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The Red Cross’s Public Health Turn: The Cannes Medical Conference of 1919 and the Origins of the League of Red Cross Societies
No full textThis book is about the Cannes Medical Conference of April 1919 and its long-lasting impacts in the humanitarian space. In the aftermath of the First World War, as the world order was being redesigned, this conference served to shift the Red Cross movement towards peacetime and public health work. The book examines the origins, course and consequences of the Cannes Medical Conference, and its wider legacy within the Red Cross movement: a legacy which is very significant yet almost completely undocumented.
The book demonstrates that this medical conference was a watershed moment that served to pivot the Red Cross movement across the world from war and conflict-related activities to peacetime programs such as relief, disease and disaster management. The Red Cross movement is one of the largest humanitarian organisations in the world, and initially, its aim was to alleviate the suffering of people on the battlefield. In 1919, however, a new Red Cross organisation was created in Paris: the League of Red Cross Societies (LRCS) to considerably expand Red Cross work around the world. The Cannes Medical Conference was the catalyst for the creation of the LRCS.
Understanding this conference is therefore paramount to understanding why and how the LRCS was created, how it was imagined, and what its functions were. The LRCS still exists today, known as the International Federation of the Red Cross: it is the largest humanitarian organisation in the world, with 191 national Red Cross societies as its members, and it is based in Geneva. Much has been written on the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), but there has been very little research on the International Federation of the Red Cross, or its ancestor, the LRCS. Aside from a few pages in less than a handful of publications, the way in which the Cannes Medical Conference established the LRCS’s mission remains unknown. This book therefore proposes something that is innovative and that advances the historiography of the Red Cross movement, of humanitarianism and of public health.ARC DP190101171Peer-reviewe
Extreme weather event attribution predicts climate policy support across the world
No full textExtreme weather events are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change. Yet, little is known about the relationship between exposure to extreme events, subjective attribution of these events to climate change, and climate policy support, especially in the Global South. Combining large-scale natural and social science data from 68 countries (N = 71,922), we develop a measure of exposed population to extreme weather events and investigate whether exposure to extreme weather and subjective attribution of extreme weather to climate change predict climate policy support. We find that most people support climate policies and link extreme weather events to climate change. Subjective attribution of extreme weather was positively associated with policy support for five widely discussed climate policies. However, exposure to most types of extreme weather event did not predict policy support. Overall, these results suggest that subjective attribution could facilitate climate policy support.We thank H. Karami (University of Zurich) for managing the author list. I.R. and C.T.-E. were supported by ANR PICS; A.F.-B. was supported by Aarhus University Research Foundation grant AUFF-E-2019-9-13; P.M. was supported by Aarhus University Research Foundation grant AUFF-E-2019-9-2; R. Bardhan was supported by Africa Albarado Fund, Cambridge Africa ESRC GCRF, and UKRI ODA International Partnership Fund; J.P. Reynolds was supported by Aston University, and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the UK government’s Horizon Europe funding guarantee EP/X042758/1; N.L. and R.M.R. were supported by Australian Research Council grant DP180102384, and John Templeton Foundation grant number 62631; O. Ghasemi was supported by Australian Research Council grant DP190101675; U.K.H.E. was supported by Australian Research Council grant FT190100708; D.D., A.G., D.G. and E.K. were supported by the Basic Research grant from the College of Social Sciences, Kimep University; E.B., P.K. and A.Z. were supported by SNSF (VAR-EXP); O. Białobrzeska and M. Parzuchowski were supported by SWPS University; M.E. was supported by a School of Economics Interdisciplinary funding at University of Birmingham; C.A.J. and C.H.L. were supported by the School of Geography, Planning and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania; and the Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania; E.J.N. and S.K.S. were supported by the School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University; M.D.M. was supported by School of Psychology and Public Health Internal Grant Scheme 2022; I.A. was supported by the School of Psychology, University of Sheffield; Beasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia Kemendikbudristek - LPDP provided by Balai Pembiayaan Pendidikan Tinggi (BPPT) Kemdikbudristek and LPDP Indonesia; R. Bhui was supported by the Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; O. Buchel was supported by Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV), contract number APVV-22-0242; N.M.L. was supported by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council grant number 430-2022-00711; M.P.