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International Law Association’s Guidelines on Intellectual Property and Private International Law (“Kyoto Guidelines”): Recognition and Enforcement
No full textThis section of the chapter “Recognition and Enforcement” of the International Law Association’s Guidelines on Intellectual Property and Private International Law (“Kyoto Guidelines”) establishes the conditions under which the effects of judgments rendered in a country may be extended to foreign jurisdictions. It seeks to favor international coordination and legal certainty by facilitating the cross-border recognition and enforcement of judgments relating to IP disputes. The Guidelines are based on a broad concept of judgment with restrictions concerning judgments not considered final under the law of the State of origin as well as certain provisional measures. The main provision of this section lays down the list of grounds on which a requested court must refuse to recognize and enforce a foreign judgment
MINT-Interessensförderung für junge Frauen ab Klasse 8
No full textZiel der intoMINT-App ist es, Mädchen ab Klasse 8 zum Auseinandersetzen mit Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik (kurz MINT) über kurzweilige Aktivitäten und (digitale) Anreize anzuregen und dies mit einer gendersensiblen Berufs- und Studienorientierung zu verknüpfen. In diesem Artikel wird zunächst die in einem Förderprojekt entwickelte App beschrieben und gezeigt, wie die Motivation der Zielgruppe durch altersgerechte Aufbereitung von Inhalten und Einsatz von Elementen der Gamification sowie das Anbieten von Informationen zu relevanten Berufsbildern erreicht werden kann. Die App schlägt dabei die Brücke von der digitalen Welt in das reale Erleben durch eigenes Nachmachen zu Hause und wieder zurück durch die In-App-Dokumentation und -Reflektion des Gemachten und lädt zur Interaktion mit dem Projektteam ein. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, wie die Nutzung der App durch ein Begleitprogramm, z.B. in Form eines Wettbewerbsevents, angeregt werden kann.Aim of the intoMINT app is to encourage girls grade 8 or higher to engage with science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM for short) through entertaining activities and (digital) incentives. This is linked with a gender-sensitive career and study orientation. This article describes the app developed in a funded project and shows how motivation of the target group can be achieved through age and gender appropriate preparation of content and elements of gamification as well as through providing information on relevant job profiles. The app establishes ties between digital world and real-life experience: users “re-do” digitally described activities at home and document and reflect their real life experience through the app. Furthermore, it is shown how app usage can be stimulated by an accompanying program, e.g. in form of a competition event
Generierung stark eingeschränkter Lagerlayouts mittels Antwortmengenprogrammierung
No full textGenerating highly constrained warehouse layouts is a challenging task for layout planners. Those experts create feasible layouts analytically based on their knowledge and experience. The presented paper proposes an AI-based approach to generate feasible warehouse layouts automatically by using answer set programming. The developed implementation is able to generate all feasible combinations for positioning racks inside a given layout while satisfying all the applicable constraints. This sup-ports layout planners by generating solutions for highly constrained problems.Die Erzeugung gültiger Lösungen für stark eingeschränkte Lagerlayouts ist eine Herausforderung für Layoutplaner. Diese Experten generieren zulässige Layouts bisher analytisch basierend auf ihrer Erfahrung und ihrem Wissen. Der vorliegende Artikel stellt einen KI-basierten Ansatz vor, um zulässige Layouts automatisch mithilfe der Antwortmengenprogrammierung zu erzeugen. Das vorgestellte Framework ist in der Lage, alle zulässigen Lösungen zu generieren, um eine gewisse Anzahl an Regalen innerhalb des Layouts zu positionieren. Dadurch werden die Layoutplaner bei der Lösung stark eingeschränkter Probleme unterstützt
Energy-efficient eKanban system with autonomous sensor modules for level measurement and reinforcement learning for measurement interval adaptation
