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Nurses from Here – Epidemics from There. The Encounter between Nurses from Eretz Israel and Holocaust Survivors Abroad, in an Effort to Eradicate Epidemics and Morbidity 1945–1948
No full textThroughout history, wars and epidemics have been interrelated, as are immigration and health problems. At the end of the Second World War (WWII), Jewish survivors of the Holocaust wandered across European countries hoping to find living relatives. Many of them were gathered in temporary displaced persons camps operated by the Allied forces and humanitarian organizations. The survivors were in poor health, exhausted physically, emotionally, and morally, and suffered from a variety of contagious diseases. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the roles, experiences, and contributions of the nurses “from here” – Eretz Israel – who volunteered as emissaries to care for their Jewish brothers and sisters wherever needed. Our study followed the nurses through three different immigration camps between 1945 and 1948. First, in the displaced persons camps (DP camps) for Holocaust survivors in Germany (“over there”). Next, in the detention camps in Cyprus, where the British held refugees caught trying to enter Eretz Israel without the correct immigration papers (“over there”). Lastly, a short glimpse into the complex reality the nurses faced within the absorption camps for new immigrants in Israel (“back here”). The nurses’ ingenuity and resourcefulness made up for the lack of means and infrastructure in eradicating epidemics and caring for the immigrants. In the light of the current trends of mass immigration and global pandemics, the discussion focuses on potential lessons that can be learned from the unique Israeli experience of integrating immigrants and overcoming epidemics
Linguistic Gentrification
No full textAbstract
This is a study of how, between 1882 and roughly 1940, missionaries of the Baptist Missionary Society (BMS) working on the left bank of the western sections of the Congo River “engaged” and “engaged with” the Bantu language Bobangi. It traces the ways in which and the reasons why, for their missionary and school work, they decided to turn to, and later away from, Bobangi. It addresses the changes the motives and linguistic ideologies behind these choices went through, as well as the doubts, disagreements, and conflicts visible in the BMS’s own ranks. In this context, I particularly zoom in on the metalinguistic representations the BMS made of the language, in publications such as John Whitehead’s Grammar and Dictionary of the Bobangi Language of 1899. I suggest the notion of “linguistic gentrification”, i.e. the missionary creation of an “embellished” and “improved” version of the language, which was imposed back onto the native speakers in missionary schools as the new, only correct way of speaking, resulting in the exclusion of these native speakers from their own language – indeed in much the same way as gentrification operates in urbanization.Zusammenfassung
Dies ist eine Studie darüber, wie die Missionare der Baptist Missionary Society (BMS) zwischen 1882 und etwa 1940 am linken Ufer des westlichen Kongo-Flusses die Bantu-Sprache Bobangi „beschäftigten“ und „sich mit ihr beschäftigen“. Es wird nachgezeichnet, auf welche Weise und aus welchen Gründen sie sich in ihrer Missions- und Schularbeit für und später gegen Bobangi entschieden haben. Die Veränderungen, die die Motive und sprachlichen Ideologien hinter diesen Entscheidungen durchliefen, sowie die Zweifel, Unstimmigkeiten und Konflikte in den eigenen Reihen der BMS, werden thematisiert. In diesem Zusammenhang gehe ich insbesondere auf die metasprachlichen Darstellungen des Bobangi durch die BMS in Publikationen ein, wie John Whiteheads Grammar and Dictionary of the Bobangi Language von 1899. Ich führe den Begriff der „linguistischen Gentrifizierung“ (Aufwertung) an, d.h. die missionarische Schaffung einer „verschönerten“ und „verbesserten“ Version der Sprache, die den Muttersprachler.innen in die missionarische Schulen als die neue, einzig richtige Art zu sprechen aufgezwungen wurde und die sie von ihrer eigenen Sprache ausschloss, in ähnlicher Weise, wie die Gentrifizierung bei Urbanisierungsprojekten funktioniert.Résumé
Il s’agit d’une étude sur les trajectoires par lesquelles, entre 1882 et 1940 environ, les missionnaires de la Baptist Missionary Society (BMS) travaillant sur la rive gauche de la section occidentale du fleuve Congo, « engagèrent » et « se mirent en relation avec » la langue bantoue bobangi. L’étude retrace les comment et les pourquoi des choix linguistiques qu’ils firent, dans le cadre de leur œuvre apostolique et scolaire, de d’abord se tourner vers le bobangi, puis de s’en éloigner. J’aborde les changements que les motifs et idéologies linguistiques étayant ces choix ont subis, ainsi que les doutes, désaccords et conflits se manifestant dans les propres rangs de la BMS. Dans ce contexte, une attention particulière est apportée aux représentations métalinguistiques qu’ont faites les missionnaires BMS de la langue, dans des publications telles que la Grammar and Dictionary of the Bobangi Language de John Whitehead de 1899. Je propose la notion de « gentrification linguistique », c’est-à-dire la création missionnaire d’une version « embellie » et « améliorée » de la langue, version ensuite imposée aux locuteurs natifs dans les écoles missionnaires et leur y présentée comme la seule façon correcte de parler, entraînant l’exclusion de ces mêmes locuteurs natifs de leur propre langue – un processus en effet fort semblable à la gentrification dans l’urbanisation
“COVIDwear” and Health Care Workers. How Has the New Materiality of Clothing Affected Care Practices?
