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Associations between HEXACO personality traits, substance use disorders, and behavioral addictions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textBackground: This study presents the first systematic review and meta-analysis examining the associations between the HEXACO personality traits, substance use disorders (SUDs), and behavioral addictions.
Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on the databases APA PsycINFO (Ovid), Medline (Ovid), ProQuest, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Wiley Online Library, with a supplementary search on Google Scholar. Studies were included if they were empirical, published in peer-reviewed journals or as dissertations, investigated the association between HEXACO personality traits, SUDs, and behavioral addictions, and reported zero-order correlations or sufficient data for such calculations. Case studies and qualitative studies were excluded. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random effects models were used to estimate pooled effect sizes for behavioral addictions. For SUD analyses, fixed effects model was applied as only two studies were available per trait.
Results: Nineteen studies with a total of 9,478 participants were included. Meta-analytic results showed statistically significant inverse associations between behavioral addictions and honesty-humility (−0.339, 95 % CI = −0.433, −0.237), extraversion (−0.197, 95 % CI = −0.321, −0.066), agreeableness (−0.336, 95 % CI = −0.478, −0.177), conscientiousness (−0.317, 95 % CI = −0.410, −0.218), and openness to experience (−0.201, 95 % CI = −0.322, −0.073), while emotionality showed a statistically significant positive association (0.212, 95 % CI = 0.094, 0.324). For SUDs, analyses demonstrated statistically significant inverse associations with honesty-humility (−0.226, 95 % CI = −0.298, −0.150) and conscientiousness (−0.157, 95 % CI = −0.232, −0.081), while other traits showed non-significant associations. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies. Meta-regressions showed that gender and age moderated the relationship between agreeableness and behavioral addictions, while gender also moderated the relationship between extraversion and behavioral addictions.
Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides strong empirical evidence for an association between HEXACO personality traits and addictions. The findings suggest that incorporating HEXACO trait assessments may be beneficial in planning and targeting interventions for individuals with addictions, but that the population in question also should be taken into account.publishedVersio
Structure-based design of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase ligands
No full textPostponed access: the file will be accessible after 2025-08-29The widespread use of antibiotics has undoubtedly saved countless lives over the last century. However, their indiscriminate use has contributed to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing a significant challenge to healthcare. Despite the efforts to combat AMR, the discovery and development of new antibiotics have stalled, with few novel drugs approved in recent years. Moreover, these new antibiotics are typically derived from known chemical classes and mechanisms of action, exacerbating the need for new and innovative antibiotics.
The research presented in this thesis makes significant progress in addressing this challenge by focusing on the essential bacterial metalloenzyme 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR). While existing inhibitors of DXR have been extensively studied, they often possess unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, highlighting the need for novel compounds. Utilizing structure-based drug design (SBDD) principles, fragment screening and chemical space docking were conducted to discover new ligands for DXR.
The optimization of protein expression and purification protocols, particularly the development of novel buffer conditions, was crucial in facilitating the biochemical and screening experiments. Furthermore, the analysis of ligands containing metal coordinating groups provided insights into desirable motifs in metalloenzyme inhibitors and directed the selection of a carboxylic acids fragment library for the fragment screening.
The fragment screening identified promising ligands for PaDXR, with opportunities for further optimization and therapeutic development. In addition, promising ligands for EcDXR were suggested by chemical space docking. Comprising trillions of virtual products, this in silico study also provided meaningful insights into the binding poses and interactions between virtual products, the enzyme, and the metal ion. Overall, this work not only contributes to our understanding of enzymes like DXR but also lays the groundwork for future research and therapeutic targeting, thus driving innovation in drug design research.Sammendrag:
Den omfattende bruken av antibiotika har utvilsomt reddet utallige liv i løpet av det siste århundret. Imidlertid har deres utstrakte bruk bidratt til fremkomsten av antimikrobiell resistens (AMR), noe som utgjør en betydelig utfordring for helsevesenet. Til tross for innsatsen for å bekjempe AMR, har oppdagelsen og utviklingen av nye antibiotika stanset opp, med få nye legemidler godkjent de siste årene. Videre er disse nye antibiotikaene typisk avledet fra kjente kjemiske klasser og virkningsmekanismer, noe som øker behovet for nye og innovative antibiotika.
