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To Add or to Multiply? Gender, Sexual Minority Status, and Sexual Harassment in the Norwegian Police Service
Get PDFDoes being a sexual minority member heighten the risk of sexual harassment to the same extent for women and men? We compare two perspectives on the interaction between gender and sexual minority status in predicting exposure to sexual harassment: gender and sexual minority status as independent risk factors (additive effects) versus sexual minority status as a stronger risk factor for men (interactive effects). In a representative survey among N = 4386 employees from the Norwegian Police Service, we found support for the additive perspective. Women, OR = 2.46, 95% CI [2.12, 2.89], and sexual minorities, OR = 2.51, 95% CI [1.81, 3.48], had higher odds of being targeted by sexual harassment. We do not find that sexual minority status is a stronger risk factor for men than for women but that sexual minority status increases the odds of being targeted with sexual harassment for both women and men. The effect of the interaction between gender and sexual minority status (OR = 0.80, 95% CI [0.39, 1.63]) was too small to be significant in our sample. We discuss methodological challenges in studying low-frequency events such as sexual harassment from an intersectional perspective. The group most at risk for being sexually harassed at work in the NPS is sexual minority women. Norway is characterized by gender equality and legal protection of sexual minorities. This does not seem to cancel out the effects that violations of gender ideals have on the likelihood of being harassed.publishedVersio
The future Barents Sea—A synthesis of physical, biogeochemical, and ecological changes toward 2050 and 2100
Get PDFThe Barents Sea is a hotspot for ongoing Arctic climate change, manifested in a rapid warming of the ocean and the atmosphere and a strong decline of the winter sea-ice cover. These changes in the physical environment have large consequences for marine ecosystems, including commercial fish populations. In a warmer future climate, both physical and ecological changes are expected to intensify. Here, we provide a first comprehensive overview of future climate change projections for the Barents Sea, and the associated physical, biogeochemical, and ecological consequences based on climate models and end-to-end ecosystem models. We also discuss potential future changes in human activities and their impacts, including changes in shipping activity and contaminants. We analyze results for two time horizons—the near-future (2040–2050) and the far-future (2090–2100)—and for two different emission scenarios: one with moderate future greenhouse gas emissions (SSP2-4.5) and one high-emission scenario (SSP5-8.5). The projections show that the future Barents Sea will be warmer, less ice-covered, more acidic, and more productive, with fish populations and spawning sites moving northward. There are small differences in multi-model mean physical and biogeochemical projections between the two emission scenarios by 2050, while large scenario differences emerge toward the end of the century. The implications of these results are far-reaching, including identifying the sensitivity of ecosystem change to future emissions, informing regional management strategies, and potentially identifying needs for adaptation to changes already likely to occur.publishedVersio
Metamorphic Growth of Elongate Olivine of Extreme Size from Nordværnes, Northern Norway
No full textMasteroppgave i geovitenskapGEOV399MAMN-GEO
“Det er ingen selvfølge” En sammenligning av forsoningskommisjoner
Get PDFIn this thesis, I have compared the reports of the Greenlandic Reconciliation Commission report, the Swedish Truth and Reconciliation Commission for Tornedalingar, Kväner and Lantalaise, and the Norwegian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The aim of this thesis has been to explore and compare how the three commissions understand reconciliation, including the responses from the authorities and the minorities.
The thesis examines how and why the different commissions were established, which historical events the commissions means requires reconciliation, the steps that the commissions believe promote reconciliation, as well as the reactions to the commissions work. Through this thesis, it appears that the need for reconciliation is not always clear due to the lack of historical knowledge, and the lack of visibility of the consequences of history.
The three commission's historical accounts describe a past where three countries misused their power, leading to a weakening of the minority’s culture, language, and identity. Nationalism and modernization were used to promote the idea that the minority was less valuable than the majority. The states made use of institutions such as the school system and the church to strengthen their own power and reduce the influence of the minority.
