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Should Owners of Carbon-Intensive Assets Be Compensated if Required to Cease Operation Due to the Energy Transition?
No full textpublishedVersio
Sanctuary for vulnerable Arctic species at the Borealis Mud Volcano
No full textBorealis is a recently discovered submerged mud volcano in the Polar North Atlantic, differing from the numerous methane seepages previously identified in the region. Here we show in situ observations from a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), capturing the release of warm (11.5 °C) Neogene sediments and methane-rich fluids from a gryphon at Borealis. The surrounding seafloor within the mud volcano features extensive carbonate deposits, indicating prolonged diffuse methane migration. Sampling and imagery reveal that Borealis supports unique habitats adapted to low-oxygen conditions near methane seeps. Additionally, the irregularly shaped carbonate structures serve as a natural shelter from bottom trawling and a substratum for sessile fauna and may function as nursery grounds for threatened fish species. This discovery underscores the ecological significance of cold seep ecosystems in the Polar North Atlantic, highlighting their role in biodiversity by serving as refuges for marine species and emphasizing the need for their conservationpublishedVersio
The impact of welfare technology on care ethics: a qualitative analysis of healthcare professionals and managers’ experiences with welfare technologies
No full textBackground
Providing healthcare for the elderly population is challenging due to a shortage of staff. The challenge is addressed by increased use of technology. The article explores the impact of welfare technology on healthcare personnel’s care ethical considerations in Norway’s primary healthcare sector. Through a qualitative study of how healthcare professionals, managers, and technology suppliers understand and perceive welfare technology in healthcare, we examine whether instrumental values displace care-ethical values in primary healthcare practices.
Methods
The study is based on a qualitative analysis of interviews with healthcare workers, healthcare managers and technology suppliers in primary healthcare in Norway. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers and quality developers at the municipal administrative level and healthcare managers and staff in healthcare units. Interviews with suppliers/manufacturers of welfare technology (GPS, pill dispensers and robotics) were also conducted. We combined an inductive approach with theoretical exploration as we alternated between the empirical data, a thematic approach, and theories of technology and care ethics.
Results
In the analysis of the empirical material, we identified two overarching themes that were related to our research question: 1) demands and solutions and 2) two sides of autonomy. The informants generally highlighted the benefits of welfare technology, but the informants were also ambiguous about the use of welfare technology. Autonomy was seen as an important value but was attached with ambivalence.
Conclusion
Care ethical considerations are significantly present within healthcare professionals’ understandings of technology even though managers and technology suppliers were advocating for welfare technology in a more instrumental sense. Despite extensive acclaim for user autonomy, healthcare personnel make decisions about care and technology use independently of the resource situation. They hold onto a professional room of freedom in between the patient’s needs, available resources, and suitable technology. They are sceptical about applying technological solutions if they suspect it will lead to potentially adverse consequences, such as loneliness or increased insecurity due to technological illiteracy. By engaging a relational autonomy approach in their care practices, healthcare professionals control technology rather than submit to technology and we see that rather than being displaced by technical-economic reasoning, care ethical reasoning also accommodates technology.publishedVersio
A Snakemake workflow for analysing alternative splicing events from short-read RNA-seq data
Get PDFMasteroppgave i informatikkINF399MAMN-PROGMAMN-IN
N-Heterocyclic Carbene Pincer Complexes of Group IV and Vanadium for CO2-Based Polymerization Catalysis
Get PDF2014 rapporterte forskningsgruppen vår en ny klasse av meget aktive gruppe 4 katalysatorer basert på tridentate bis-fenolat N-heterosykliske karben (NHK, engelsk: NHC) ligander for kopolymerisering av sykloheksen oksid (CHO) og CO2. Disse katalysatorene åpnet opp potensiale for NHK-ligander innenfor epoksid/CO2 kopolymeriseringskatalyse. Innledende studier av innflytelsen av den NHK-baserte ryggraden ved bruk av umettede og benzannulerte NHK-rammeverk ledet til inaktive homoleptiske og zwitterioniske komplekser i skarp kontrast til de meget aktive monometalliske kompleksene som ble framstilt ved hjelp av mettede NHK-analoger. Etterfulgt av denne oppdagelsen i 2019 ble hafnium metalat, den første blant gruppe 4-katalysatorene, også isolert, som ledet oppmerksomheten mot lovende metallat-baserte aktive varianter relevante for katalyse.
