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Alexander Kielland’s Arbeidsfolk (1881), Else: En julefortælling (1881), and Tre Par (1886) interpreted in the light of the sexual morality feud of the 1880s.
No full textDenne oppgaven undersøker Alexander Kiellands samfunnskritiske realisme gjennom lesninger av Arbeidsfolk (1881), Else: En julefortælling (1881), og Tre Par (1886), i lys av sedelighetsfeiden på 1880-tallet. Påstanden jeg tar utgangspunkt i, er at Kielland tidlig i sin forfatterkarriere og før sedelighetsdebatten var kommet ordentlig i gang, tematiserer og behandler sedelighetsspørsmålet kritisk i sin diktning. En grunnleggende påstand i dette arbeidet er at disse verkene må leses i lys av sedelighetsspørsmålet, og de senere debattene om dem, for å få en fullgod forståelse av Kielland som en samfunnskritisk forfatter og aktør i sedelighetsdebatten.
I oppgaven har jeg en historiserende tilgang til romanverkene. Jeg starter derfor med å presentere den etablerte seksualmoralen på 1800-tallet, hvorfor og hvordan denne ble debattert på 1880-tallet, og hvilken rolle litteraturen hadde i debatten. Deretter går jeg videre til analysedelen. Her undersøker jeg romanene Arbeidsfolk og Else fra 1881. De viktigste funnene her er at begge verkene effektivt viser konsekvensene av samfunnets dobbeltmoral, men at de skildrer ulike miljøer og har forskjellig tematisk utgangspunkt. I Arbeidsfolk bruker Kielland hovedsakelig ekteskapene for å kritisere dobbeltmoralen, mens han i Else viser hvilke konsekvenser dobbeltmoralen har for den kvinnelige hovedkarakteren – Else, som tilhører underklassen. Deretter ble analysene av romanene satt opp mot lystspillet Tre Par, som regnes for å være Kiellands mest direkte litterære kommentar til sedelighetsspørsmålet. Lesningen av stykket viser at Kielland her har forlatt det samfunnskritiske klasseperspektivet, og at han i stedet skildrer ekteskapsdynamikken i overklassen. Selv om denne tematiseringen kan være interessant, kan man ikke si at dette stykket har samme politiske kraft som de to romanene.
Undersøkelsen viser altså at Kielland, ved å ha et tydelig klasseperspektiv på sedelighetsspørsmålet, fremstår som en effektiv samfunnskritiker, og som en foregangsfigur i den litterære behandlingen av sedelighetsspørsmålet. Arbeidsfolk og Else er derfor helt sentrale for å få en helhetlig forståelse av Kiellands samfunnskritiske forfatterskap.In this thesis I examine Alexander Kielland’s socially critical realism through readings of Arbeidsfolk (1881) Else: En julefortælling (1881) and Tre Par (1886), in light of the Nordic sexual morality debate of the 1880s. I base my argument on the claim that Kielland, early in his writing career – and before the morality debate had fully taken shape – thematized and critically addressed issues of sexual morality in his literary work. A central argument of this thesis is that these texts must be read in the context of the Nordic sexual morality debate and on the later discussions surrounding it, in order to gain a full understanding of Kielland as a socio-critical author and a participant in the debate.
I adopt a historicizing approach to the texts. I begin by outlining the prevailing norms of sexual morality in the 19th century, explaining why and how these norms were debated during the 1880s. I also examine the role of literature in these discussions. The analytical section begins with an examination of Arbeidsfolk and Else, both published in 1881. The main findings here are that both novels effectively expose the consequences of the society’s double standards, though they portray different social environments and start from different thematic premises. In Arbeidsfolk, Kielland primarily uses depictions of marriage to critique the double standard, while in Else, he illustrates how the double standards impact the female protagonist, Else, who is part of the lower class. These novels are then compared with the play Tre Par, which is widely regarded as Kielland’s most direct literary commentary on the sexual morality issue. The analysis of the play suggest that Kielland shifts away from a socio-critical, class-based perspective, and instead focusing on the marriage dynamics within the upper class. While this thematic shift may be interesting, the play lacks the political force of the two earlier novels.