-C. was supported by Statutory Funds from University of Silesia in Katowice; A.C.V. and L. Kojan were supported by OptimAgent (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Funding Code: 031L0299D) and the University of Lübeck; P.P. was supported by Swedish Research Council grant 2020-02584; L.S. was supported by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) grant 7F09521; S.B. was supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SI/502093–01); J.L.G. was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation PRIMA Grant PR00P1_193128; V.C. was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation Postdoc Mobility Fellowship P500PS_202935, Harvard University Faculty Development Fund, and SPEED2ZERO Joint Initiative that received support from the ETH Board under the Joint Initiatives scheme; E.W.M. was supported by The HELTS Foundation; G.R. was supported by The São Paulo Research Foundation – FAPESP grant 2019/26665-5, and CNPq - INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology on Social and Affective Neuroscience, grant number 406463/2022-0); M. Facciani and T.W. were supported by USAID; F.M.-R. was supported by Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; D.A. was supported by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga; S.J. and S.J.M. were supported by the University of Bamberg; J.M.M. was supported by the University of Delaware; M.D. and I.W. were supported by the University of Lodz; A. Koivula and P.R. were supported by the University of Turku; M.B. and P.H. were supported by the University of Warsaw; A.P. and E.Z.-P. were supported by the University of Warsaw under the Priority Research Area V of the ‘Excellence Initiative – Research University’ programme; M.S.S. was supported by the University of Zurich/IMKZ; T. Ostermann and J.P. Röer were supported by the University research budget; A. Bajrami and R.T. were supported by University ‘Aleksandër Moisiu’, Durrës; S. Schulreich was supported by Universität Hamburg; L.S.K. was supported by the Victoria University of Wellington; H.K. was supported by Zhangir Kabdulkair Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University); R.D. was supported by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation grant OPP1144, a Cambridge Humanities Research Grant, CRASSH grant fund for climaTRACES lab, the Keynes Fund, the UKRI ODA International Partnership Fund, and the Quadrature Climate Foundation; T.C. and M.M. were supported by Boston University (Startup Funds); F.A. was supported by CNPq - INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology on Social and Affective Neuroscience, grant number 406463/2022-0); K.C.D. was supported by a COVID-19 Rapid Response grant from the University of Vienna, and Austrian Science Fund grant FWF I3381; C.L., J.P.N., E.P. and B.T. were supported by a COVID-19 Rapid Response grant from the University of Vienna, and Austrian Science Fund grants FWF I3381 and W1262-B29; R.M.A. was supported by Caltech RSI; C. Farhart was supported by Carleton College; C.L.-V. was supported by Cayetano Heredia University; H.H. and S. Kristiansen were supported by the Center for Climate and Energy Transformation, University of Bergen, Norway; C.G.B. and A.C.H.-M. were supported by Conacyt grant A1S9013; O.K. was supported by a Concerted Research Action grant from the Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles (Belgium) (‘The Socio-Cognitive Impact of Literacy’); J.S. was supported by Core ETHZ funding and Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) grant 7F09521; E.A. was supported by Department of Economics, University of Warwick; H.G. was supported by the Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield; C.D. and F.G.R. were supported by Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft grant RE 4752/1-1, and the David and Claudia Harding Foundation; I.M.A. was supported by the EDCTP2 Programme (TMA2020CDF-3171), and BMGF (INV075699); K.M.D. was supported by European Research Council Advanced Grant ‘Consequences of conspiracy theories - CONSPIRACY_FX’ grant 101018262; J.R. was supported by European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement number 101006436 (GlobalSCAPE); S. Meiler, C.M.K. and S.L. were supported by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant agreement numbers 820712 (PROVIDE), 101073978 (DIRECTED) and 101081369 (SPARCCLE); G.H. was supported by Faculty Research Grant of City University of Hong Kong grant PJ9618021; O.S. and R.R.S. were supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, UIDB/04295/2020 and UIDP/04295/2020; E.G. was supported by Government of Alberta Major Innovation Fund grant RES0049213; J.N. was supported by HELTS Foundation (USA); K. Breeden was supported by Harvey Mudd College; T.K.R. and K. Pštross were supported by the Institute of Communication Studies and Journalism, Charles University; H.F. was supported by Internal project costs IWM; M. Tanaka was supported by JST-RISTEX ELSI grant number JPMJRX20J3, and the Hitachi Fund Support for Research Related to Infectious Diseases; G.C. and E. Szumowska were supported by Jagiellonian University; M. Alfano and M. Ferreira were supported by John Templeton Foundation number 61378, John Templeton Foundation grant number 62631, and Australian Research Council DP1901015077; A. Krouwel was supported by Kieskompas.nl; M. Tsakiris was supported by the NOMIS Foundation; R.M. was supported by NOMIS Foundation/Leverhulme International Professorship Grant LIP-2022-001; T.K., K. Petkanopoulou and J.v.N. were supported by the NORFACE Joint Research Programme on Democratic Governance in a Turbulent Age, NWO, and European Commission through Horizon 2020 grant 822166; A.R. was supported by National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (ROC) grant 112-2628-H-002-002 and 113-2628-H-002-018-; D.J. and A.D.W. were supported by Nicolaus Copernicus University;Peer-reviewe
Prevalence and risk factors of antimicrobial resistance patterns of Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli in rodents and shrews at human-animal interfaces in Chattogram, Bangladesh
