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The forgotten lessons of negotiated redress: Wassenaar, the struggle for reparations, and human rights
No full textReparations for mass atrocities are now embodied as a right of victims in transitional justice and human rights law, whereas historically they were the privilege of states. However, this normative account overlooks the contested nature of reparations, which often require political compromise. These were hard-learned lessons from the Wassenaar negotiations, despite the lack of a legal precedent for victims’, or groups of survivors’, right to reparations from another state. At the same time, such negotiations were decried by some in Israel as a betrayal or cheapening of their suffering, underscoring the polemic issue of reparations. This chapter discusses the contested nature of reparations and the struggle victims and civil society face in negotiating redress for mass atrocities. It finds resonance in lessons learned from the Wassenaar negotiations that have been neglected in the literature on reparations, as well as in contemporary redress movements’ normative understanding of reparations. The chapter discusses the role of victims in the struggle for redress, the mobilization of claims, reparations negotiations, and their theory of change in seeking a satisfactory outcome
Understanding and preventing male youth violence. Gender transformative programming in non-formal educational settings
No full textYouth Violence and GenderGiven its prevalence and impact, youth violence has been described as a significant public health issue. Violence is the intentional use of physical force or power that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation; it occurs across a range of settings, including within the home, in schools, and/or in communities. Being young and being male are two of the most persistent and credible risk factors, yet there is little agreement on why this is the case, nor how to most effectively respond. This entry explores male youth violence through a gender lens, augmenting masculinities literature with insights around criminogenic strains. Masculine strains, it is argued, can enhance our conceptualization of the root causes of male youth violence, while at the same time providing insights into potential solutions through gender-transformative programming, delivered in community-based and non-formal educational settings
Geometrical quality prediction of machining process by Exechon X-mini PKM through deformation modelling and error compensation
No full textParallel Kinematic Machines (PKMs) offer enhanced motion dynamics and flexibility, bridging the gap between conventional CNC machines and industrial robots. Stiffness, a key determinant of machining accuracy, is often modelled with limited consideration of gravitational effects, leading to reduced predictive accuracy. This paper introduces a novel stiffness modelling approach that integrates a theoretical model without gravity and gravity-based parameter optimisation through experimental analysis. Comprehensive stiffness measurements were conducted to isolate gravitational effects on the machine structure, enabling precise calibration of the theoretical model for accurate stiffness prediction. A six-dimensional stiffness analysis of the X-Mini machine tool using the optimised model demonstrated improved prediction accuracy, reducing errors by 14 %, 21 %, and 8 % in the X, Y and Z directions, respectively. Predicted stiffness and estimated cutting forces were used to compute workspace deformations, which were then compensated by modifying the depth of cut in slot milling. Experimental validation demonstrated the method’s effectiveness, achieving a machined shape error prediction accuracy of 6–9 µm. This approach can be well applied to shape quality prediction of machined parts by robots and machine tools.<br/
Postdigital literacies
No full textLiteracy researchers across various perspectives have demonstrated a notable agility in responding to the emergence of digital technologies and their impacts on literacy practices. As digital technologies permeate human existence, writing and other literacy practices occur in postdigital literacy ecologies. Examining how literacy is bound up postdigitally in everyday life offers opportunities to comprehend the complex relationships between technology, society, and individuals. It also reflects ongoing efforts in Literacy Studies to understand the social, epistemological, and ideological nature of mediatized representation as occurring at the level of everyday literacy
The lived experience of mothers of children who have been sexually abused- an interpretative phenomenological analysis
No full textObjectiveMothers of children who are survivors of sexual violence experience significant distress from the discovery of their child's abuse. Previous research has mostly focused on the mental health symptoms arising from this type of trauma, rather than the personal journey and meaning mothers take from these incidents. This study aimed to examine the lived experiences of non-offending mothers of children who have been sexually abused.MethodsSix mothers, aged 34–53 years-old, whose children had experienced sexual abuse took part in the study. All participants were attending a specialist multidisciplinary service in Northern Ireland for the investigation and treatment of sexual violence. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and content was analysed via interpretative phenomenological analysis.ResultsThree superordinate themes emerged from the interviews: (1) “The Sins of the Mother”, comprising three subordinate themes centering on negative evaluations of the self and perceived judgements from others; (2) “Impotent Anger”, relating to injustice and revenge fantasies; and (3) “It Changed Me as a Parent”, comprising two subordinate themes on how the mothers perceived and parented their child after the abuse.ConclusionsMothers perceived the abuse of their child as incompatible with their view of themselves as good parents, leading to internalized feelings of shame as well as externalized feelings of anger and injustice. This had implications for the mothers' relationship with their child and confidence in parenting.<br/
Extending EU Crimes to include hate crime and hate speech