For å videre forstå metall-NHK-samhandlingene og innflytelsen av NHK-ryggraden, ble umettede og benzannulerte NHK-analoger med titan- og hafniumkomplekser utviklet. Den katalytiske ytelsen av disse kompleksene viste høyere aktivitet for mettede NHK sammenlignet med benzannulerte og umettede analogere, respektivt. Utregninger basert på tetthetsfunksjonell teori (TFT, engelsk: DFT) støttet de eksperimentelle resultatene, noe som pekte på en sterk σ-donasjon i mettede NHK, som bidro til den overordnede aktiviteten.
Videre ble meget aktive titan- og zirkonium-metallater utviklet, som ble vellykket testet for kopolymerisering av CHO/CO2. Mekanistisk innsikt av samhandlingen mellom metallatet og CHO ble oppnådd gjennom systematisk overvåkning av den støkiometriske reaksjonen mellom hafnium metallat og CHO. To nøkkelhafnium-metallat intermediater som bar enkel- og dobbelringåpnet CHO ble isolert, noe som bekreftet den essensielle rollen av metallater i CHO-initiering. Videre TFT-baserte studier på initieringsstiene indikerte doble CHO ringåpninger til å være de aktive variantene, med en preferanse for senere innsetting av CO2. Samtidig viste kinetiske studier, som ble utført med hjelp av 1H-NMR spektroskopi under høytrykk, en førsteordens avhengighet av katalysator og CHO og en nullteordens avhengighet av CO2 sammen med initieringsparameterene. De eksperimentelle innsiktene kombinert med TFT-baserte beregningene ledet til at en intermolekylær monometallisk sti ble foreslått. Denne oppgaven har lagt den siste biten i puslespillet som har vært studien av gruppe 4-NHK katalysatorer, med et spenn over 10 år siden de først ble rapportert.
Etter å ha først blitt interessert av elektrondoneringskapasiteten av mettede NHK-ligander, vekket kompatibiliteten av andre metallsentere under lignende ligandmiljø interesse. Under disse betingelsene ble vanadium valgt som et potensielt bærekraftig valg av metall, da det var ikke blitt utforsket i kopolymerisingen av epoksid/CO2, og gjenstod som et unntak fra de så langt rapporterte tidlig overgsangsmetallkatalysatorene. Interresant nok er NHK vanadium-oksokomplekser en aktiv initiator i ringåpningspolymerisering (RÅP, engelsk: ROP) av rac-laktid, som følger en lignende mekanisme for kopolymersing av CHO/CO2. Derfor ble NHK vanadium-oxo komplekser utviklet og testet i katalyse. I sterk motsetning til gruppe 4 NHK-katalysatorer, produserer NHK vanadium-okso komplekser, i tilstedeværelse av [PPN]Cl, cis-sykloheksenkarbonat (SHK, engelsk: CHC). I lys av de mekanistiske innsiktene av gruppe 4-NHK katalysatorene, vil fraværet av et ledig sete i trans-posisjon relativt til V=O, forklaringen til den dårlige selektiviteten for polymerer. Derfor, for å minske trans-innflytelsen av V=O bindingen, ble denne erstattet med en V=N binding for å utvikle et vanadium-imido kompleks. Dessverre viste denne modifikasjonen ingen forbedret selektivitet når den ble testet i katalyse. Videre undersøkelser viste at vanadium-imido komplekset reagerte med CO2 for å regenere et vanadium-oxo kompleks. Dette indikerte også at vanadium-imido komplekser er essensielle for CO2-basert polymerkatalyse.
