreibt ein neuartiges Konzept zur Einsatzplanung Fahrerloser Transportsysteme. Es ermöglicht den gegenseitigen Austausch von Ladungsträgern zwischen den Fahrzeugen an definierten Transferpunkten während der Transportausführung. Transfers werden ad-hoc unter Berücksichtigung des Systemzustandes geplant. Zur Berechnung der Einsatzpläne werden verschiedene Lösungsverfahren vorgestellt. Diese werden anhand von Testinstanzen und einer Materialflusssimulation diskutiert. Im Ergebnis wird gezeigt, dass Verbesserungen bezüglich der Kosten für Fahrt und Lastwechsel zur Ausführung von Einsatzplänen und damit verbunden auf die Fahrzeugauslastung erzielt werden können.The paper describes a novel concept for the task assignment of Automated Guided Vehicles. It enables the transfer of transport loads between vehicles at defined transfer stations during transport execution. Transfers are planned ad-hoc considering the current system status. For the computation of schedules different solution methods are presented and discussed based on test instances and a material flow simulation. As a result, it is shown that improvements can be achieved in respect to costs for driving and handling to realize schedules and thus to vehicle utilization
Evaluation of the localization of AGVs by robot aided RFID testing for operation in different safety areas
No full textFür den flexiblen Einsatz von fahrerlosen Transportfahrzeugen (FTF) bietet sich die Nutzung in unterschiedlichen Sicherheitsbereichen mit entsprechend aktivierter Sicherheitstechnik an. Aktuell operieren FTF nur in einem Bereich für den sie entsprechend ausgerüstet sind. Für die Umschaltung der Sicherheitstechnik zwischen unterschiedlichen Sicherheitsbereichen muss eine nach Maschinenrichtlinien sichere Lokalisierung der Fahrzeuge erfolgen. Es wird getestet, ob RFID Technik für eine „Point of Interest“-Lokalisierung als zusätzlicher Kanal der Lokalisierung zuverlässig eingesetzt werden kann. Dafür werden „onmetal“ RFID Tags von einem Leichtbauroboter vor einem RFID Reader positioniert und die Distanz und Rotation variiert. Es werden zudem die Faktoren Trägerplattenmaterial, -stärke, -breite und Erdung der Trägerplatte betrachtet. Es konnte ein Einfluss der Trägerplattenbreite auf die Lesbarkeit der Tags festgestellt werden. Für Kombinationen aus Distanz und Rotation, die für den Einsatz der Lokalisierung von FTF zu erwarten sind, konnte die zuverlässige Lesbarkeit nachgewiesen werden. Der Einsatz von RFID eignet sich für die „Point of Interest“-Lokalisierung als zusätzlicher Kanal für ein sicheres Umschalten zwischen Sicherheitsbereichen.The flexible use of automated guided vehicles (AGVs) lends itself to their use in different safety areas with appropriately activated safety technology. Currently, AGVs only operate in one area for which they are appropriately equipped. In order to switch the safety technology between different safety areas, the vehicles must be safely localized in accordance with machine guidelines. Tests are being conducted to determine whether RFID technology can be reliably used for point of interest localization as an additional localization channel. For this purpose, on-metal RFID tags are positioned by a lightweight robot in front of an RFID reader and the distance and rotation are varied. Factors such as carrier plate material, thickness, width and grounding of the carrier plate are also considered. An influence of the carrier plate width on the readability of the tags could be determined. For combinations of distance and rotation, which are to be expected for the use of localization of AGVs, the reliable readability could be proven. The use of RFID is suitable for point of interest localization as a second channel for safe switching between safety areas
Simulation of the Maximum Throughput of an Autostore-Storage System
No full textAutostore-Lagersysteme (RCS/RS) sind vollautomatische Behälter-Kleinteilelager, die durch Roboter von oben bedient werden. Diese lagern Kunststoffbehälter gestapelt übereinander, wodurch innerhalb des Stapels die Lagerstrategie ‚Last-In-First-Out‘ Anwendung findet. Werden weiter unten befindliche Behälter benötigt, lagern die Roboter zuvor weiter oben befindliche Behälter um. Neben den Systemparametern gibt es zahlreiche weitere Faktoren, wie beispielsweise die Anzahl an Robotern und Kommissionierstationen oder die Rastergröße, die das Systemverhalten wesentlich mitbeeinflussen. Mit einer ereignisdiskreten Simulation wurden Erkenntnisse zu möglichen Auslegungsvarianten und Betriebsweisen gewonnen. Die Resultate zeigen den Einfluss der Anzahl an Robotern auf die Umschlagleistung derartiger Lagersysteme.Robotbased compact storage and retrieval systems (RCS/RS) such as the Autostore-system are fully-automatic operated by robots from above. The goods are stored in plastic bins that are stacked on top of each other, applying the 'Last-In-First-Out' storage strategy within the stack. If containers located further down are required, the robots relocate them. In addition to the system parameters, there are numerous other factors, such as the number of used robots or picking stations, that influence the system behavior. With an event-discrete simulation in the Simio simulation program, insights into possible design variants and operating modes were gained. The number of robots has a large impact on the throughput of an Autostore-system
