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A comparison of medium-term heat acclimation by post-exercise hot water immersion or exercise in the heat: Adaptations, overreaching, and thyroid hormones
Get PDFThis research compared thermal and perceptual adaptations, endurance capacity, and overreaching markers in men after 3, 6, and 12 days of post-exercise hot water immersion (HWI) or exercise heat acclimation (EHA) with a temperate exercise control (CON), and examined thyroid hormones as a mechanism for the reduction in resting and exercising core temperature ( T re) after HWI. HWI involved a treadmill run at 65% V̇o 2peak at 19°C followed by a 40°C bath. EHA and CON involved a work-matched treadmill run at 65% V̇o 2peak at 33°C or 19°C, respectively. Compared with CON, resting mean body temperature ( T b), resting and end-exercise T re, T re at sweating onset, thermal sensation, and perceived exertion were lower and whole-body sweat rate (WBSR) was higher after 12 days of HWI (all P ≤ 0.049, resting T b: CON -0.11 ± 0.15°C, HWI -0.41 ± 0.15°C). Moreover, resting T b and T re at sweating onset were lower after HWI than EHA ( P ≤ 0.015, resting T b: EHA -0.14 ± 0.14°C). No differences were identified between EHA and CON ( P ≥ 0.157) except WBSR that was greater after EHA ( P = 0.013). No differences were observed between interventions for endurance capacity or overreaching markers (mood, sleep, Stroop, P ≥ 0.190). Thermal adaptations observed after HWI were not related to changes in thyroid hormone concentrations ( P ≥ 0.086). In conclusion, 12 days of post-exercise hot water immersion conferred more complete heat acclimation than exercise heat acclimation without increasing overreaching risk, and changes in thyroid hormones are not related to thermal adaptations after post-exercise hot water immersion. </p
Field aging declines the regulatory effects of biochar on cadmium uptake by pepper in the soil
Get PDFBiochar application is not only being widely promoted as an ideal strategy to mitigate global climate warming, but it also has the advantage of reducing heavy metal bioavailability and migration in the soil. However, studies on the effects of field aging on biochar to reduce heavy metals from the soil are still limited. The present study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of aged biochar added to the soil planted with pepper plants on cadmium (Cd) uptake. To achieve this, un-amended soil (control), soil amended with fresh biochar, and aged biochar (biochar recovered from a long-term field trial after 9 years) were used to investigate the effects of field aging on biochar adsorption efficiency. The results revealed that the amount of Cd in the plant planted in control soil, amended with fresh and aged biochar, accounted for 40 ± 6.10, 17.18 ± 1.19, and 18.68 ± 0.79, respectively. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the amount of Cd that was uptaken by plants among all treatments. However, soil amended with fresh biochar significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the amount of Cd in plants compared with soil amended with aged biochar. This indicates that field aging declines the potential of biochar to lower heavy metal bioavailability and retention in the soil. This study demonstrates that long-term burial lessens the ability of biochar to interact with Cd and suggests that biochar amendment can lower Cd in the soil, depending on the freshness and aging of biochar
The benefits of contributing to the citizen science platform iNaturalist as an identifier
Get PDFAs the number of observations submitted to the citizen science platform iNaturalist continues to grow, it is increasingly important that these observations can be identified to the finest taxonomic level, maximizing their value for biodiversity research. Here, we explore the benefits of acting as an identifier on iNaturalist
HMG20B stabilizes association of LSD1 with GFI1 on chromatin to confer transcription repression and leukemia cell differentiation block
Get PDFSelf-contained dual-scale composite architectures in spray dried zirconium diboride
Get PDFZirconium diboride microspheres are candidate nuclear fuel additives. Dual-scale composite architectures (DCA) were produced in spray dried and sintered zirconium diboride microspheres. These findings expand the conventionally accepted hollow (“shell”), partially hollow (“dimpled”) and shrivelled (“wrinkled”) architectures previously reported in literature. Three-dimensional architectures of internally and externally detailed features on the microscale have been characterised by scanning electron microscopy. Core-shell architectures reported have maximum Feret diameters between 216.4 ± 58.7 μm and 450.7 ± 79.9 μm, while clustered granulate architectures have maximum Feret diameters of 830.0 ± 86.4 μm. Calculated dimensionless Peclet, Weber and Ohnesorge numbers of 0.16–0.21, 28.3, and 0.6–1.3 were obtained, respectively, and related to the morphologies of the microspheres obtained. Not only does this study show that the resultant architecture can be obtained, but also that the spray dried granulate morphologies are dependent on the binder quantity used. Microsphere architectures have potential utility in the accommodation of fission products expected during reactor operatio
Molecular dynamics simulations of radiation damage in YBa2Cu3O7