Til sist, for å øke rekkevidden av monomerer som kan operere effektivt med hjelp av gruppe 4-NHK katalysatorer og for å utvikle skreddersydde polykarbonater, ble disse kompleksene testet i terpolymerisering av PA, CHO og CO2. Det resulterende terpolymer viste en gradientløs di-blokknatur mellom monomerblokkene ved hjelp av polyesterdannelse før polykarbonater ved å gi poly(ester-b-karbonat)er. Titankomplekset viste aktivitet ikke tidligere sett sammenlignet med zirkonium og hafnium-komplekser, og viste og en stør rekkevidde for andre anhydrid-modulerte terpolymerer. For å evaluere den initiale raten av polyesterdannelse, ble kopolymerising av CHO og ftalat anhydrid (PA) med gruppe 4-NHK komplekser også undersøkt. Titan viste utmerket aktivitet (TOF 1630 h-1), en av de høyeste litteraturverdiene noesninne rapportert, etterfulgt av hafnium og zirkonium. Kinetiske studier utført på titan og hafnium-komplekser indikerte en lavere aktiveringsbarriere for titan sammenlignet med hafium, noe som stemmer overens med de eksperimentelle observasjonene. Disse resultatene oppsummert er den første rapporten av aktive gruppe 4 katalysatorer i ko/terpolymerisingskatalyse.In 2014, our group reported a new class of highly active group 4 catalysts based on tridentate bis-phenolate N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) ligands for copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2. These catalysts opened up the potential for NHC ligands in epoxide/CO2 copolymerization catalysis. Preliminary studies on the influence of NHC backbone using unsaturated and benzannulated NHC scaffold led to inactive homoleptic and zwitterionic complexes in sharp contrast to the highly active monometallic complexes obtained using saturated NHC analogue. Following this discovery, in 2019, hafnium metalate, the first among group 4 catalysts, was also isolated, drawing attention towards putative metalate active species relevant to catalysis.
To further understand the metal-NHC interactions and influence of NHC backbone, unsaturated and benzannulated NHC analogues of titanium and hafnium complexes were developed. The catalytic performances of these complexes revealed higher activity for saturated NHC compared to benzannulated and unsaturated analogues respectively. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) computations supported the experimental results indicating the strong σ donation in saturated NHC to contribute to the overall activity. Next, highly active titanium and zirconium metalates were developed and tested successfully in CHO/CO2 copolymerization. Mechanistic details regarding the interactions of metalate with CHO were obtained through systematic monitoring of stoichiometric reaction of hafnium metalate and CHO. Two key hafnium metalate intermediates bearing single and double ring-opened CHO were isolated confirming the pivotal role of metalates in CHO initiation. DFT investigations on the initiation pathways suggested double CHO ring-opening to be the active species favoring subsequent CO2 insertion. Simultaneously, kinetic studies were performed using high pressure 1H NMR spectroscopy to establish first order dependence in catalyst and CHO, zero order in CO2 as well as the activation parameters. Using the experimental insights assisted by collaborated DFT calculations, an intermolecular monometallic pathway was proposed. This thesis work provided the last piece of the puzzle for the study of group 4-NHC catalysts that spanned over 10 years since the initial report.
Intrigued by the electron donating capacity of saturated NHC ligand, the compatibility of other metal centers under similar ligand environment sparked interest. Under this circumstance, vanadium was chosen as a potential sustainable choice of metal as it was unexplored in epoxide/CO2 copolymerization and remained an exception among the reported early transition metal catalysts. Interestingly, NHC vanadium-oxo complex is an active initiator in ring opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide, which follows a mechanism similar to that for epoxide/CO2 copolymerization. Therefore, NHC vanadium-oxo complexes were developed and tested in catalysis. Unfortunately, in sharp contrast to the group 4-NHC catalysts, NHC vanadium-oxo complexes in presence of [PPN]Cl selectively produced cis-cyclohexene carbonate (CHC). Replacing the saturated NHC backbone of vanadium complex with less donor benzannulated NHC moiety, generated polycarbonates in low amounts in addition to cis-cyclohexene carbonate (CHC). In the light of the mechanistic insights of group 4-NHC catalysts, the absence of vacant site in trans to V=O