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Lymphangioma Neck Presenting as a Secondary Lesion of the Tongue
No full textLymphangiomas are uncommon, benign, congenital tumors of the lymphatic system, usually occurring in the head and neck but rarely involve the tongue. They cause both aesthetic anomalies and obstructive symptoms. Early recognition and surgical excision of these tumors is essential. In recent years, sclerosing therapy with OK-432 has become the preferred treatment. This case presents a very unusual presentation of a lymphangioma neck presenting as a secondary lesion on the tongue post sclerotherapy
Massive Splenic Pseudocysts : Report of 2 cases
No full textSplenic cysts can be classified as parasitic and nonparasitic. Non parasitic cysts can be further divided into true and pseudocysts. Pseudocysts of spleen does not contain an epithelial lining. Pseudocysts of spleen are usually post traumatic and they rarely grow to a large size and most of them are asymptomatic. It can be confused with cystic lesions of spleen or pancreas or from the surrounding structures. These cases require exploration and is both diagnostic and therapeutic. Conservative measures to preserve spleen can be considered only in presence of expertise and if remnant functional splenic parenchyma is more than 25 %. Here we present two cases of giant pseudocysts who were confused with malignancy and referred to our centre and were later found to be pseudocysts of spleen. We would like to report these cases as they are rare and as diagnostic dilemmas
Monkey see monkey do:\ud A cognitive model to loss of free will\ud
No full textFree will (if any) may be lost because of fear and our dependence on others. In this paper, we develop cognitive models to support this argument. We do not describe what free will is but what free will is not. Our results indicate that moral responsibility is reversed and society is at fault. We argue that judgment (by society) is similar to pouring gasoline on fire, and forgiveness is the only way to regain free will if any
Removing the trace of foil words from the recognition data in Malmberg et al
No full textMalmgren et al (2012) showed that recognition memory is dependent upon the particular test. Here I show how one can remove that dependency
Review of Scott Soames, What is meaning? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010).
No full textScot Soames’ new book, What is Meaning, is an important book, both in the issues it raises and in its shortcomings. It is the first serious discussion of meaning (not “semantic content” or some other term of art designed to sidestep the real issue) by a leading analytic philosopher of language in a long while, and its findings lead towards a more realistic understanding of meaning and language. n his account, Soames uses the notion of cognitive event to account for the unity of the proposition, but, crucially, his choice of predication as the centerpiece of this account undermines it. Furthermore, Soames appears oblivious of the existence of empirical and theoretical studies examining the connection between actual cognitive events and linguistic structure - studies that rather point to the irrelevance of the philosophical approach he is adopting
Association of salivary-assessed oxytocin and cortisol levels with time of night and sleep stage
No full textThere have been proposals for REM to have a\ud
function of emotional memory consolidation, and also for\ud
REM sleep to be involved in the promotion of attachment\ud
behaviour. The hormones cortisol and oxytocin, respec-\ud
tively, may be involved in these proposed REM sleep\ud
functions. However, there are conflicting reports on whe-\ud
ther levels of cortisol differ between sleep stages when\ud
time since sleep onset (SSO) is controlled, and virtually no\ud
literature on whether levels of oxytocin differ between\ud
sleep stages. This study thus investigated the changes in\ud
levels of oxytocin (OT) and cortisol (CT) across the night,\ud
and whether these levels differ between REM and N2 sleep\ud
when time SSO is controlled. 20 participants (10 males, 10\ud
females, mean age = 20.45, SD = 2.01) were awakened\ud
10 min into REM and N2 sleep periods in the sleep laboratory and gave saliva samples which were assayed for\ud
OT and CT. Levels of OT were relatively constant across\ud
the night, whereas CT increased significantly. REM and N2\ud
did not differ significantly neither for OT nor for CT. The\ud
study has implications for models of sleep-dependent\ud
memory consolidation that incorporate the late sleep\ud
increase in cortisol as a functional component of memory\ud
consolidation, and also for the medical diagnostic assaying\ud
of OT during sleep.\ud
\u
Anemia in Antiretroviral Naïve HIV/AIDS Patients: A Study from Eastern India
No full textBackground: Hematological manifestations are common throughout the course of HIV infection. Impact of anemia is the most significant among them. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the etiologies underlying anemia in HIV/AIDS. Methods This was a non randomized cross sectional observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital of India over a period of 2 years. One hundred and fifty HIV patients were screened. Thorough clinical and laboratory evaluation was done in 50 randomly selected anemic cases. Results: Proper etiological diagnosis could be reached in 46 patients. Among them correlation between Hb% and CD4 count was statistically insignificant (p = 0.074, r = 0.47) whereas it was significant with absolute lymphocyte and CD4 count (p = 0.006, r = 0.41). There was better correlation of bone marrow iron status with percent saturation of transferrin (p = 0.003, r = 0.54) than with serum ferritin (p = 0.055, r = 0.09). Bone marrow iron status did not have any relationship with CD4 count. Anemia of chronic disease was the commonest etiology (37%) followed by HIV related myelodysplastic syndrome (31%), iron deficiency anemia (13%), bone marrow suppression due to direct involvement by some infective process (7%). Aplastic anemia, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin’s disease, pure red cell aplasia, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and vitamin B12 deficiency were detected in one case (2%) each. Conclusions: Etiologies of anemia in HIV/AIDS are multifactorial with anemia of chronic disease being the commonest. For screening of iron deficiency in this group, percent saturation is a better tool than serum ferritin. Absolute lymphocyte count can sometimes be used as a surrogate marker of immunological status in antiretroviral naïve HIV patients, particularly in resource poor areas
Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis in Blood Donors in Saurashtra Region of Gujarat: Declining Trends Over a Period of 3½ Years
No full textBackground: Transfusion of blood and blood products is a life saving intervention and benefits innumerous patients worldwide. At the same time it could be an ominous mode of infection transmission to recipients. In 15 percent of total patients infected with HIV, blood transfusion has been the responsible mechanism of transmission. Methods: In this study, we aimed to access the prevalence and trend of HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis over the last 3½ years (January 2008 to June 2011) among the blood donors who came to donate blood at Blood Bank, P.D.U. Medical College & Hospital, Rajkot as well as in various blood donation camps organized by the same blood bank. Results: From the total of 30,178 blood donors, 711 (2.35%) had serological evidence of infection with at least one pathogen, either of HIV, HBV, HCV or Syphilis. These included 131 (0.43%) with HIV, 293 (0.97%) with HBV, 124 (0.41%) with HCV and 94 (0.31%) with Syphilis. Moreover, significantly declining trends of HIV, HBV and Syphilis was observed over the study period. Conclusion: A substantial percentage of blood donors harbor HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis infections. Strict selection of blood donors and comprehensive screening of donors’ blood using standard methods are highly recommended to ensure the safety of blood for recipient
Üner Tan Syndrome: Review and Emergence of Human Quadrupedalism in Self-Organization,\ud Attractors and Evolutionary Perspectives\ud
No full textThe first man reported in the world literature exhibiting habitual quadrupedal locomotion was discovered by a British traveler and writer on the famous Baghdat road near Havsa/Samsun on the middle Black-Sea coast of Turkey (Childs, 1917). Interestingly, no single case with human quadrupedalism was reported in the scientific literature after Child's first description in 1917 until the first report on the Uner Tan syndrome (UTS: quadrupedalism, mental retardation, and impaired speech or no speech)in 2005 (Tan, 2005, 2006). Between 2005 and 2010, 10 families exhibiting the syndrome were discovered in Turkey with 33 cases: 14 women (42.4%) and 19 men (57.6%). Including a few cases from other countries, there were 25 men (64.1%)and 14 women (35.9%). The number of men significantly exceeded the number of women (p < .05). Genetics alone did not seem to be informative for the origins of many syndromes, including the Uner Tan syndrome. From the viewpoint of dynamical systems theory, there may not be a single factor including the neural and/or genetic codes that predetermines the emergence of the human quadrupedalism.Rather, it may involve a self-organization process, consisting of many decentralized and local interactions among neuronal, genetic, and environmental subsystems. The most remarkable characteristic of the UTS, the diagonal-sequence quadrupedalism is well developed in primates. The evolutionarily advantage of this gait is not known. However, there seems to be an evolutionarily advantage of this type of locomotion for primate evolution, with regard to the emergence of complex neural circuits with related highly complex structures. Namely, only primates with diagonal-sequence quadrupedal locomotion followed an evolution favoring larger brains, highly developed cognitive abilities with hand skills, and language, with erect posture and bipedal locomotion, creating the unity of human being. It was suggested that UTS may be considered a further example for Darwinian diseases, which may be associated with an evolutionary understanding of the disorders using evolutionary principles, such as the natural selection. On the other hand, the human quadrupedalism was proposed to be a phenotypic example of evolution of reverse, i.e., the reacquisition by derived populations of the same character states as those of ancestor populations. It was also suggested that the emergence of the human quadrupedalism may be related to self-organizing processes occurring in complex systems, which select or attract one preferred behavioral state or locomotor trait out of many possible attractor states. Concerning the locomotor patterns, the dynamical systems in brain and body of the developing child may prefer some kind of locomotion, according to interactions of the internal components and the environmental conditions, without a direct role of any causative factor(s), such as genetic or neural codes, consistent with the concept of self-organization, suggesting no single element may have a causal priority
Some proposals for epistemological advances in the study of organizational learning\ud
No full textOrganizational Learning (OL) is a scientific field characterized by a long history and growing interest, so to be considered a core and promising concept in theory and practice related to the management and organization of work. This paper addresses the two main issues that have been dominating scientific debate in the area: the terminological confusion and the paucity and limitedness of the relevant empirical studies. The perceived need for systematization is not just a call for a unified vocabulary, but mainly a call for epistemological advances on topics like knowledge, learning, organizations, and innovation. These problems may be generalized to the claim that the social sciences are strong on theory, but relatively weak on practice, and that organizational learning appears to be no exception. The aim of this paper is to discuss some theoretical proposals on those topics, casting them within the complex systems framework, and to outline empirical research relevant to the issues discussed