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Educational policy: a complex landscape
No full textEducational policymaking has always been complex and contested but has become even more so in recent years. Education policy faces a range of challenges, many of which have heightened since the pandemic. These include growing and more com-plex needs of children and young people, especially in relation to SEN and mental health; increasing contestation and politicisation of education among a variety of stakeholders; growing international competition; and growing societal inequality in many countries. This chapter provides an overview of these developments and how they may shape and be shaped by educational psychologists
The social psychology of group-based hate: characteristics, origins, and implications for interventions
No full textPromoting wellbeing and coping skills in higher education
No full textThroughout this book, a range of factors have been explored that impact on educators and on students. Chapter 7 put the spotlight on the student experience of stress. What is critical, of course, is how well one copes and this is the focus of this final chapter. In trying to create a structure to see the key influences that relate to student stress, the author separated the sources of stress from their effects and from how students cope. This is an over-simplification of course. The sources and effects of stress and how students cope are all inter-related and bi-directional. The significance of a source of stress depends on one’s current wellbeing, and this is affected by how well one has and is coping. It was mentioned in Chapter 7, for example, that responses to stress can become new stressors, such as loneliness as a response to stress and this response interacts with other stressors, such as the student’s experience of academic stress leading to a greater impact on academic outcome. Moreover, students with an earlier history of childhood trauma were more likely to experience more adverse outcomes on wellbeing, health, and academic performance compared with students who did not report earlier trauma. This illustrates how sources of stress and their effects and coping are all inter-connected
Public attitudes towards obesity policies on the island of Ireland; exploring the relationship with biopsychosocial characteristics
No full textBackgroundPublic attitudes towards policies targeting obesity can influence their implementation. Gaining a better understanding of the levels of public agreement with different policies and their determinants can contribute to the development of effective approaches that can halt the rise of obesity. This study aimed to: (1) group a number of different regulatory approaches to preventing obesity into coherent categories; and (2) explore how anthropometrics (bio), health behaviours and obesity-related beliefs and experiences (psycho) and social determinants (social) may influence agreement with different obesity-related policies on the island of Ireland.MethodsA cross-sectional telephone survey collected data from a randomly selected quota sample of 1000 adults who live in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Participants reported their level of agreement with 39 policies considered to impact upon obesity risk. They also provided information on biopsychosocial factors including demographics, anthropometrics, diet and physical activity behaviours, obesity-related beliefs and experiences of weight discrimination. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to organise the policies into coherent groups. Multiple linear regression examined the presence of a relationship between attitudes towards a class of policies and other collected variables.ResultsFive policy scales including thirty-three policies were obtained: (1) Enabling healthier environments and communities, (2) ‘Hard’ polices, (3) Resources, (4) Promotion and information on health and food and (5) Advertising restrictions on unhealthy food. Higher levels of agreement with all policy categories was associated with: older age; living comfortably on current income; being physically active; and endorsing health risks of obesity. Women reported greater agreement with Enabling healthier environments, ‘Hard’ polices and more Resources, compared with men. Respondents who viewed maintaining a healthy weight as costly were less likely to agree with Resources, Promotion and information, and Advertising restrictions. Participants with personal experience of weight discrimination were less likely to agree with ‘Hard’ policies.ConclusionThis study reveals a considerable variation in public attitudes towards obesity policies which varied by individual biopsychosocial characteristics. Present findings have important implications for policy makers tasked with designing and implementing acceptable approaches to prevent obesity at a population level.<br/
Toward edge general intelligence with multiple-large language model (Multi-LLM): architecture, trust, and orchestration
No full textEdge computing enables real-time data processing closer to its source, thus improving the latency and performance of edge-enabled AI applications. However, predictive AI models often fall short when dealing with complex, dynamic tasks that require advanced reasoning and multimodal data processing. This survey explores the integration of multi-LLMs (Large Language Models) to address these challenges in edge computing, where multiple specialized LLMs collaborate to enhance task performance and adaptability in resource-constrained environments. We review the transition from conventional edge AI models to single LLM deployment and, ultimately, to multi-LLM systems. The survey discusses enabling technologies such as dynamic orchestration, resource scheduling, and cross-domain knowledge transfer that are key for multi-LLM implementation. A central focus is on trusted multi-LLM systems, ensuring robust decision-making in environments where reliability and privacy are crucial. We also present multimodal multi-LLM architectures, where multiple LLMs specialize in handling different data modalities, such as text, images, and audio, by integrating their outputs for comprehensive analysis. Finally, we highlight future directions, including improving resource efficiency, trustworthy governance multi-LLM systems, while addressing privacy, trust, and robustness concerns. This survey provides a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners aiming to leverage multi-LLM systems in edge computing applications
An exploration of relationships between infant temperament, facial expression and pacifier use
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