was directly linked to the poor selectivity towards polymers. Therefore, to diminish the trans influence from the V=O bond, the latter was replaced with V=N bond to develop vanadium imido complex. Unfortunately, when tested in catalysis, the modification did not improve the catalyst selectivity. Further investigation revealed that vanadium-imido complex reacts with CO2 to regenerate vanadium-oxo complex. This also implied that vanadium imido complexes are detrimental to CO2-based polymerization catalysis. Finally, to expand the scope of monomers that can be operated efficiently using group 4-NHC catalysts and to develop tailored polycarbonates, these complexes were tested in terpolymerization of phthalic anhydride (PA), CHO and CO2. The resultant terpolymer showed untapered di-block nature with polyester formation prior to polycarbonates to produce poly(ester-b-carbonate)s. Titanium complex showed unprecedented activity compared to zirconium and hafnium complexes as well as displayed a broad scope for other anhydride-modulated terpolymers. To evaluate the initial rate of polyester formation, copolymerization of CHO and PA using group 4-NHC complexes were also investigated. Titanium showed excellent activity (TOF 1630 h-1), one of the highest to be reported in literature, followed by hafnium and zirconium. Kinetic studies performed on titanium and hafnium complexes indicated a lower activation barrier for titanium compared to hafnium, consistent with the experimental observations. These results summarized as the first report of active group 4 catalysts in co/terpolymerization catalysis.Doktorgradsavhandlin
Mountains of Modernity : Romantic Pursuits of Happiness in the Anthropocene
No full textDenne doktorgradsavhandlingen undersøker det skiftende forholdet mellom modernitet og fjellandskap i Vesten, med fokus på hvordan romantiske forestillinger om lykke og det gode liv uttrykkes gjennom et mangfold av friluftsaktiviteter, kulturelle verdier, økologisk etikk og samfunnspolitiske dynamikker. Gjennom multisituert feltarbeid i Svalbard, Sør-Patagonia og Norge analyseres den globale ekspansjonen av statlige og markedsdrevne prosesser inn i naturområder, inkludert villmarkslandskap. Studien viser hvordan forbrukerkultur og forbudspolitikk omformer forholdet mellom forskningsdeltakerene og fjellandskapene i samtiden. Ved å engasjere ulike friluftsfellesskap—fra turgåere til fjellguider og alpinister—fremhever studien hvordan overgangen til kommersialiserte og byråkratiserte naturopplevelser utfordrer eksistensielle, spirituelle og kulturelle verdier.
Sentralt for argumentet som bygges er skildringen av friluftsaktiviteter som i økende grad rammes inn av nyliberale og markedsdrevne krefter, som omgjør landskapene til rekreasjonsområder markedsført mot velstående turister på måter som utfordrer demokratisk, offentlig tilgang til naturområder. Parallelt med denne utviklingen fremmes statlige miljøverninitiativer, som ofte oppleves som restriktive og fremmedgjørende av innbyggerne som blir rammet. Sammen produserer disse dynamikkene en omstridt territoriell omorganisering som kan forsterke sosiale ulikheter, begrenser tilgang til fjellet, og bidrar til fremveksten av nye og ekskluderende urbane former, samtidig som mulighetene for et mangetydig forhold til landskapet, også som et sted for eksistensielle opplevelser, reduseres. Avhandlingen viser hvordan lokale aktører navigerer søken etter eventyr og tilhørighet i det Antropocene, og med dette demonstrerer både motstand og tilpasning i disse skiftende landskapene.
Analytisk forsøker forskningen å bygge bro mellom poststrukturalistiske perspektiver som fokuserer på makt og ulikhet, og posthumanistiske debatter som belyser de komplekse kosmologiene som friluftsutøvere opererer innenfor. Ved å betrakte norske dypøkologer som "innfødte" i friluftsfeltet, eksperimenterer avhandlingen med ulike forståelser av hva det vil si å ta forskningsdeltakernes perspektiver på alvor. Den setter dypøkologi i dialog med Antropocen-tilnærminger i antropologien, samt kritiske perspektiver på klasse og globalisering, i et forsøk på å utvikle en miljøetikk og en teori om politisk lykke for det 21. århundre. Det etiske rammeverket som foreslås, bygger på en relasjonell ontologi som inkorporerer de spirituelle og eksistensielle dimensjonene ved det moderne sitt møte med landskap. Gjennom å trekke på tenkere som Baruch Spinoza, Friedrich Nietzsche, Arne Næss, Hartmut Rosa og Bruno Latour, argumenterer avhandlingen for at samtidens friluftssubjektiviteter kroppsliggjør en "mørkegrønn" kosmologi, der naturen oppfattes som hellig—til tross for økende kommersialisering.