No full textThe pandemic fundamentally changed the material culture of clothing for care workers. If most of them wore already some sort of uniform, be it for hygienic reasons, be it to make their status visible, Covid19 profoundly transformed the clothing codes, beyond the mask. These new “protections” thoroughly changed the caring experiences in several aspects. As they enclose the body more intimately, working conditions became more laborious. The sensory land¬scapes of care (vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell) were fundamentally altered. Working rhythms had to be adopted as putting on the garments took longer. If care clothing had been characterised by a slow de-standardisation since the 1970s, the pandemic made a uniformed and medicalised uniform again mandatory
Historiographic and Biographic Accounts of Danish Deaconesses Serving in the Faroe Islands 1897–1948
No full textThe Faroe Islands are an archipelago of 18 islands situated in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. Basic organized nursing there began in the late 1890s with arrival of two Danish deaconesses sent to the islands to improve the population’s health and move Faroese nursing and nurse education closer to international standards. Twenty-five Danish deaconesses served in the Faroe Islands during the first half of the 1900s. The overall aim of this article is to contribute to nursing history about the deaconesses in the Faroe Islands. In caring and historic contexts, and using historiographic and biographic approaches, we present and discuss excerpts of letters from some of the Danish deaconesses, in which they discuss their daily work, life, and ethical dilemmas while in the Faroe Islands. Findings demonstrate that the deaconesses were nurse pioneers, establishing professional nursing and nurse education fol¬lowing Danish rules and regulations of the time. We conclude by emphasizing the meaning of the deaconesses for modern Faroese nursing and nursing education, and the importance of keeping the history of nursing in mind
Editorial – Nursing Care in Times of Epidemics and Pandemics. Historical and Ethical Issues
No full textUncertainties and Coping Strategies among Nurses During the First Wave of Covid-19 in Germany – Nursing Students’ Use of Diary Entries to Document their Experiences during the First Wave of Infections in the Covid-19 Pandemic
No full textBackground: In March 2020, German hospitals were preparing for the first major wave of Covid-19 infections, implementing crisis management procedures without precedent or prior testing. At this time, we asked stu-dent nurses in their eighth semester of study to complete a nursing diary for a period of four weeks. The aim of this research was to ascertain students’ perceptions of the constantly evolving crisis and retrace their re-flections on the situation on the basis of the knowledge they had at the time.
Methods: Eleven students completed a nursing diary, which entailed writing entries on the care they provided on the wards to which they were assigned. They added images such as pictures, screenshots and drawings to their diary entries. We analysed the data using ethnographic methods as follows: a) categorisation of the entries in accordance with general thematic similarities; b) comparison of the entries with published nursing literature from this time period, with the aim of identifying possible gaps in the content of our data.
Results: The student nurses worked on different wards; some volunteered to staff the newly established Covid-19 wards. Nursing students felt the unfolding crisis to be defined by a sense of uncertainty and potential threat, associated with various fears. The students described their own actions and behaviour in specific sit¬uations and outlined observations of others. We categorised our findings in four sub-topics: a) crisis manage¬ment; b) the invisible crisis; c) a sense of crisis; and d) coping with the crisis.
Discussion: In giving insights into the day-to-day work of nurses under extreme conditions, the diaries col-lected and analysed for this study highlight experiences of ambivalence and uncertainty during the first wave of Covid-19 infections. Specifically, the students’ reflections on professional responsibility point to this princi¬ple’s importance within the system of values espoused by members of the nursing profession
Unsicherheiten Pflegender während der ersten Covid-19-Infektionswelle und ihre Bewältigungsstrategien – Krankenpflegestudierende dokumentieren mit Tagebucheinträgen ihre Erfahrungen während der ersten Infektionswelle der Covid-19-Pandemie
No full textBackground: In March 2020, German hospitals were preparing for the first major wave of Covid-19 infections, implementing crisis management procedures without precedent or prior testing. At this time, we asked stu-dent nurses in their eighth semester of study to complete a nursing diary for a period of four weeks. The aim of this research was to ascertain students’ perceptions of the constantly evolving crisis and retrace their re-flections on the situation on the basis of the knowledge they had at the time.
Methods: Eleven students completed a nursing diary, which entailed writing entries on the care they provid-ed on the wards to which they were assigned. They added images such as pictures, screenshots and draw-ings to their diary entries. We analysed the data using ethnographic methods as follows: a) categorisation of the entries in accordance with general thematic similarities; b) comparison of the entries with published nurs-ing literature from this time period, with the aim of identifying possible gaps in the content of our data.
Results: The student nurses worked on different wards; some volunteered to staff the newly established Covid-19 wards. Nursing students felt the unfolding crisis to be defined by a sense of uncertainty and poten-tial threat, associated with various fears. The students described their own actions and behaviour in specific situations and outlined observations of others. We categorised our findings in four sub-topics: a) crisis man-agement; b) the invisible crisis; c) a sense of crisis; and d) coping with the crisis.
Discussion: In giving insights into the day-to-day work of nurses under extreme conditions, the diaries col-lected and analysed for this study highlight experiences of ambivalence and uncertainty during the first wave of Covid-19 infections. Specifically, the students’ reflections on professional responsibility point to this principle’s importance within the system of values espoused by members of the nursing profession