The findings in this thesis show that the commissions understand that reconciliation, the basis for reconciliation, and the goal of reconciliation are deeply connected to a common historical understanding. One does not see the need for reconciliation without having knowledge of the past. In order to be reconciled, there is a need to understand each other, and reconciliation occurs when one accepts one's own role in history and wants to repair the wounds that are a result of the past.Historie mastergradsoppgaveHIS350MAHF-HISMAHF-LÆH
Family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy for eating disorders in children and adolescents in routine clinical care: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Get PDFFamily therapy for eating disorders (ED) is well-established and represents the treatment choice for ED in children and adolescents according to guidelines, with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as a second line treatment. There is limited knowledge about how these treatments work in routine clinical care. The goal of the present meta-analysis is to investigate the effectiveness of family therapy and CBT for various EDs in children and adolescents when carried out in routine clinical care. Ovid MEDLINE, Embase OVID, and PsycINFO were searched for articles published until December 2023. The outcome of family therapy and CBT, methodological quality, risk of bias, and moderators of treatment outcome were examined and benchmarked by meta-analytically comparing with ED efficacy studies. Forty-four effectiveness studies comprising 3251 family therapy or CBT patients were included. Large to very large within-group effect sizes (ES) were found for ED-psychopathology (0.80) and weight measures for AN (1.64) at post treatment. The attrition rate was 15%. Risk of bias was considerable. Moderate to large ES were found for family therapy and CBT, respectively. The benchmarking analysis showed that effectiveness studies had comparable ESs to efficacy studies (0.80 and 0.84 for the ED-psychopathology at post treatment). The findings support family therapy and CBT for ED in children and adolescents as effective treatments when delivered in routine clinical care, with effects comparable with those found in efficacy studies. The evidence needs to be interpreted with caution because of the risk of bias in a high proportion of studies.PROSPERO [CRD42023441794].publishedVersio
Burde vi ha regler om navneforbud for omtale av pågående straffesaker i Norge? En komparativ studie av den danske retsplejeloven § 31
Get PDFMasteroppgaveJUS399MAJUR-2MAJU
«Jeg forstod så mye mer av teksten etter dette...» - en studie om litterære samtaler, mangfold, kritisk tenkning og følelser
Get PDFSkjønnlitteraturen kan inspirere og engasjere lesere på mange måter. Den kan være en kilde til underholdning, og den kan også bidra til selvinnsikt og empati. Denne studien søker å utforske hvordan skjønnlitteratur kan være en verdifull tilnærming til å fremme inkludering og motvirke mobbing blant barn og unge. I en tid preget av et økende behov for undervisningsmetoder som ikke bare støtter forståelse og aksept av mangfold, men også oppmuntrer til kritisk refleksjon, tar denne oppgaven sikte på å utvikle en norskundervisning som legger til rette for å utforske temaer som kjønn, seksualitet, og dynamikken av andregjøring. Gjennom å gi elevene et metaspråk for å drøfte disse temaene i litterære samtaler, har denne studien som mål å undersøke hvordan slike prinsipper kan integreres i undervisningen i norskfaget på 10. trinn. Formålet er å utvikle undervisningspraksiser som ikke bare styrker inkludering, men også gir elevene verktøy til å utforske komplekse temaer som makt og heteronormativitet. Videre undersøker oppgaven lærerens rolle i å skape trygghet og engasjement i litterære samtaler, som en tilnærming for å møte et stadig mer mangfoldig samfunn.
Studien bygger på aksjonsforskning som metode, med den litterære samtalen som hovedfokus og grunnlag for innhenting av datamateriale. De litterære samtalene tar utgangspunkt i seks ulike tekster med LHBTQ+-tematikk, i tillegg til tekster som omhandler andregjøring. Studien ble gjennomført over en periode på fire uker. Undervisningsopplegget i forkant av samtalene innebar opplæring i et metaspråk som kunne anvendes i elevenes møte med tekstene.