Ensuring the Visibility and Accessibility of European Creative Content on the World Market: The Need for Copyright Data Improvement in the Light of New Technologies and the Opportunity Arising from Article 17 of the CDSM Directive
No full textIn the European Strategy for Data (COM(2020) 66 final), the European Commission highlighted the EU’s ambition “to acquire a leading role in the data economy.” At the same time, the Commission conceded that the EU would have to “increase its pools of quality data available for use and re-use.” In the creative industries, this need for enhanced data quality and interoperability is particularly strong (section 1). Without data improvement, unprecedented opportunities for monetising the wide variety of creative content in EU Member States and making this content available for new technologies, such as artificial intelligence (“AI”) systems, will most probably be lost (section 2). The problem has a worldwide dimension. While the US have already taken steps to provide an integrated data space for music as of 1 January 2021, the EU is facing major obstacles not only in the field of music but also in other creative industry sectors (section 3). Weighing costs and benefits (section 4), there can be little doubt that new data improvement initiatives and sufficient investment in a better copyright data infrastructure should play a central role in EU copyright policy. The work notification system following from Article 17(4)(b) of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market may offer an unprecedented opportunity to bundle and harmonize data in a shared EU copyright data repository (section 5). In addition, a trade-off between data harmonisation and interoperability on the one hand, and transparency and accountability of content recommender systems on the other, may pave the way for new initiatives (section 6)
The Digital Services Act: From Intermediary Liability to Platform Regulation
No full textThe proposed Digital Services Act (DSA) aims to reconcile the responsibilities of online platforms with their position as key intermediaries and essential sources and shapers of information. The DSA proposes new, asymmetric obligations, while maintaining the liability exemption for hosting providers. This article aims to provide an overview of the tiered obligations and to critically evaluate the regulatory approach of the DSA. The article calls into question whether the liability exemption based on playing a passive, neutral role reflects the extensive moderation that online platforms undertake as part of their business model. It considers the consequences of taking the responsibility of online platforms out of the domain of liability and into the domain of regulation and suggests alternative approaches to the liability regime
The blockchain ecosystem in the light of intellectual property law
No full textThe study at hand delves into the technologies composing blockchain and designates its most significant practical applications to date. The technological ecosystem identified through this investigation is then scrutinized from the perspective of intellectual property law. It examines, in particular, under which conditions and to what extent blockchain itself as a standalone product, its individual components, and its several applications may be subject to a) copyright, b) database and trade secret protection, and c) patent law. The objective of this investigation is to identify the most suitable legal basis for raising claims against unauthorized use of the pertinent subject matter. The analysis also explores adversities posed to intellectual property law by modern technologies and contemplates their circumvention. The benchmark for this examination is the intellectual property law currently in force in the EU
teaching home routing with Virtual Reality
No full textIn the virtual reality (VR) learning game Inside the Router, learners take on the typical tasks of a home router as if they were part of the home router itself. From the first-person perspective, data packets must be forwarded, and network addresses translated and assigned. The VR learning game is designed to deepen procedural knowledge about IP-Routing and Network Address Translation (NAT). Basic knowledge about the structure of IP addresses including ports as well as the structure of networks is assumed as prior knowledge. The VR learning game is therefore to be seen as a supplement to existing school learning settings regarding networks. In addition to the correct use of NAT and the assignment of packets to clients, the game mechanics include catching and throwing packets as well as a scoring system, consisting of a speed test of the home router by tracking speed and correct assignments of packages