Forskningen presentert i denne avhandlingen representerer betydelig fremgang i å møte denne utfordringen ved å fokusere på det essensielle bakterielle metallenzymet 1-deoksy-D-xylulose 5-fosfat reduktisomerase (DXR). Eksisterende inhibitorer av DXR har blitt grundig studert, men de har ofte ugunstige farmakokinetiske egenskaper, noe som understreker behovet for nye molekyler. Ved å bruke prinsippene for strukturbasert legemiddeldesign (SBDD), ble fragmentscreening og docking av kjemisk rom gjennomført for å oppdage nye ligander for DXR.
Optimaliseringen av protokoller for proteinuttrykking og -rensing, spesielt utviklingen av nye bufferforhold, var avgjørende for å lette de biokjemiske og screeningeksperimentene. Videre ga analysen av ligander som inneholder metallkoordinerende grupper innsikt i ønskelige motiver i metallenzymhemmere og dirigerte valget av et bibliotek med karboksylsyre-fragmenter for fragmentscreeningen.
Fragmentscreeningen identifiserte lovende ligander for PaDXR, med muligheter for videre optimalisering og terapeutisk utvikling. I tillegg ble lovende ligander for EcDXR foreslått ved docking av kjemisk rom. Bestående av billioner av virtuelle produkter, ga denne in silico-studien også meningsfulle innsikter i bindingstillingene og interaksjonene mellom virtuelle produkter, enzymet og kofaktoren. Alt i alt bidrar dette arbeidet ikke bare til vår forståelse av enzymer som DXR, men legger også grunnlaget for fremtidig forskning i deres mekanismer og terapeutiske målretting, og driver dermed innovasjon innen forskning på legemiddeldesign.Resumo:
O amplo uso de antibióticos salvou inúmeras vidas ao longo do último século. No entanto, seu uso indiscriminado contribuiu para a emergência da resistência antimicrobiana (AMR), representando um grande desafio para o sistema de saúde. Apesar dos esforços para combater a AMR, a descoberta e desenvolvimento de novos antibióticos estagnaram, com poucos medicamentos novos aprovados nos últimos anos. Ademais, esses novos antibióticos geralmente são derivados de classes químicas e mecanismos de ação conhecidos, exacerbando a necessidade de antibióticos novos e inovadores.
A pesquisa presente nesta tese enfrenta esse desafio ao focar na metaloenzima bacteriana essencial 1-desoxi-D-xilulose 5-fosfato redutoisomerase (DXR). Embora os inibidores existentes da DXR tenham sido extensivamente estudados, eles frequentemente possuem propriedades farmacocinéticas desfavoráveis, destacando a necessidade de novos compostos. Utilizando os princípios do desenho de fármacos baseado na estrutura (SBDD), uma triagem de fragmentos e um acoplamento de espaço químico foram realizados para descobrir novos ligantes para DXR.
A otimização dos protocolos de expressão e purificação de proteínas, particularmente o desenvolvimento de novas condições de solução-tampão, foi crucial para facilitar os experimentos bioquímicos e de triagem. Além disso, a análise de ligantes contendo grupos coordenando com metais evidenciou motivos desejáveis em inibidores de metaloenzimas e direcionou a seleção de uma biblioteca de fragmentos de ácido carboxílicos para a triagem de fragmentos.
A triagem de fragmentos identificou ligantes promissores para PaDXR, com oportunidades para otimização adicional e desenvolvimento terapêutico. Ademais, ligantes promissores para EcDXR foram sugeridos pelo acoplamento de espaço químico. Compreendendo trilhões de produtos virtuais, este estudo in silico também elucidou as interações entre os produtos virtuais, a enzima e o cátion metálico. Em suma, esta tese não só contribui para a nossa compreensão de enzimas como a DXR, mas também suporta pesquisas futuras e direcionamento terapêutico, impulsionando a inovação na pesquisa de desenho de fármacos.Doktorgradsavhandlin
Evocative effects of children's education-associated genetics on maternal parenting: results from the Norwegian mother, father and child cohort study
No full textBackground: It has long been hypothesized that increasing heritability with age of cognitive and educational performance is partly attributable to evocative gene–environment correlation. However, this hypothesis has not been widely tested.
Methods: We addressed this gap by examining whether children's education polygenic scores (PGSedu) were associated with maternal self-reported positive and literacy-focused parenting when children were 5 years old, and if evoked parenting differences mediated genetic effects on children's educational outcomes (mother-reported at 6–8 years of age), while controlling for parental PGSedu. We also investigated whether maternal reports of children's language at 5 years old were associated with parenting and mediated genetic effects on educational performance. These questions were addressed in a sample of 83,627 parent-offspring trios from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study, a longitudinal population-based pregnancy cohort.
