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Human and Automatic Evaluation of English to Hindi Machine Translation Systems
No full textMachine Translation Evaluation is the most formidable activity in Machine Translation Development. We present the MT evaluation results of some of the machine translators available online for English-Hindi machine translation. The systems are measured on automatic evaluation metrics and human subjectivity measures
Quantum Genetics and Quantum Automata Models of Quantum-Molecular Selection Processes Involved in the Evolution of Organisms and Species
No full textPrevious theoretical or general approaches (Rosen, 1960; Shcherbik and Buchatsky, 2007) to the problems of Quantum Genetics and Molecular Evolution are considered in this article from the point of view of Quantum Automata Theory first published by the author in 1971 (Baianu,1971a, b) , and further developed in several recent articles (Baianu, 1977, 1983, 1987, 2004, 2011).The representation of genomes and Interactome networks in categories of many-valued logic LMn –algebras that are naturally transformed during biological evolution, or evolve through interactions with the environment provide a new insight into the mechanisms of molecular evolution, as well as organismal evolution, in terms of sequences of quantum automata. Phenotypic changes are expressed only when certain environmentally-induced quantum-molecular changes are coupled with an internal re-structuring of major submodules of the genome and Interactome networks related to cell cycling and cell growth. Contrary to the commonly held view of `standard’ Darwinist models of evolution, the evolution of organisms and species occurs through coupled multi-molecular transformations induced not only by the environment but actually realized through internal re-organizations of genome and interactome networks. The biological, evolutionary processes involve certain epigenetic transformations that are responsible for phenotypic expression of the genome and Interactome transformations initiated at the quantum-molecular level. It can thus be said that only quantum genetics can provide correct explanations of evolutionary processes that are initiated at the quantum—multi-molecular levels and propagate to the higher levels of organismal and species evolution. Biological evolution should be therefore regarded as a multi-scale process which is initiated by underlying quantum (coupled) multi-molecular transformations of the genomic and interactomic networks, followed by specific phenotypic transformations at the level of organism and the variable biogroupoids associated with the evolution of species which are essential to the survival of the species. The theoretical framework introduced in this article also paves the way to a Quantitative Biology approach to biological evolution at the quantum-molecular, as well as at the organismal and species levels. This is quite a substantial modification of the `established’ modern Darwinist, and also of several so-called `molecular evolution’ theories
Neuronal Activity in the Human Subthalamic Nucleus Encodes Decision Conflict during Action Selection
No full textThe subthalamic nucleus (STN), which receives excitatory inputs from the cortex and has direct connections with the inhibitory pathways\ud
of the basal ganglia, is well positioned to efficiently mediate action selection. Here, we use microelectrode recordings captured during\ud
deep brain stimulation surgery as participants engage in a decision task to examine the role of the human STN in action selection. We\ud
demonstrate that spiking activity in the STN increases when participants engage in a decision and that the level of spiking activity\ud
increases with the degree of decision conflict. These data implicate the STN as an important mediator of action selection during decision\ud
processes.\u
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma of the Uterine Cervix
No full textNon Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) causes many deaths worldwide and its incidence is increasing. They occur commonly in middle aged and elderly people and are disseminated at diagnosis. We present an interesting case of NHL in a 52 years old female, who presented with past a history of postmenopausal bleeding. A 3 x 5 cms endocervical polyp was noticed in the cervix. Biopsy of the polyp revealed it to be a CD20-positive diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL)-type NHL. She was diagnosed as stage IE after staging work-up. She attained a complete response, and has been in remission for 1 year 8 months
Knowledge and Attitude of DOT Providers in Tuberculosis Unit of Patiala
No full textIntroduction: The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) has been implemented in the country for close to a decade now. DOT providers are primarily responsible for the success of the programme at the field level by giving a VIP status to the patient in the programme. The present study is an attempt to know the knowledge and attitude of DOT providers about TB and its treatment. Material and methods: A pre-tested questionnaire was used to seek information from DOT providers about their knowledge and attitude regarding tuberculosis, RNTCP and DOTS. The analysis of association between knowledge regarding TB and training status of the DOT provider was done using chi- square test. Results: Out of 50 DOT providers 37 (74%) were females and 13 (26%) were males. On statistical analysis the knowledge about treatment schedule between trained & untrained DOT Providers was found to be highly Significant. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for training and reorientation courses for DOT providers regarding TB. Constant monitoring and supervision is required by trained staff in Tuberculosis Unit