Resultatene av studien viser at elevene engasjerte seg i å finne mening i tekstene og brukte metaspråket i samtalene, selv om temaer omkring kjønn både engasjerte dem og gjorde dem usikre. Videre viser studien at jo større rom for tolkning elevene opplevde i tekstene, desto mer nysgjerrige og ivrige ble de på å finne en mening som de kunne identifisere seg med. I en kvalitativ undersøkelse som denne er det utfordrende å konkludere med noe definitivt, men denne studien kan sees som en mulig tilnærming til arbeid med inkludering i klasserommet. Studien viser at ungdomselever engasjerer seg i samtaler om kjønn, seksualitet og identitet, og de er respektfulle og anerkjenner det som er annerledes.Literature has the power to inspire and engage readers in various ways. It can serve as a source of entertainment and also contribute to self-awareness and empathy. This study aims to explore how literature can be a valuable approach to promoting inclusion and combating bullying among children and youth. In an era marked by a growing need for teaching methods that not only support understanding and acceptance of diversity but also encourage critical reflection, this task aims to develop an education that facilitates exploration of topics such as gender, sexuality, and the dynamics of othering. By providing students with a metalinguistic framework to discuss these themes in literary conversations, this study seeks to investigate how such principles can be integrated into 10th-grade Norwegian language education. The goal is to develop teaching practices that not only enhance inclusion but also provide students with tools to explore complex issues such as power and heteronormativity. Furthermore, the task examines the teacher's role in fostering safety and engagement in literary discussions as an approach to meeting an increasingly diverse society.
The study is based on action research as a method, with literary conversation as the main focus and basis for data collection. The literary conversations are based on six different texts with LGBTQ+ themes, in addition to texts addressing othering. The study was conducted over a period of four weeks. The preparatory teaching before the conversations involved training in a metalinguistic framework that could be applied to students' encounters with the texts.
The results of the study indicate that students engaged in finding meaning in the texts and used the metalinguistic framework in their conversations, although topics surrounding gender both engaged and made them uncertain. Furthermore, the study shows that the more room for interpretation students experienced in the texts, the more curious and eager they became to find meaning that they could identify with. In a qualitative study like this, it is challenging to draw definitive conclusions, but this study can be seen as a possible approach to working with inclusion in the classroom. The study shows that adolescent students engage in conversations about gender, sexuality, and identity, and they are respectful and acknowledge differences.Erfaringsbasert masteroppgave i undervisning med fordypning i norskNORMAU650VID-MAUNO
The Significance of Single Stories: Etaf Rum's Representations of the Palestinian American Diaspora in 'A Woman is No Man' and 'Evil Eye'
Get PDFDette er en masteroppgave om verdien av mangfoldig representasjon i engelskspråklig litteratur. Som et motsvar til den historisk sett eurosentriske engelskspråklige litteraturkanonen, ønsker jeg å belyse hvordan utvidet mangfoldig representasjon i litteratur skaper rom for at flere kan kjenne seg igjen, samt hvordan slik transnasjonal skjønnlitteratur bidrar til å fremme økt interkulturell kompetanse. Jeg anser dette som høyst aktuelt i lys av den pågående konflikten mellom Israel og Palestina, hvor orientalistiske og eurosentriske holdninger lenge har dominert den vestlige oppfatningen av området, konflikten og menneskene derfra. Det er også derfor jeg har valgt å ta for meg romanene til palestinskamerikanske Etaf Rum. Inspirert av forfatter Chimamanda Ngozi Adichies TED-foredrag «The Danger of a Single Story» vil jeg presisere at hensikten med denne avhandlingen ikke er å generalisere på bakgrunn av enkelthistorier, men heller anerkjenne og fremme betydningen av å sette slike historier i større kontekst.