Results: Children's PGSedu were significantly associated with maternal literacy-focused (β = .03, 95% CI [0.01, 0.05], p = .021) but not positive parenting (β = 0.01, 95% CI [−0.02, 0.05], p = .410), and literacy-focused parenting significantly mediated the effects of children's PGSedu on their educational performance (β = 0.01, 95% CI [1 × 10−3, 0.01], p = .023). Children's language was associated with maternal parenting and mediated the effects of children's PGSedu on their educational performance (β = 0.01, 95% CI [3 × 10−3, 0.02], p = .002).
Conclusions: These findings support our hypotheses and suggest early language and parenting may be mechanisms implicated in the pathways from children's genetics to their educational outcomes.publishedVersio
Effects of Heterogeneity on Foam Models for Large Scale CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers
No full textMasteroppgave i energiENERGI399I5MAMN-ENE
Strong bounds and exact solutions to the minimum broadcast time problem
Get PDFGiven a graph and a subset of its nodes, referred to as source nodes, the minimum broadcast time problem asks for the minimum number of steps in which a signal can be transmitted from the sources to all other nodes in the graph. In each step, the sources and the nodes that already have received the signal can forward it to at most one of their neighbour nodes. The problem has previously been proved to be NP-hard. In the current work, we develop a compact integer programming model for the problem. We also devise procedures for computing lower bounds on the minimum number of steps required, along with methods for constructing near-optimal solutions. Computational experiments demonstrate that in a wide range of instances, in particular instances with sufficiently dense graphs, the lower and upper bounds under study collapse. In instances where this is not the case, the integer programming model proves strong capabilities in closing the remaining gap and proves to be considerably more efficient than previously studied models.publishedVersio
Health-related quality of life among extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients and inequalities by disease manifestations: a longitudinal study analysing the impact of TB treatment
Get PDFBackground: To understand the impact of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and its treatment on quality of life, we analysed patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) among presumptive ETPB patients.
Methods: EuroQol’s five-dimensional three-level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) were used to measure PROMs by 274 presumptive EPTB patients at pre- and post-treatment stages. The patients were categorised as TB and non-TB by using a composite reference standard. Following the EuroQol suggested analysis methods, we calculated the health utility summary measure at the pre- and post-treatment stages. The health state density curve and index were used to analyse inequality in reported health profiles. We investigated factors associated with EPTB patients’ health utility through multivariable regression at the pre-treatment stage.
Results: The analysis of PROMs showed both physical (mobility, self-care, usual activities) and psychological (pain, discomfort, anxiety & depression) health affected by all EPTB manifestations (lymphadenitis, pleuritis, meningitis and others). Moreover, we found inequality in reported health profiles across disease manifestations at pre- and post-treatment stages. Post-treatment, we found improvement in PROMs and no reports of extreme-level health problems. However, some problems persisted across all dimensions of EPTB manifestations. We found 100% improvement in pleuritis and meningitis manifestations. Socioeconomic status, type of health facility attended, and patients’ working capacity were associated with health utility.
Conclusion: Despite post-treatment improvement in health, inequality of reported health states by EPTB manifestations persisted, though decreased. This highlights that holistic patient- and health system-level interventions addressing the impact of illness should consider EPTB by its manifestations, not as a single disease entity.publishedVersio
Occupational injuries in fishing, farming and forestry in southeast Asia, Australia, and selected European coastal countries
Get PDFM.Phil. in Global Health - ThesisINTH395AMAMD-GLO
Revisiting the electrophysiological correlates of valence and expectancy in reward processing – A multi-lab replication
Get PDFTwo event-related brain potential (ERP) components, the frontocentral feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the posterior P300, are key in feedback processing. The FRN typically exhibits greater amplitude in response to negative and unexpected outcomes, whereas the P300 is generally more pronounced for positive outcomes. In an influential ERP study, Hajcak et al., (2005) manipulated outcome valence and expectancy in a guessing task. They found the FRN was larger for negative outcomes regardless of expectancy, and the P300 larger for unexpected outcomes regardless of valence. These findings challenged the dominant Reinforcement Learning Theory of the ERN. We aimed to replicate these results within the #EEGManyLabs project (Pavlov et al., 2021) across thirteen labs. Our replication, including robustness tests, a PCA and Bayesian models, found that both FRN and P300 were significantly modulated by outcome valence and expectancy: FRN amplitudes (no-reward - reward) were largest for unexpected outcomes, and P300 amplitudes were largest for reward outcomes. These results were consistent across different methods and analyses. Although our findings only partially replicate the original study, they underscore the complexity of feedback processing and demonstrate how aspects of Reinforcement Learning Theory may apply to the P300 component, reinforcing the need for rigorous ERP research methodologies.publishedVersio
Associations between HEXACO personality traits, substance use disorders, and behavioral addictions: a protocol for a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
Get PDFBackground: While research has explored the connection between addiction and personality, no systematic study has examined how substance use disorders (SUD) and behavioral addictions specifically relate to the HEXACO model of personality. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to fill this gap by investigating the association between HEXACO personality traits and various addictions, including illegal substances (e.g., narcotics and cannabis) and behavioral addictions (e.g., gambling, gaming, social media addiction, and compulsive sexual behavior disorder) across different populations.