In conclusion, the study shows that by foregrounding a class-based perspective on sexual morality, Kielland emerges as a significant socio-critic and a pioneering literary voice in the treatment of sexual moral questions. Arbeidsfolk and Else are therefore central to understand the full scope of Kielland’s socio-critical writing.Mastergradsoppgave i nordisk spr�k og litteraturNOLISP350MAHF-NORDMAHF-LÆN
Computational Visual Content Verification
No full textComputational Visual Content Verification refererer til den systematiske prosessen som benytter beregningsverktøy og OSINT-teknikker for å vurdere autentisiteten til visuelt innhold. De siste årene har sosiale medier blitt en primær nyhetskilde, som muliggjør raskt forbruk og spredning av innhold både blant allmennheten og mainstream-mediekanaler. Denne overgangen innebærer imidlertid betydelige risikoer, ettersom feilinformasjon og desinformasjon sprer seg raskt på disse plattformene. Journalister er i økende grad avhengige av bruker-generert innhold (UGC) for nyhetsdekning, spesielt i områder med begrenset tilgang eller i situasjoner som utvikler seg raskt. Denne avhengigheten krever imidlertid strenge verifikasjonsprosesser for å opprettholde troverdighet og tillit. Selv om beregningsverktøy og OSINT-teknikker hjelper til med verifikasjon, er de tidkrevende og ressurskrevende, noe som skaper en mismatch med redaksjonenes behov for rask publisering.
Denne avhandlingen utforsker det teknologiske landskapet for verifisering av visuelt UGC i journalistikk, med fokus på utfordringene knyttet til å oppdage manipulert innhold som deepfakes og cheapfakes. Fokuset er spesielt på visuelt UGC, som er betydelig mer komplekst og utfordrende å verifisere enn tradisjonelt visuelt innhold på grunn av dets utbredte prevalens på nettet og uregulerte natur. Gjennom analyse av redaksjonelle praksiser identifiserer avhandlingen hull i eksisterende verifikasjonsarbeidsflyter og fremhever behovet for mer effektive, (semi-)automatiserte løsninger. Forskningen tar opp tre hovedspørsmål: hvordan visuell UGC-verifisering gjennomføres i journalistikk, utfordringene ved deepfake-deteksjon, og fremskrittene og utfordringene ved cheapfake-deteksjon. Den evaluerer også de beregningsverktøyene som benyttes av journalister og identifiserer deres begrensninger, med et mål om å forbedre metodene for å oppdage deepfake- og cheapfake-media.
Avhandlingen inkluderer en samling forskningsartikler som tar for seg hvert av spørsmålene. For forskningsspørsmål 1 (RQ1) presenteres to studier om verifikasjonsarbeidsflyter i redaksjoner. Den første studien gir en omfattende oversikt over visuell UGC-verifisering i journalistikk, og introduserer `Multimedia Forensics' som en nøkkelkomponent for å styrke verifikasjonsprosesser. Den gjennomgår litteraturen om multimedia forensics og eksisterende verktøy, og understreker behovet for (semi-)automatiserte, brukervennlige løsninger som kombinerer innholds-analyse og kontekstuelle ledetråder for å bedre støtte journalister. Den andre studien undersøker bruken av beregningsverktøy og OSINT-teknikker for verifisering av innhold i konfliktsoner som Ukraina og Gaza, og fremhever deres effektivitet og begrensninger. Den understreker behovet for verktøy som integrerer avanserte metoder med menneskelig ekspertise, og gir innsikt i utviklingen av bedre digitale verifikasjonsrammeverk i høyrisiko-situasjoner.
For RQ2 gjennomføres tre studier med fokus på deepfake-deteksjon. Den første introduserer et hybrid transformer-nettverk med en tidlig funksjonsfusjonsstrategi, som oppnår ytelse sammenlignbar med eksisterende metoder, samtidig som den bruker halvparten av treningsdataene. Vi foreslår også nye ansiktskuttingsaugmenteringer for å forbedre nøyaktigheten og redusere overtilpasning. Den andre studien undersøker generaliseringsproblemet ved å trene og evaluere flere forskjellige dyplæringsarkitekturer på fire kjente deepfake-deteksjonsbenchmarks. Vi finner at transformer-modeller overgår CNN-er og identifiserer datasett som gir bedre generalisering. Den tredje studien vurderer den forhåndstrente visjon-språk-modellen CLIP for deepfake-deteksjon, og utforsker fire forskjellige tilpasningsstrategier. Omfattende eksperimenter viser at den lettvektige Prompt Tuning-metoden overgår de nyeste modellene, krever færre treningsbilder og gir overlegne resultater på 21 testdatasett.