Immunization Coverage of Optional Vaccines
No full textIntroduction: Immunization is a simple preventive service. Routine immunization is provided free of charge in India. The other additional vaccines are available as optional. Therefore, present study was designed to assess the coverage of optional vaccines in urban and rural setting of Amritsar district. Material and Methods: The present study was a community based cross-sectional study conducted in the catchment area of department of Community Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar. All the children in the age group of 24-60 months were included in the study. Coverage of each vaccine was computed. Analysis of association between immunization coverage and various socio-demographic variables was done using chi square test. Results: Out of the total children included in the study 53.9% were males and 46.1% were females. Coverage in males was significantly higher as compared to females. The difference of immunization among the rural and urban population was found to be highly significant. Conclusions: This study highlights the need to accelerate efforts in improving the immunization coverage for optional vaccines particularly in rural areas
A Rare Case of Isolated torsion of Haematosalphinx Presenting as Acute Abdomen During Pregnancy
No full textIsolated fallopian tubal torsion is a rare non obstetric cause for pain abdomen during pregnancy.We report a case of a 34 year old second gravida who presented with history of amennorrhoe of 7 months, colicky pain in the left iliac fossa , with 2 episodes of vomiting. A Trans vaginal scan revealed a left ovarian cyst. An emergency laparotomy was performed for suspected torsion or haemorrhage into an ovarian cyst. Surprisingly ovaries were normal and a congested and necrotic left tubal torsion with a tubal collection (haematosalphinx) was identified and a salpingectomy was then performed. The differential diagnosis is discussed and the literature is reviewed as it is a very rare clinical entity
Salivary nicotine and cotinine concentrations in unstimulated and stimulated saliva
No full textSalivary nicotine and salivary cotinine is widely used in clinical and epidemiological studies to validate smoking cessation. However, the reported collection for salivary nicotine and salivary cotinine vary by technique and duration. This study investigated the influence of salivary collection by unstimulation and stimulation technique of the concentration of salivary nicotine and salivary cotinine. It was found that unstimulated technique produced the highest salivary nicotine concentration, whereas stimulated technique produced the highest salivary cotinine concentration. The results of this study suggest that it is important to standardise salivary nicotine and cotinine collection technique
Cocaine self-administration in the mouse: A low- cost, chronic catheter preparation
No full textIntravenous drug self-administration is the most valid animal model of human addiction because it allows volitional titration of the drug in the blood based on an individual’s motivational state together with the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug. Here we describe a reliable low-cost mouse self-administration catheter assembly and protocol that that can be used to assess a variety of drugs of abuse with a variety of protocols. We describe a method for intravenous catheter fabrication that allows for efficient and long-lasting intravenous drug delivery. The intravenous catheters remained intact and patent for several weeks allowing us to establish stable maintenance of cocaine acquisition. This was followed by a dose response study in the same mice. For collaborators interested in premade catheters for research please make a request at www.neuro-cloud.net/nature-precedings/pomerenze
On the matching of seen and felt shape by newly sighted subjects
No full textHow do we recognize identities between seen shapes and felt ones? Is this due to associative learning, or to intrinsic connections these sensory modalities? We can address this question by testing the capacities of newly sighted subjects to match seen and felt shapes, but only if it is shown that the subjects can see the objects well enough to form adequate visual representations of their shapes. In light of this, a recent study by R. Held and colleagues fails to demonstrate that their newly sighted subjects’ inability to match seen and felt shape was due to a lack of intermodal connections rather than a purely visual deficit, as they may not have been able visually to represent 3D shape in the perspective-invariant way required for intermodal matching. However, the study could be modified in any of several ways to help avoid this problem