Get PDFThe advent of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) with high field strengths offers the possibility of building smaller, cheaper magnetically confined fusion reactors. However, bombardment by high energy neutrons ejected from the fusion reaction may damage the HTS tapes and impair their operation. Recreating the conditions present in an operational fusion reactor is experimentally challenging, therefore, this work uses molecular dynamics simulations to understand how radiation modifies the underlying crystal structure of YBa2Cu3O7. To facilitate the simulations a new potential was developed that allowed exchange of Cu ions between the two symmetrically distinct sites without modifying the structure. Radiation damage cascades predict the formation of amorphous regions surrounded by regions decorated with Cu and O defects found in the CuO-chains. The simulations suggest that the level of recombination that occurs is relatively low, resulting in a large number of remnant defects and that there is a no substantial temperature effect
Severe Lake Heatwaves Attributable to Human-Induced Global Warming
Get PDFMuch of the focus of global warming impacts on lakes have focused on changes in mean temperature. However, lakes are also highly vulnerable to thermal extremes. Such extremes occur, by definition, during lake heatwaves. Heatwaves in lakes have occurred globally in recent decades and have had severe negative impacts. However, unlike their atmospheric counterparts, it is currently unknown to what extent lake heatwaves are altered by human-induced climate change. Here, we estimate the human contribution to lake heatwaves, specifically focusing on the most severe events. We demonstrate that the occurrence probabilities of severe lake heatwaves increase substantially due to human influence. Our analysis suggests that 94% of severe heatwaves observed during the satellite data-taking period have an anthropogenic contribution. Globally, we suggest that severe heatwaves are 3 and 25- times more likely in a 1.5°C and 3.5°C warmer world, respectively, compared to a world without anthropogenic influence
Mindfulness-Based Programs: Why, When, and How to Adapt?
Get PDFThis paper provides a framework for understanding why, when and how to adapt mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) to specific populations and contexts, based on research that developed and adapted multiple MBPs. In doing so, we hope to support teachers, researchers and innovators who are considering adapting an MBP to ensure that changes made are necessary, acceptable, effective, cost-effective, and implementable. Specific questions for reflection are provided such as (1) Why is an adaptation needed? (2) Does the theoretical premise underpinning mainstream MBPs extend to the population you are considering? (3) Do the benefits of the proposed adaptation outweigh the time and costs involved to all in research and implementation? (4) Is there already an evidenced-based approach to address this issue in the population or context? Fundamental knowledge that is important for the adaptation team to have includes the following: (1) essential ingredients of MBPs, (2) etiology of the target health outcome, (3) existing interventions that work for the health outcome, population, and context, (4) delivery systems and settings, and (5) culture, values, and communication patterns of the target population. A series of steps to follow for adaptations is provided, as are case examples. Adapting MBPs happens not only by researchers, but also by MBP teachers and developers, who endeavor to best serve the populations and contexts they work within. We hope that these recommendations for best practice provide a practical framework for skilfully understanding why, when, and how to adapt MBPs; and that this careful approach to adaptation maximizes MBP safety and efficacy
Microwave photonic signal generation in an optically injected discrete mode semiconductor laser
Get PDFIn this paper, microwave photonic signal generation based on the period-one dynamic of optically injected discrete mode (DM) semiconductor lasers has been experimentally demonstrated and numerically simulated. The results show that the frequency of the generated microwave increases linearly with the frequency detuning or optical injection ratio. In addition, a single optical feedback loop is sufficient to reduce the microwave linewidth without significantly deteriorating side mode suppression. The simulation results using a model considering the nonlinear dependencies of the carrier recombination agree well with the experimental results, which indicates that the nonlinear carrier recombination effect is important in determining the nonlinear dynamics of optically injected DM laser
Early Stimulation and Nutrition: The Impacts of a Scalable Intervention
Get PDFEarly childhood development is becoming the focus of policy worldwide. However, the evidence on the effectiveness of scalable models is scant, particularly when it comes to infants in developing countries. In this paper, we describe and evaluate with a cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial an intervention designed to improve the quality of child stimulation within the context of an existing parenting program in Colombia, known as FAMI. The intervention improved children's development by 0.16 of a standard deviation (SD) and children's nutritional status, as reflected in a reduction of 5.8 percentage points of children whose height-for-age is below -1 SD. [Abstract copyright: © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Economic Association.