For å adressere RQ3 foreslår vi en ny metode for å oppdage cheapfake-media ved å bruke generative bilde-modeller, og introduserer et datasett på 17 000 bilder generert av DALL-E 2, Stable Diffusion og Stable Diffusion XL. Foreløpige analyser og evalueringer viser at den foreslåtte strategien effektivt kan oppdage cheapfake-media uten behov for ytterligere finjustering eller trening. For å fremme dette lite utforskede feltet organiserte vi også utfordringer på store multimedia-konferanser for å oppmuntre til videre forskning på metoder for å oppdage cheapfakes.Computational Visual Content Verification refers to the systematic process that employs computational tools and OSINT techniques to evaluate the authenticity of visual content. In recent years, social media has become a primary source of news, facilitating rapid content consumption and dissemination by both the general public and mainstream media outlets. However, this shift introduces substantial risks, as misinformation and disinformation spread swiftly across these platforms. Journalists increasingly rely on User-Generated Content (UGC) for news coverage, particularly in areas with restricted access or in rapidly evolving situations. This reliance, however, necessitates rigorous verification processes to maintain credibility and trust. Although computational tools and OSINT techniques aid verification, they are time-consuming and resource-intensive, creating a mismatch with newsroom demands for timely publication.
This dissertation explores the technological landscape of visual UGC verification in journalism, focusing on the challenges of detecting manipulated content like deepfakes and cheapfakes. The focus is specifically on visual UGC, which is significantly more complex and challenging to verify than traditional visual content due to its widespread prevalence online and unregulated nature. By analyzing newsroom practices, the dissertation identifies gaps in current verification workflows and highlights the need for more efficient, (semi-)automated solutions. The research addresses three main questions: how visual UGC verification is performed in journalism, the challenges of deepfake detection, and the advancements in cheapfake detection. It also evaluates the computational tools used by journalists and identifies limitations, ultimately aiming to improve methods for detecting deepfake and cheapfake media.
The dissertation includes a collection of research articles addressing each question. For Research Question 1 (RQ1), it presents two studies on newsroom verification workflows. The first study offers a comprehensive overview of visual UGC verification in journalism, introducing `Multimedia Forensics' as a key component to strengthen verification processes. It reviews the literature on multimedia forensics and existing tools, emphasizing the need for (semi-)automated, user-friendly solutions that combine content analysis and contextual cues to better support journalists. The second study explores the use of computational tools and OSINT techniques for verifying content in conflict zones like Ukraine and Gaza, highlighting their effectiveness and limitations. It stresses the need for tools that integrate advanced methods with human expertise, offering insights for developing better digital verification frameworks in high-stakes contexts.
For RQ2, we conduct three studies focused on deepfake detection. The first introduces a hybrid transformer network with an early feature fusion strategy, achieving performance comparable to existing methods while using half the training data. We also propose novel face cut-out augmentations to enhance accuracy and reduce overfitting. The second study investigates the generalization problem by training and evaluating several different deep learning architectures across four well-known deepfake detection benchmarks. We find transformer models outperform CNNs and identify datasets that offer better generalization. The third study evaluates the pre-trained vision-language model CLIP for deepfake detection, exploring four distinct adaptation strategies. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the lightweight Prompt Tuning method outperforms state-of-the-art models, requiring fewer training images and achieving superior results across 21 test datasets.
To address RQ3, we propose a novel method for detecting cheapfake media using generative image models and introduce a dataset of 17,000 images generated by DALL-E 2, Stable Diffusion, and Stable Diffusion XL. Preliminary analyses and evaluations show that the proposed strategy can effectively detect cheapfake media without requiring any additional fine-tuning or training. To advance this underexplored field, we also organized challenges at major multimedia conferences to encourage further research in cheapfake detection methods.Doktorgradsavhandlin
Investigating Ageism, Ableism, and Nationality Bias in Norwegian and Multilingual Language Models
Get PDFWe investigate biases related to ageism, ableism, and nationality in four Norwegian and two multilingual language models. These types of bias are underexplored in the current literature, and existing work on Norwegian models has primarily focused on gender bias. Using a fill-in-the-blank approach, we construct controlled sentences that combine social group stimuli with positive, negative, and neutral attributes. Model outputs are analysed using Kendall's Tau Correlation Coefficient and Dependent Variable Prediction Rates to quantify associations between social groups and stereotypical traits. Our findings reveal that all models exhibit bias, with results varying by bias type and prompting strategy. The models more frequently associate older individuals, people with disabilities, and individuals from poorer countries with negative attributes, potentially reinforcing harmful stereotypes. Among the models tested, the Norwegian autoregressive models performed best, exhibiting the least bias. This work contributes new insights into how bias manifests in both Norwegian and multilingual models, and introduces a novel dataset to support future research on bias in the Norwegian language.Masteroppgave i informasjonsvitenskapINFO390MASV-INF
Repertoarpolitikk ved norske institusjonsteatre i perioden 1999-2019 - En studie av hvordan scenekunstpolitiske målsettinger har påvirket repertoarpolitikken ved norske institusjonsteatre
Get PDFThis thesis examines the development of theatre repertoire in 15 Norwegian institutional theatres during the period 1999-2019. These theatres are either fully financed by government support or financed through a mixed financial model, where funding comes from both the government and/or other public authorities. I further demonstrate how cultural policy directives have influenced this development, through a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The study aims to identify main trends and contextualize them considering the performing arts policy goals.