No full textTrotz der Fortschritte der Digitalisierung in der Industrie finden bei der Bestandserfassung immer noch manuelle Trigger Einsatz, da bestehende Lösungen zur Automatisierung des Prozesses mit hohen Kosten und Integrationsaufwand verbunden sind. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Ansatz für die Lösung dieses Problems dargestellt, welcher kostengünstige, autonome Sensormodule für die Füllstandsmessung zur Grundlage hat. Die Messung erfolgt hierbei nicht in festgelegten Intervallen, sondern wird auf Basis der Entnahmeintervalle der zu messenden Ladungsträger sowie der aktuellen Auftragslage von einem Reinforcement Learning Ansatz dynamisch und intelligent getriggert. Die ersten Hardware-Prototypen für die Messung der Entnahmeintervalle sowie für die Sensormodule werden ebenfalls im Beitrag vorgestellt.Despite the progress of digitalization in industry, manual triggers are still used for inventory measurement, as existing solutions for automating the process are associated with high costs and integration efforts. This paper presents an approach for solving this problem, which is based on cost-effective, autonomous sensor modules for fill level measurement. The measurement is not performed at fixed intervals, but is triggered dynamically and intelligently by a reinforcement learning approach based on the intervals in which contents are taken from the relevant load carriers and the current order situation. The first hardware prototypes for measuring the access to load carriers for content removal and for the sensor modules are also presented in the article
Statistische Betrachtung der Eindrückrollwiderstandsmessung nach DIN EN 16 974 zur Validierung von Simulationsmodellen
No full textThe most significant challenges in belt conveyor technology are continuously increasing mass flows and conveying distances. The resulting increase in movement resistance is thus responsible for the necessary increase in drive power. For the design of belt conveyor systems, it is essential to gain knowledge of the movement resistances that occur. The main resistance comprises indentation rolling resistance (IRR), idler running resistance, vibration bending resistance, bulk material rolling resistance, and camber resistance. The IRR represents the most significant component of the movement resistance for horizontal belt conveyors. Due to the resulting particular importance for the design of belt conveyor systems, a test method for determining the IRR was developed at Iinstitute of Transport and Automation Technology (ITA) and standardized in DIN EN 16 974. This established measurement method is costly and time-consuming, which is why investigations are being carried out at ITA to determine the ERW by simulation. The material parameters required for the simulation are determined from small samples, which support the development of energy-optimized conveyor belts and make them more efficient. The validation of the simulation results bases on the previous metrological determination. Therefore, the statistical proof of the established measurement procedure is of particular interest.Die größten Herausforderungen in der Gurtfördertechnik stellen kontinuierlich steigende Massenströme sowie Förderstrecken dar. Die hieraus resultierende Erhöhung der Bewegungswiderstände ist somit für eine notwendige Steigerung der Antriebsleistung verantwortlich. Für die Auslegung von Gurtförderanlagen ist es deshalb von besonderer Wichtigkeit, Kenntnis über die sich einstellenden Bewegungswiderstände zu erlangen. Der Hauptwiderstand setzt sich aus Eindrückrollwiderstand (ERW), Tragrollenlaufwiderstand, Schwingbiegewiederstand, Schüttgutwalkwiderstand und Sturzwiderstand zusammen. Der stellt ERW den größten Bestandteil des Bewegungswiderstandes für horizontale Gurtförderanlagen dar. Aufgrund der daraus resultierenden besonderen Wichtigkeit für die Auslegung von Gurtförderanlagen wurde am Institut für Transport- und Automatisierungstechnik (ITA) ein Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung des ERW entwickelt und in DIN EN 16?974 genormt. Dieses etablierte Messverfahren ist kosten- und zeitaufwendig, weshalb am ITA Untersuchungen zur simulativen Bestimmung des ERW durchgeführt werden. Die hierfür notwendigen Materialparameter werden aus kleinen Proben ermittelt, wodurch die Entwicklung energieoptimierter Fördergurte unterstützt und effizienter gestaltet wird. Die Validierung der Simulationsergebnisse basiert auf die bisherige messtechnische Ermittlung. Deshalb ist die statistische Absicherung des etablierten Messverfahrens von besonderem Interesse
Competition Problems and Governance of Non-personal Agricultural Machine Data: Comparing Voluntary Initiatives in the US and EU