No full textThis chapter argues that there is a critical need to integrate hate crime and hate speech within Article 83(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Hate-motivated criminal activities not only infringe upon individual rights but also erode the foundational EU values of freedom, democracy, equality, and the rule of law, contributing to societal fear and fragmentation. The transnational nature of these offences, amplified by digital platforms, necessitates a cohesive legal framework under Article 83(1) TFEU to bolster member state collaboration, ensuring stringent accountability and victim protection. Such an alignment would also reinforce the EU's adherence to international human rights obligations and solidify its global leadership in the protection of fundamental rights. Nevertheless, significant obstacles persist, including the challenge of achieving unanimous consensus within the Council of the European Union amidst diverse cultural and political landscapes. Various alternative procedural mechanisms are explored, though their effectiveness remains uncertain, illustrating the complex and contentious process of enacting legislation on hate crime and hate speech at both the EU and national levels
Automated versus non-automated weaning for reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation for critically ill adults and children
No full textRationaleAutomated closed‐loop systems may improve the adaptation of mechanical ventilatory support to an individual's ventilatory needs. They may also facilitate systematic and early recognition of the patient's ability to breathe spontaneously and come off the ventilator. This is an update of a Cochrane review originally published in 2013 and last updated in 2014.ObjectivesTo evaluate the benefits and harms of automated weaning systems compared with non‐automated weaning methods in critically ill, mechanically ventilated adults and children.Search methodsWe searched MEDLINE ALL, Embase Classic+Embase, the Cochrane Library (Wiley), CINAHL (EBSCO), the Web of Science Core Collection, and trial registries on 2 February 2024. We checked the reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews for other potentially eligible studies.Eligibility criteriaWe included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating automated closed‐loop ventilator applications versus non‐automated weaning methods (including non‐protocolized usual care and protocolized weaning) in people aged over four weeks who were receiving invasive mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU).OutcomesOur critical outcomes were duration of mechanical ventilation (from randomization to successful unassisted breathing or death), mortality, ICU length of stay, and hospital length of stay.Our important outcomes included other ventilation durations, adverse events related to mechanical ventilation, and health‐related quality of life.Risk of biasTwo review authors independently assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool RoB 1.Synthesis methodsTwo review authors independently extracted study data. We synthesized results for each outcome using meta‐analysis (random‐effects modeling). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted according to pre‐established criteria. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome.Included studiesThis update included 62 trials (59 in adults, 3 in children) with 5052 participants (4834 adults, 218 children). The trials evaluated 10 commercially available automated closed‐loop systems and one non‐commercial system. Forty trials were conducted in mixed or medical ICU populations, the remainder in surgical ICU populations.Synthesis of resultsAutomated closed‐loop systems probably reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation compared with non‐automated weaning methods (mean difference [MD] −0.28 log hours, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.36 to −0.20; I2 = 87%; 51 RCTs, 3929 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). These data translate to a relative reduction of 24% (95% CI 18% to 30%).Automated closed‐loop systems probably result in little to no difference in mortality compared with non‐automated weaning methods (risk ratio [RR] 0.94, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.07; I2 = 0%; 38 RCTs, 3620 participants, 618 events; moderate‐certainty evidence).Automated closed‐loop systems probably reduce ICU length of stay compared with non‐automated weaning methods (MD −0.15 log days, 95% CI −0.20 to −0.09; I2 = 71%; 40 RCTs, 3571 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). These data translate to a relative reduction of 14% (95% CI 9% to 18%).Automated closed‐loop systems probably reduce hospital length of stay compared with non‐automated weaning methods (MD −0.11 log days, 95% CI −0.16 to −0.05; I2 = 43%; 26 RCTs, 2094 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). These data translate to a relative reduction of 10% (95% CI 5% to 15%).In relation to adverse events related to mechanical ventilation, automated closed‐loop systems compared with non‐automated weaning methods probably reduce the need for reintubation (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.89; I2 = 0%; 28 RCTs, 2670 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence), non‐invasive ventilation following extubation (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.88, I2 = 0%; 23 RCTs, 2451 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence), prolonged ventilation (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.87; I2 = 0%; 11 RCTs, 1191 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence), and tracheostomy (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.91; I2 = 0%; 17 RCTs, 1857 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence).No studies reported health‐related quality of life.Evidence certainty was downgraded for heterogeneity or imprecision.Authors' conclusionsBased on moderate‐certainty evidence from 62 trials including over 5000 critically ill people (mainly adults), we found that automated closed‐loop systems probably reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation and the length of ICU and hospital stay compared with non‐automated weaning methods. Automated systems probably have little to no effect on mortality but probably reduce the need for reintubation, non‐invasive ventilation, prolonged ventilation, and tracheostomy. Given the moderate‐certainty evidence of benefit and no evidence of harm, the adoption of automated closed‐loop ventilation systems into adult critical care clinical practice warrants consideration. There is a need for further adequately powered multi‐center trials in adults and children. Future trials should include health‐related quality of life among their outcomes.FundingThis review received no funding.RegistrationThe original review was registered with the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, registration number CD009235.The original protocol, published in 2011, is available at DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009235.Previous versions of the review are available at DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009235.pub2 (2013) and DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009235.pub3 (2014).<br/