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Catholics without a bishop. The influence of religious structures on the agency of enslaved Africans in the French Caribbean (17th-18th centuries)
No full textInternational audienceThis paper aims to shed a new light on the way ecclesiastical structures of slave societies in the French Caribbean (Martinique and Saint-Domingue) constrained the agency of the enslaved. Despite multiple attempts by the monarchy and the Holy See to establish a bishopric, it was not until 1850, two years after the abolition, that the first bishopric was established in Martinique. Using Roman archives (Congregations of Propaganda and the Holy Office) and colonial archives (held at the ANOM in Aix-en-Provence), this paper analyses the logic behind the repeated refusal of the colonial administration and planters to establish a bishopric. I will show that the absence of a bishopric was a political choice aimed at perpetuating the precarious socio-racial balance of these societies. The paper will also examine the consequences of this absence of a bishopric on the daily lives of the enslaved: it limited their ability to assert their rights as Christians. This analysis offers thus a new interpretation of the role of Catholicism in slave societies, contrary to the majority of works on Iberian Catholic colonies (Cuba, Mexico, Peru, Brazil), which have highlighted the agency of the enslaved, particularly before ecclesiastical courts, and the integrative role of brotherhoods. While a biographical approach emphasising the agency and resistance of enslaved people is currently prevailing in the historiography of Atlantic slavery, this paper stresses the need to take greater account of the weight of structures, in this case religious ones, in order to fully understand the driving forces behind slave domination.Ce papier propose d’analyser la façon dont les structures ecclésiastiques des sociétés esclavagistes de la Caraïbe française (Martinique et Saint-Domingue) ont contraint l’agency des esclaves. Malgré plusieurs tentatives de la métropole et du Saint-Siège pour ériger un évêché, il faut attendre 1850, deux ans après l’abolition de l’esclavage, pour voir établi le premier évêché en Martinique. A partir d’archives romaines (Congrégations de la Propagande et du Saint-Office) et coloniales (conservées aux ANOM, Aix-en-Provence) sur le dossier de l’évêché, il s’agit d’analyser les logiques du refus répété de l’administration coloniale et des planteurs à l’érection d’un évêché. Je propose de montrer que l’absence d’évêché est un choix politique visant à perpétuer l’équilibre socio-racial précaire de ces sociétés. Le papier interrogera par ailleurs les conséquences de cette absence d’évêché sur le quotidien des esclaves : celle-ci limite en effet leur autonomie et leur capacité à se prévaloir de leur statut de chrétiens. Cette analyse propose ainsi une nouvelle lecture du rôle du religieux au sein des sociétés esclavagistes, à rebours des travaux sur les colonies catholiques ibériques aux Amériques (Cuba, Mexique, Pérou, Brésil) qui ont largement mis en avant l’agency des esclaves, en particulier devant les tribunaux ecclésiastiques, et le rôle intégrateur des confréries. Alors que s’impose actuellement dans l’historiographie de l’esclavage atlantique une approche biographique, qui insiste sur l’agency et la résistance des esclaves, ce papier insiste ainsi sur la nécessité de mieux prendre en compte le poids des structures, ici religieuses, pour comprendre pleinement les ressorts de la domination esclavagiste
France : Order of 12 March 2025 reforming corporate nullities in company law
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: Review: Ahmad ibn Qasim al-Hajari between Europe and North Africa, Zhiri Oumelbanine Nina, University of California Press, 2023, [forthcoming, Bulletin critique des Annales Islamologiques, no. 40, 2026].
No full textInternational audienceOumelbanine Zhiri’s 322-page, richly illustrated work constitutes a major contribution to recent advances in the intellectual and cultural history of the early modern Mediterranean. Adopting an approach that is both erudite and innovative, the author offers a critical reassessment of the origins of European Orientalism, viewing it not as an isolated ideological construct but as the product of scholarly interactions, multiple translations, and ongoing cultural exchanges between Europe, the Maghreb, and the Near East. Her methodology draws on the frameworks of Connected History and Cultural History, prioritizing the study of knowledge circulation, shared intellectual practices, and the relational dynamics that shaped Mediterranean exchanges in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.L’ouvrage d’Oumelbanine Zhiri, riche de 322 pages et abondamment illustré, constitue une contribution majeure aux renouvellements récents de l’histoire intellectuelle et culturelle de la Méditerranée moderne. À travers une approche à la fois érudite et novatrice, l’auteure propose une relecture critique de la genèse de l’orientalisme européen, non plus comme une construction idéologique isolée, mais comme le produit d’interactions savantes, de traductions multiples et de transferts culturels continus entre l’Europe, le Maghreb et le Proche-Orient. Sa démarche mobilise les outils de l’histoire connectée et de l’histoire culturelle, privilégiant l’étude des circulations de savoirs, des pratiques intellectuelles partagées et des dynamiques relationnelles propres aux échanges méditerranéens des XVIᵉ et XVIIᵉ siècles
Identity and the Self. How Archaeology Creates Protohistoric Identities
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La fabrique des sources archéogéographiques : les cartes et plans anciens (XVIIe-XIXe siècles)
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Ut in scriptis et fama pertinaci comperimus. Les premiers évêques de Maguelone dans le Catalogus d’Arnaud de Verdale
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Challenging the legality of the transatlantic slave trade and slavery from Africa. Lourenço da Silva Mendonça and his court case to the Vatican (17th century)
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter argues that studying the legal history of slavery and the slave trade in precolonial Africa is particularly important for contemporary debates in the field of international law
You Walkin' to Me? How Footstep Sound Primes Anticipation in Virtual Pedestrian Collision Avoidance
No full textInternational audienceStudying pedestrian navigation in crowded environments is key to many applications, like crowd simulation for urban planning, but is challenging under real-world conditions due to the lack of experimental control. This motivates the use of virtual reality to manipulate variables and recreate complex social interactions. While research has mostly emphasized visual feedback, and eventually haptic rendering of collision, the integration of auditory cues in VR platforms, such as footstep sounds, remains overlooked. The present study investigates the role of adding footstep sounds in a VR collision-avoidance task. Twenty participants completed a within-subject experiment where a virtual pedestrian, initially visually occluded, crossed their path either with or without audible footsteps. Locomotor adjustments and gaze behavior were analyzed before and during the visual interaction. Results showed that footstep sounds induced earlier gaze orientation and more proactive trajectory adjustments from the participants, without affecting their walking speed. In contrast, the absence of sound led to more collisions and crossing order inversions, indicating reduced efficiency. These findings demonstrate that simple auditory cues can guide attention, facilitate anticipation, and improve interactions with virtualagents. Integrating sound into VR platforms is therefore essential to study pedestrian behavior and social navigation