In addition to traditional digital humanities, the thesis challenges and explores how such projects can be structured by utilizing artificial intelligence for data analysis. This also provides the thesis with methodological depth and value, helping to pave the way for how digital theatre studies will be used in an artificially intelligent era. The study focuses on how repertoire policy has evolved and examines patterns and trends over time to uncover how institutional theatres achieve goals such as "contributing to innovation through new Norwegian drama," "managing cultural heritage," and "ensuring broad access to theatre." How are these objectives reflected in repertoire policy, and what impact do they have on institutional theatres?
The thesis contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between cultural policy and theatre practice, particularly how political directives affect repertoire development. This provides valuable insight into the role of the institutional theatres as both artistic and cultural providers in a Norwegian context, as well as how politics influences these «autonomous» institutions.Masteroppgave i teatervitenskapTEAT350MAHF-TEA
Design of MARLIN a test platform for underwater communications
No full textSustainable ocean use depends on a steady flow of data to support the balance between human activity and a healthy environment for marine life.
Traditionally, this data collection has been achieved by crewed vessels patrolling specific areas or by deploying drifting buoys, which can monitor their operational area for a limited time.
Without a cost-effective, long-term method of gathering data, it can be challenging to stay up to date with the current situation in the monitored area.
SFI Smart Ocean is a research center established to address this challenge by developing an underwater autonomous sensor network that does not require existing infrastructure for deployment.
These sensors will be deployed in a mesh network configuration, where each sensor can communicate and relay data with its neighbors to extend its operational range.
For these wireless mesh networks to exist, a new underwater modem must be developed that can send and receive data through water and various underwater obstacles.
This thesis addresses this challenge by designing and testing a proof-of-concept prototype modem specifically designed for developing underwater communications software.
The hardware is designed to fit a specific watertight enclosure and features several sensors to maintain safe operating conditions.
Meanwhile, the software comprises drivers and readout tools that can be easily integrated into future software development efforts with minimal effort.
The result of this work is a prototype that is both functional and ready for field testing, as well as a robust analog front end that can be adapted into future embedded designs.Masteroppgave i fysikkPHYS399MAMN-PHY
Parents' Views on Access to Dental Care and the Interim Canada Dental Benefit
Get PDFIntroduction: Canada’s national health insurance historically excluded dental care until the introduction of the Interim Canada Dental Benefit (CBD) in October 2022. This represented a paradigm shift toward enhancing dental care accessibility for children younger than 12 y from lower-income families. This study investigated parents’ perspectives on access to oral health care and the Interim CDB.
Methods: The Strategic Counsel for Health Canada collected data from participants across Canada using an online survey administered in March 2023. Data were administered to parents of children younger than 12 y with a household income less than $90,000. The survey included 45 questions covering demographics, barriers to accessing dental care, and awareness of the Interim CBD. Paired/overlap t test for means and paired/overlap z test for percentages were performed, with statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05.
Results: A total of 2,203 participants completed the survey, with a response rate of 65%. Most participants expressed concerns about the costs (90.9%) and accessibility (80.9%) of dental care, indicated that regular dental visits for children are important (97.2%), and would take their children more frequently to dental appointments if they had extra money (79.9%). Some of the barriers preventing regular dental visits for children included the costs of service and transportation and lack of insurance. Most parents supported the Interim CDB (87%), with the greatest support coming from the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan (90.4%).