No full textThe arrival of digital data in agriculture opens the possibility to realise productivity gains through precision farming. It also raises questions about the distribution of these gains between farmers and agricultural service providers. Farmers’ control of the data is often perceived as a means to appropriate a larger share of these gains. We show how data-driven agricultural business models lock farm data into machines and devices that reduce competition in downstream agricultural services markets. Personal data protection regulation is not applicable to non-personal agricultural machine data. Voluntary data charters in the EU and US emulate GDPR-like principles to give farmers more control over their data but do not really change market-based outcomes due to their legal design.Third-party platforms are a necessary intermediary because farmers cannot achieve the benefits from applications that depend on economies of scale and scope in data aggregation. Data lock-in, combined with the low marginal value of individual farm data, puts farmers in a weak bargaining position. Neutral intermediaries that are not vertically integrated into agricultural machines, inputs or services may help farmers to circumvent monopolistic data lock-ins. However, unless these neutral intermediaries find a way to generate and monetise economies of scale and scope with their data, their business model may not be sustainable. Regulatory intervention that facilitates portability and interoperability might be useful for farmers to overcome data lock-ins, but designing data access rights is a complicated issue as many parties contribute data in the production process and may claim access rights. Minor changes in who gets access to which data under which conditions may have significant effects on stakeholders. We conclude that digital agriculture still has some way to go to reach equitable and efficient solutions to data access rights. Similar situations are likely to occur in other industries that rely on non-personal machine data
The EU’s system of knowledge-based liability for hosting service providers in respect of illegal user content – between the e-Commerce Directive and the Digital Services Act
No full textOver the past two decades the principle of knowledge-based liability has been the backbone of the EU’s regime regulating the liability of social media companies, online marketplaces, cloud storage providers and many other online service providers that store and disseminate user-generated content. This article traces the origins, identifies the rationale, assesses the continued relevance and discusses the main strengths and shortcomings of this approach. It is argued that, counter-intuitive as it may seem to some, there are good grounds for retaining the key features of the current liability system, which conditionally shields such service providers from liability for their users’ content. Most important is the system’s ability to strike a fair balance between the conflicting rights and interests of the parties involved – not only the service providers and the users, but also the parties aggrieved by the content. That is not to say, however, that the system has no shortcomings. In particular, the system’s effectiveness in terms of tackling illegal user content causing serious ‘public’ harm could be improved, whilst the system also involves significant risks of unjustified removal of user content. These shortcomings do not mean that the current knowledge-based liability system should be discarded. Instead, it should be improved. Not by excluding certain service providers from the scope of the liability exemption or adding conditions, but rather by enacting complementary requirements. Against this background the article assesses to what extent the recently proposed Digital Services Act addresses the identified shortcomings
Piercing the Digital Veil: A Case Study for a DAO Legal Framework under Swiss Law
No full textBlockchain technology is associated with the emergence of decentralised applications such as smart contracts and Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAO) as self-governing and software-based agents. The concept of a blockchain-based peer-to-peer vending machine serving both as a testing ground for the design of a marketplace for physical goods and a speculative artefact has been posited and analysed from an economic perspective by a group of scholars at the Center for Innovative Finance of the University of Basel, Switzerland. Building on this particular case study, this paper provides for a legal analysis under Swiss law. In Part 1, the economic analysis of the initiative is briefly described. In Part 2, the proposed concept is analysed from a de lege lata perspective, taking into account foremost liability questions both from Swiss private law (tort and contractual) and public law (criminal and tax law) perspectives, by building on literature and applicable case law. For this, the authors propose a hypothetical scenario upon which a legal analysis is applied. As a result of the analysis, a conclusion is drawn highlighting the status quo in Swiss legal framework, whereby the authors argue in favour of a possible reform for the purpose of enhancing legal certainty. In Part 3, the authors then examine, from a de lege ferenda perspective, the question of whether the Swiss legislative body would require introducing a bespoke legal framework for DAOs. For this, a reference is made to relevant foreign legislation such as the State of Wyoming DAO Bill without essentially taking a comparative approach