Methods: The protocol is in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement. Searches will be conducted in databases including APA PsycINFO (Ovid), MEDLINE (Ovid), ProQuest, Web of Science, CINAHL, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar. Empirical studies published as full papers in peer-reviewed journals or as full dissertations, in English, other European languages, or Persian, investigating the association between HEXACO personality traits and addictive disorders are eligible. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations and full-text articles, and extract data using the Covidence software. They will further assess the risk of bias and quality of the studies using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for longitudinal and cohort studies, an adapted version of the NOS for cross-sectional studies. Publication bias will be evaluated using funnel plots, Egger’s test, and trim and fill analysis. In addition to a narrative summary, meta-analyses will be conducted if data are sufficient. Random effects models will be used to pool effect sizes. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression will be performed to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses will examine the robustness of the results. Data analysis will be conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA), version 4.
Discussion: This review and meta-analysis will be the first to systematically explore and integrate the evidence available on the association between the HEXACO personality traits and SUD and behavioral addictions. By consolidating information, the study will enhance our understanding of the role of personality traits in the development, maintenance, and treatment of SUD and behavioral addictions.publishedVersio
Impacts of aeration and submergence on liquid accumulation in the swim bladder of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Get PDFIn the fight against salmon lice a variety of prevention strategies have been tested which aim to minimize contact between salmon and surface waters where lice concentrate. These strategies include barriers which reduce flow of water through the surface of the cage, behavior modification and submergence of the entire cage. All of these methods are promising as lice reduction strategies, but also pose challenges for salmon health and welfare. One of the challenges recently identified but as yet unstudied is the accumulation of liquid in the swim bladders of fish produced in these systems. Salmon have a physostomous swim bladder which makes them dependent on access to air for maintenance of neutral buoyancy. Previous studies have detected liquid in the swim bladders of otherwise healthy fish in completely submerged cages, as well as in fish reared in cages using barrier technologies such as ‘skirts’ or ‘snorkels’ with aeration to maintain water quality. Currently, the specific cause and consequences of such liquid accumulation in swim bladders is unknown. This trial therefore investigated the individual and combined roles of submergence and bubbles produced by an aeration device on the accumulation of liquid in salmon swim bladders. To examine if there were differences in the prevalence and severity of liquid accumulation in the swim bladders of salmon that were either, (i) submerged with no aeration source, (ii) submerged with aeration, (iii) non-submerged cages with aeration and (iv) control cages which were neither submerged nor had aeration present, 1440 post-smolt salmon were divided amongst 12 net pens (5 x 5 m square), with 3 replicates of each treatment. Throughout the experiment samples were performed in a time series to monitor fish condition, welfare and swim bladder contents. Additional behavioral observations were performed to monitor the salmon’s response to the treatments. This study found that while some salmon in all treatment groups had small amounts of liquid in their swim bladders, the prevalence and severity was significantly higher in the submerged treatment groups compared to those who had surface access. Although salmon were observed to frequently interact with the bubbles generated by the aeration device, the presence of bubbles did not significantly impact liquid accumulation in the swim bladders. Behavioral analyses showed that although the presence abnormal ‘tilted’ behavior associated with buoyancy stress did not differ between treatments, salmon in submerged cages did swim faster than those with surface access. Further, testing of the chemical composition of the liquid collected from swim bladders found that the liquid collected from fish in cages with surface access more closely resembled seawater, while the liquid collected from fish in submerged cages more closely resembled plasma. However, sampling performed in a time series after treatment was discontinued, showed that salmon are able to expel liquid from their swim bladders upon regaining surface access, with no remaining difference between treatments after only 3 hours. These results demonstrate that while submergence with aeration alone is not a viable production method, short-term submergence with occasional surface access could be.Masteroppgave i biologiBIO399MAMN-HAVSJMAMN-BI