Conclusion: This research underscores the imperative for ongoing evaluation and policy refinement to ensure the Canadian Dental Care Plan (CDCP) effectively addresses the nuanced needs of Canadian families, fostering a more inclusive and accessible dental care system. Parents’ concerns regarding dental care and their support for the Interim CDB signal a clear mandate for improving program outreach and accessibility through the CDCP.
Knowledge Transfer Statement: This study showed the significant concerns reported by survey participants about dental care affordability in Canada and the highly positive perception of the Interim Canada Dental Benefit (CDB). This supports the necessity of programs such as the CDB and Canadian Dental Care Plan, which are crucial for the success of a policy intervention. Concern about accessing dental services, despite the availability of insurance, indicates ongoing barriers to dental care, suggesting areas for future policy refinements.publishedVersio
Social relations as a foundation for well-being at work - or?
No full textBakgrunn: Helsen vår blir påvirket av mange ulike faktorer, og man kan skape god helse på mange forskjellige arenaer. For mange mennesker er arbeidsplassen en stor del av hverdagen, og er med på å prege hvordan vi oppfatter egen helse. Forskning viser at trivsel på arbeidsplassen kan virke positivt for opplevd helse. Jeg ønsket å se på hvordan sosiale relasjoner bidrar til trivsel og velvære, og hvordan man erfarer sosiale relasjoner på arbeidsplassen.
Formål: Studiens formål var å undersøke hvordan ansatte erfarte sosiale relasjoner på arbeidsplassen, og hvilken betydning de opplevde at dette hadde for deres trivsel og velvære. Studien vektla informantenes subjektive opplevelser knyttet til studiens tema.
Metode og data: Det ble benyttet en kvalitativ tilnærming innenfor det fenomenologiske paradigmet. Dataen ble samlet inn gjennom semi-strukturerte intervju blant åtte ansatte ved den utvalgte arbeidsplassen. Analysen ble gjennomført etter Braun og Clarke sine seks steg for tematisk analyse.
Resultat: Funnene i studien viser at sosiale relasjoner sin betydning for trivsel og velvære, og hvordan disse erfartes er del av et komplekst samspill av flere ulike faktorer. Sosiale relasjoner erfartes gjennom ulike møteplasser, både på arbeidsplassen og utenfor. Møteplassene viste å få betydning for de ansattes opplevde tilhørighet og fellesskap. Videre viste resultatene at sosiale relasjoner fikk betydning for kompetanseutvikling, noe som påvirket informantenes trivsel og velvære. Sosial støtte viste seg å være en faktor som hadde positiv betydning for de ansattes opplevde trivsel, men informantene vektla instrumentell og emosjonell støtte i ulik grad. Resultatene viste at personlighet, møteplassene og autonomi var faktorer som spilte inn på hvordan de sosiale relasjonene erfartes, i hvilke kontekster de oppstod og hvilken betydning de fikk.
Konklusjon: Sosiale relasjoner erfartes i ulik grad basert på de ansattes personlighet, ønske og behov for å delta. Sosiale relasjoner fikk betydning for trivsel og velvære på arbeidsplassen gjennom blant annet opplevd fellesskapsfølelse, tilhørighet og sosial støtte.Background: Our health is affected by many different factors, and you can create good health in many different arenas. For many people, the workplace constitutes a large part of their everyday life and forms a part of how we perceive our own health. Research shows that well-being in the workplace can have a positive effect on perceived health. I wanted to study how social relationships contribute to well-being, and how individuals experience social relationships in the workplace.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how employees experience social relationships in the workplace, and what significance they feel the relationships had for their well-being. The study emphasized the informants' subjective experiences.
Method and data: A qualitative approach was used within the phenomenological paradigm. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews of eight employees at the selected workplace. The analysis followed Braun and Clarke's six steps for thematic analysis.
Result: The findings in the study showed the importance of social relationships for well-being and well-being, and how these were experienced, is part of a complex interplay of several different factors. Social relationships were experienced through various meeting places, at work and outside work. The meeting places proved to be important for employees' perceived sense of belonging. Social relationships became important for competence development and affected their well-being. Social support had a positive impact on the employees' perceived well-being, but the informants emphasized instrumental and emotional support to varying degrees. The results showed that personality, meeting places and autonomy were factors that played a role in how social relationships were experienced, in which contexts they occurred and what meaning they acquired.