Social Welfare, Risk Profiling and Fundamental Rights: The Case of SyRI in the Netherlands
No full textThis article discusses the use of automated decisioning-making (ADM) systems by public administrative bodies, particularly systems designed to combat social-welfare fraud, from a European fundamental rights law perspective. The article begins by outlining the emerging fundamental rights issues in relation to ADM systems used by public administrative bodies. Building upon this, the article criti-cally analyses a recent landmark judgment from the Netherlands and uses this as a case study for discussion of the application of fundamental rights law to ADM systems by public authorities more generally. In the so-called SyRI judgment, the District Court of The Hague held that a controversial automated welfare-fraud de-tection system (SyRI), which allows the linking and analysing of data from an ar-ray of government agencies to generate fraud-risk reports on people, violated the right to private life, guaranteed under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The Court held that SyRI was insufficiently transparent, and contained insufficient safeguards, to protect the right to privacy, in violation of Article 8 ECHR. This was one of the first times an ADM system being used by welfare authorities has been halted on the basis of Article 8 ECHR. The article critically analyses the SyRI judgment from a fundamental rights perspective, in-cluding by examining how the Court brought principles contained in the General Data Protection Regulation within the rubric of Article 8 ECHR as well as the im-portance the Court attaches to the principle of transparency under Article 8 ECHR. Finally, the article discusses how the Dutch government responded to the judgment. and discusses proposed new legislation, which is arguably more inva-sive, with the article concluding with some lessons that can be drawn for the broader policy and legal debate on ADM systems used by public authorities. im-plications
Informational Self-Determination: A Convincing Rationale for Data Protection Law?
No full textEuropean data protection law rests on the assumption that individuals should have control of personal data about them. This control is often labelled “informational self-determination”. The idea of informational self-determination sounds con-vincing and promising at first. However, a closer look reveals that this idea can hardly serve as a convincing rationale for the European approach to data protec-tion law which aims to regulate all processing of personal data by government agencies and private actors. Rather, an important distinction must be made.
Informational self-determination may well be the underlying rationale of the fun-damental right to the protection of personal data as enshrined in Art. 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and it may even be quali-fied as a fundamental right in itself. Acknowledging such a fundamental right, however, only means that the state may not require citizens to provide infor-mation about themselves and government agencies may not use such information without a sound legal basis. But since private actors are not bound by fundamen-tal rights, it does not entail that the relation between private actors should be based on the idea of informational self-determination.
In fact, a closer look at the most important provisions of the GDPR reveals that only some of them can be based on the idea of control or informational self-determination. Most importantly and contrary to a widespread assumption, most data processing of private actors is not based on data subjects’ consent but on the legitimate interests of the controller. The relation between data subjects and private actors, namely businesses that process personal data about their customers, is therefore hardly ever based on exercising informational self-determination. This factual finding is supported by a normative analysis which demonstrates that the idea of informational self-determination can hardly be reconciled with the principle of private autonomy and the resulting need to provide a justification for the granting of a right that allows one private actor to control the activity of another. If one acknowledges that all social interaction is based on the processing of personal data, that most individuals have little interest in exercising control of personal data about them, and that data is a public good, it is hard to find a convincing reason for the granting of a right to informational self-determination which should govern the relation between private actors. Thus, while informational self-determination may be acknowledged as a fundamental right, it cannot serve as a convincing rationale for an all-encompassing regulation of the pro-cessing of personal data by private actors