Oppgaven presenterer en analyse av Etaf Rums to romaner, A Woman is No Man (2019) og Evil Eye (2023). I lys av postkolonial og feministisk teori undersøker jeg hvordan Rum, ved hjelp av diverse mannlige og kvinnelige stereotyper, kritiserer konservativ patriarkalsk arabisk- og arabiskamerikansk kultur, og skildrer det å måtte navigere mellom to kulturer. Jeg tar også for meg hvordan tradisjoner og traumer overføres på tvers av generasjoner – blant annet gjennom historiefortelling – og hvordan Rum tilbyr et metaperspektiv på viktigheten av litterær representasjon gjennom karakterenes engasjement med litteratur innad i romanene. På bakgrunn av dette argumenterer jeg for at Rum fremmer et nyansert bilde av den palestinskamerikanske diaspora, særlig den arabiskamerikanske kvinnen. Dette står i kontrast til det lenge dominerende vestlige synet på den arabiske kvinnen som endimensjonal, tildekket og undertrykket, og bidrar til at verkene hennes utgjør et viktig bidrag i dagens sosiopolitiske klima.Engelsk mastergradsoppgaveENG350MAHF-LÆFRMAHF-EN
Estimating resilience in Norwegian coastal heathland systems
Get PDFClimate change is driving biodiversity loss and causing shifts in disturbance regimes worldwide. Coastal heathlands, one of Norway’s most vulnerable ecosystems, hold both high cultural and ecological value, yet understanding how they will respond future changes in climate remains poorly understood. With changing temperature, precipitation and drought patterns forecast for Norway, understanding the vegetation dynamics of coastal heathlands in response to disturbance is essential. Ecological resilience, the capacity of an ecosystem to resist and recover from disturbances, is an important concept for uncovering more about these responses. This study focuses on resilience and recovery rates within three areas coastal heathland over a latitudinal gradient and investigates how temperature and precipitation affect their stability. Using time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 250m resolution, resilience is quantified by estimating post-disturbance recovery rates. Slower recovery is interpreted as a sign of reduced resilience, potentially indicating proximity to critical thresholds. Three key findings emerge: (1) Distinct browning events were found in all sites, though the timing and intensity of these disturbances varied geographically. (2) Recovery rates declined with increasing latitude, suggesting that northern sites have lower resilience. (3) Vegetation sensitivity to short-term climatic variability differed along the gradient, with northern vegetation showing greater dependency on ecological memory and weaker climate responsiveness compared to southern sites. These findings are of importance for conservation and area management, because for the first time we have identified regions of coastal heathlands that show characteristics of high and low resilient in a spatial dataset. Understanding these patterns could enable more targeted and effective management to protect and maintain these ecologically and culturally significant landscapes.Masteroppgave i biologiBIO399MAMN-BIOMAMN-HAVS
Claim frequency estimation - improving model stability using penalized regression in a GLM framework
Get PDFGeneralized Linear Models (GLM) are widely used in the pricing and modeling of non-life insurance. The insurance market is a highly competitive market and is regulated and closely supervised to ensure that the solvency requirements are met. Therefore, it is crucial to have a stable pricing model that accurately reflects the risk in the insurance portfolio. GLMs are generally known to be stable and robust, but can in some cases cause unstable results when updating models with new data over time. LASSO and Ridge regression are alternative methods that are known to reduce variance, which is closely related to stability, by shrinking the parameters. In this thesis, two main objectives are analyzed when modeling claim frequency. The first objective is to analyze how the hyperparameter lambda of the LASSO and the Ridge regression impacts their stability and performance. The second objective is to develop new penalized regression models with improved stability based on the GLM framework, explicitly taking into account a stability criterion through the penalty term, while maintaining predictive accuracy. For this, three models are proposed and compared with the performance and stability of the GLM, LASSO and Ridge regression. The models are tested on several datasets, both simulated and R-datasets. The general results demonstrate that the proposed Stability-adjusted Penalized regression models improve both the stability and the overall performance compared to the GLM, LASSO and Ridge regression.Masteroppgave i aktuarfagAKTUA399