En tilbakevending til et verdenssyn som ser verden som et integrert system som også er levende, reflekterer en pågående “gjenfortryllelse” i Vesten—både i vitenskap og politikk. Ved å fremme en miljøetikk som respekterer pluralistiske kosmologier og anerkjenner fjellets mangetydighet, også i Vesten, bidrar denne avhandlingen til debatter som utfordrer skillet mellom Vesten og resten. Dette beriker antropologiske diskusjoner om global kapitalisme, økologisk vern og det gode liv i Antropocen. Studien søker å bidra med en tilnærming som forener søken etter det gode liv i naturen og økologisk bærekraft på måter som er sosialt rettferdige og tar hensyn til mangfoldet av kulturelle verdier som finnes i fjellsport og friluftsliv.This PhD thesis examines the evolving relationship between modernity and the mountains in the West, focusing on romantic pursuits of happiness and the good life are articulated through a multiplicity of outdoor practices, cultural values, ecological ethics, and socio-political dynamics. Through multi-sited ethnography in Svalbard, Southern Patagonia, and Norway, it analyses the global expansion of state and market dynamics to natural areas, including wilderness landscapes, and how the dynamics of consumption and prohibition are transforming the relationships between the subjects of this research and the mountain landscapes of the Anthropocene. Engaging diverse outdoor communities, from trekking enthusiasts to mountain guides and alpinists, the study highlights how the ongoing shift toward commercialized and bureaucratized engagements with nature might lead to challenge existential, spiritual, and culturally valued ways of life.
Key findings emphasize that outdoor practices are increasingly framed by neoliberal and market-driven forces, turning landscapes into recreational spaces marketed to affluent tourists, thereby excluding local and less affluent groups. This trend is paralleled by state-driven environmental protection initiatives, which are often perceived by local actors as restrictive and alienating. Together, these forces create a contested “territorial reordering” that reinforces social inequalities, limits access, and contributes to the emergence of new urban forms, while reshaping the mountains as sites for consumption. The thesis shows how, despite these dynamics, local actors creatively navigate the tensions between adventure and belonging, demonstrating both resistance to and adaptation within these shifting landscapes.
Analytically, the research is an attempt to bridge post-structural, critical perspectives that focus on power, with posthumanist debates that emphasize the complex cosmologies that outdoor subjects navigate. Engaging the Norwegian deep ecologists as ‘natives’ of the outdoor field, the thesis experiments with different approaches to what taking one’s research participants seriously might entail. It places deep ecology in dialogue with the Anthropocene approaches in anthropology, as well as critical perspectives on class and globalization in an attempt to develop an environmental ethics and theory of political happiness for the 21st century. The ethical framework that is proposed builds on a relational ontology that incorporates spiritual and existential dimensions of modern engagements with the landscape. It builds on the work of thinkers like Baruch Spinoza, Friedrich Nietzsche, Arne Næss, Hartmut Rosa, and Bruno Latour, and argues that contemporary outdoor subjectivities embody a “dark green” cosmology, wherein nature is perceived as sacred despite its increasing commodification.
The return to a worldview or cosmology that percieves the world as an integrated system that is also alive, reflects an ongoing process of re-enchantment across the West—in the sciences as well as in politics. By advancing an environmental ethics that respects pluralistic cosmologies and acknowledges the multivocality of the mountains, also in the West, this thesis contributes to debates that challenge the divisions between the West and the rest, enriching anthropological debates on global capitalism, ecological preservation, and the good life in the Anthropocene. The study ultimately calls for approaches that reconcile human fulfillment with ecological integrity in ways that are socially inclusive and sensitive to diverse cultural values.Doktorgradsavhandlin
Characterization of dead-end knockout Atlantic salmon offspring: mutation frequency, gonad phenotype and exploring the possibilities for using these as surrogates in germ cell transplantations
Get PDFReproductively sterile fish in aquaculture has received considerable attention in recent years and is interesting for several reasons. Using sterile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fish farming could contribute to solving the challenges with genetic introgression into wild strains, as well as the fish welfare and economic problems related to early sexual maturation. One approach to produce sterile salmon is by targeted mutagenesis of the germ cell specific dead-end (dnd) gene, using the gene editing technique CRISPR-Cas9. dnd knockout (KO) is shown to induce sterility in several species. A sterile, dnd KO salmon model produced at the Institute of Marine Research, named VIRGIN, is in addition injected with dnd mRNA to allow the formation of germ cells despite its genetic sterility. Subsequently, it is expected that offspring from these genetically sterile gametes are sterile, which would represent an efficient way to mass-produce