Conclusion: Social relationships were experienced at varying degrees based on the employees' personality, needs and wish to participate. Social relationships were important for well-being in the workplace through, among other things, perceived sense of community, belonging and social support.Masteroppgave i helsefremmende arbeid og helsepsykologiHEFR395MAPS-HEF
Premises for digital twins reporting on Atlantic salmon wellbeing
Get PDFMany species of fish, birds and mammals commonly live in human captivity; Atlantic salmon Salmo salar is one of them. The international legal status of the welfare of captive animals is slowly developing and still requires rigorous specification. For example, even though fish have complex cognition and elements of sentience, The United Nations’ animal welfare principles still take a functional health-centred perspective overlooking the cognitive-affective component. Wellbeing problems remain a major source of slow growth and high mortality in intensive aquaculture of Atlantic salmon. The value system for decision making in vertebrates is based on expectations of emotional wellbeing for the options available and is linked with the individual’s assessment of its future. We propose a new approach for monitoring and improving the welfare of salmon (or any other captive or wild vertebrate) based on modelling the salmon’s wellbeing system by digital twins, which are simulation models that implement major bodily mechanisms of the organism. Indeed, predictions on boredom, stress and wellbeing can all be captured by a computational evolutionary model of the factors underlying behaviour. We explain how such an agent-based model of salmon digital twins can be constructed by modelling a salmon’s subjective wellbeing experience along with prediction of its near future and allostasis (the bodily preparation for the expected near future). We attempt to identify the building blocks required in digital twin models to deliver early warnings about escalating issues that could eventually lead to negative effects on salmon health in aquaculture. These models would provide critical insights for optimizing production processes and could significantly reduce the reliance on animal experiments. Overall, reports of a population of digital twins could support the implementation of 3Rs - replacement, reduction, refinement - by offering actionable information to fish farmers as well as consumers, voters, politicians and regulators on relevant issues as well as guide experimental work on animal wellbeing across species.publishedVersio
Exploring the Duality of Perceptions: Insights into Uncertainties, Aversion and Appreciation Towards Algorithmic HRM
Get PDFThe human resource management (HRM) function has witnessed the rapid integration of algorithms into incumbent processes; however, significant employee resistance and aversion to algorithmic decision-making have also been reported. Research on algorithmic HRM practices indicates an underlying duality of perceptual responses by HRM professionals towards this technology. We seek to understand how HRM professionals experience algorithmic HRM use and determine if there are bright sides to its organizational integration. We undertake a qualitative, open-ended study based on written responses to open-ended questions from 58 respondents in the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The data were thematically analyzed using grounded theory, which revealed four themes representing HRM professionals' overarching perspectives on why algorithmic HRM precipitates aversion or appreciation. The first two themes highlight HRM professionals' perceived subjective uncertainty regarding algorithmic HRM and its perceived negative effects on the organization. The third theme acknowledges the positive effect of algorithmic HRM, and the final theme discusses three critical coping strategies (embrace, avoid, and collaborate) that HRM professionals adopt to counteract their experienced fears. Our findings suggest that HRM professionals adopt a cautiously fearful rather than a wholly adverse outlook towards algorithmic HRM, wherein aversion and appreciation appear to emerge simultaneously. We contend this existence of a duality of perceptual responses to algorithmic HRM may be a precursor to setting a harmonious collaboration between humans and algorithms in the HRM domain, contingent on appropriate levels of oversight and governance. Implications for theory and managerial practice are also discussed.publishedVersio
Bakerier i Pompeii. Komparativ analyse av utvalgte bakerier i Pompeii
Get PDFOppgaven er en komparativ analyse av fire bakerier i Pompeii, hvor det er blitt sett på likheter og ulikheter mellom disse. Dette er blitt gjort ved å se på deres konstruksjon og planløsning, tilgjengelige fasiliteter, og dere topografiske plassering i de forskjellige regionene og i Pompeii. Videre ble det sett på distribusjon av råvarer og produserte varer, samt hva bakeriene kan fortelle om eieren og deres klientell. Avslutningsvis ble det gitt en retning fremtidig forskning kan gå ut ifra hva oppgaven belyste.The assignment is a comparative analysis of four bakeries in Pompeii, where similarities and differences between them have been looked at. This has been done by looking at their construction and layout, available facilities, and their topographical location in the different regions and in Pompeii. Distribution of raw materials and manufactured goods was also looked at, as well as what the bakeries can tell about the owner and their clientele. In conclusion, a direction was given that future research can take based on what the thesis highlighted.Arkeologi mastergradsoppgaveARK350MAHF-AR