this model. In this thesis, dnd mutation rates and corresponding gonad phenotypes in VIRGIN offspring (F1 generation) from three different crosses were characterized. As expected, all double-allelic dnd mutants (dnd-/-) were germ cell free (GCF). Surprisingly, CGF fish were also found among heterozygous dnd+/- mutants in two of the crosses, and even among fish with a wild-type (WT) genotype (dnd+/+) in one cross. Another method to mass-produce sterile fish, is by surrogacy; transplanting germ cells that carry any mutation causing sterility, into surrogates that will mature and spawn these donor-derived gametes. Germ cell transplantations can be performed in or between species and can be used for additional purposes like production of mono-sex populations and species conservation. It is beneficial that the surrogates are sterile, to avoid competition between donor-derived and endogenous germ cells within the gonad. To investigate if VIRGIN salmon are suitable as surrogates for transplanted germ cells, WT spermatogonia was transplanted into newly hatched VIRGIN F1 larvae. Although studies have been conducted with germ cell transplantations in salmonids, no previous studies have demonstrated a successful germ cell transplantation in a 100 % sterile Atlantic salmon. After 7 months, expression levels of germ cell markers dnd, vasa and piwil1 in the gonads from surrogates were measured to get an impression of whether the transplantations were successful or not. Interestingly, elevated expression levels of dnd, vasa and piwil1 was found in one dnd-/- fish, which is a strong indication that the transplantations have worked, and that sterile dnd KO salmon can be used for germ cell transplantations. However, further research is needed to confirm 100 % that the germ cells are donor-derived and not endogenous.Masteroppgave i biologiBIO399MAMN-HAVSJMAMN-BI
Capacitance measurements of exocytosis from AII amacrine cells in retinal slices
Get PDFDuring neuronal synaptic transmission, the exocytotic release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic neuron evokes a change in conductance for one or more types of ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic neuron. The standard method of investigation uses electrophysiological recordings of the postsynaptic response. However, electrophysiological recordings can directly quantify the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters with high temporal resolution by measuring the membrane capacitance before and after exocytosis, as fusion of the membrane of presynaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane increases the total capacitance. While the standard technique for capacitance measurement assumes that the presynaptic cell is unbranched and can be represented as a simple resistance-capacitance (RC) circuit, neuronal exocytosis typically occurs at a distance from the soma. Even in such cases, however, it can be possible to detect a depolarization-evoked increase in capacitance. Here, we provide a detailed, step-by-step protocol that describes how "Sine + DC" (direct current) capacitance measurements can quantify the exocytotic release of neurotransmitters from AII amacrine cells in rat retinal slices. The AII is an important inhibitory interneuron of the mammalian retina that plays an important role in integrating rod and cone pathway signals. AII amacrines release glycine from their presynaptic dendrites, and capacitance measurements have been important for understanding the release properties of these dendrites. When the goal is to directly quantify the presynaptic release, there is currently no other competing method available. This protocol includes procedures for measuring depolarization-evoked exocytosis, using both standard square-wave pulses, arbitrary stimulus waveforms, and synaptic input.publishedVersio
Strabismus surgery in topical anaesthesia with intraoperative suture adjustment in Graves' orbitopathy
Get PDFPurpose
To report the results of strabismus surgery in a series of patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO), using topical anaesthesia with intraoperative suture adjustment.
Methods
All first-time strabismus surgeries in patients with GO in our department during the years 2014–2021 (n = 45) were assessed retrospectively. Among these, 31% came from outside our health region due to increased complexity of the strabismus condition. Orbital decompression surgery had been carried out in 58% of the patients prior to strabismus surgery. Patients with less than 2 months of follow-up were excluded from the study. Median follow-up time was 22 months.
Results
Among the total patient material, 37 (82%) could be operated with topical anaesthesia with intraoperative suture adjustment. There were no cases with triggering of the oculo-cardiac reflex during the procedure. Among the 36 patients operated with topical anaesthesia and follow-up time ≥2 months, 11 (31%) needed further surgery. Late overcorrection after recession of the inferior rectus was seen in 19%. At the last control examination, 32 (89%) were diplopia-free in primary and down-gaze position, either with or without weak prisms.
Conclusion
Strabismus surgery in topical anaesthesia with intraoperative suture adjustment appears to be a suitable and safe procedure in most patients with GO, including difficult and complex cases. The patients should be informed about the possibility of additional surgery and/or post-operative need for prism glasses.publishedVersio