No full textAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide. Wild rodents and shrews may serve as bioindicators of environmental health. They may serve as a potential source of the transmission of AMR bacterial infections to humans and domestic animals, despite not directly consuming antibiotics. We conducted a cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with the AMR patterns in Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from rodents and shrews. We trapped and collected throat and rectal/urine swab samples from 200 wild rodents (n = 115) and house shrews (n = 85) across different locations in Chattogram, Bangladesh. The collected samples were then evaluated for the isolation of both bacterial organisms using culturing and biochemical properties. We performed culture sensitivity (CS) tests of the isolates using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for 14 antimicrobials. The overall prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. was 26.5% (95% CI: 0.20–0.33; n = 53), and E. coli was 56% (95% CI: 0.49–0.63; n = 112) in the sampled rodents and Asian house shrews. Staphylococcus spp. isolates were 100% resistant to oxacillin, oxytetracycline, metronidazole, and cefixime. Again, E. coli isolates were 100% resistant to metronidazole followed by ampicillin and cefixime (98.0%), sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (97.0%), amoxicillin and doxycycline (96.0%), streptomycin (95.0%). Only gentamycin was sensitive against both bacterial isolates. Statistical modeling revealed a higher risk of resistant bacterial infection in rodents from agricultural interfaces compared to other habitats. Rodents and Asian house shrews with poor body condition were more prone to resistant Staphylococcus spp. infection, while rodents were more susceptible to resistant E. coli infection. Our findings indicate a significant prevalence of AMR Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli in urban rodents and house shrews, suggesting their potential role as reservoirs and disseminators of AMR, hence posing a risk to human and animal health.This study was made possible by the generous support of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT (cooperative agreement number AID-OAA-A-14-00102). The funders, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT, had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors acknowledged EcoHealth Alliance (EHA), Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), and CVASU to support the field logistic and technical support during the research work. We are thankful to Pitu Biswas, Gafur Sheikh, Abdul hai, Abdullah Al Mamun and Md Belal Uddin for their technical support and field assistance. We are also grateful to the laboratory stuffs of the PRTC.Peer-reviewe
Phthalates and bisphenols early-life exposure, and childhood allergic conditions: a pooled analysis of cohort studies
No full textBackground: Exposure to plastic additives, such as phthalates and bisphenols, has been associated with a higher risk of allergic conditions, but the evidence is inconsistent for children younger than five.
Objective: To examine the association between pre- and postnatal urinary phthalates and bisphenols, and allergic conditions, and potential effect modification by sex, in pre-school children, through a pooled analysis.
Methods: We pooled data from the Barwon Infant Study (Australia), the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development Study (Canada), the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (United States) and the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes–wide cohorts (United States). Urinary phthalates and bisphenols were measured during pregnancy and early childhood. We estimated daily intakes from urinary concentrations, except for mono-(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP). Outcomes, including asthma, wheeze, eczema, and rhinitis, were assessed up to five years of age through questionnaires and clinical assessments. We used generalised estimating equations for single compounds and quantile G-computation for the chemical mixtures.
Results: 5306 children were included. A two-fold increase in prenatal dibutyl phthalates (DBP; risk ratio [RR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.16) and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP; RR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.00–1.12) increased the risk of asthma in children under five. Prenatal MCPP levels were associated with rhinitis (RR = 1.05; 95%CI: 1.01–1.09). Postnatal BBzP levels increased the risk of wheezing (RR = 1.05; 95%CI 1.01–1.09), as well as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP; RR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.01–1.11) and MCPP (RR = 1.09; 95%CI: 1.04–1.14). These were also inversely associated with eczema. A one-quartile increase in the postnatal chemical mixture increased the risk of wheezing (RR = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02–1.26). There was limited evidence of effect modification by sex.
Impact: Phthalates and bisphenols are widespread and may contribute to allergic conditions in children. We pooled data from 5000 children across multiple birth cohorts, suggesting that early-life exposure to these chemicals is associated with increased risks of asthma, wheezing, and rhinitis by age five. We further investigated the timing of exposure, non-linear dose-response relationships, and effect measure modification by sex. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of early-life exposure to phthalates and bisphenols and strengthens the evidence for their role in the development of childhood allergic outcomes.The authors thank the Barwon Infant Study participants for their valuable contribution. The establishment work and infrastructure for the BIS was provided by the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Deakin University and Barwon Health. Subsequent funding was secured from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the Jack Brockhoff Foundation, the Scobie Trust, the Shane O’Brien Memorial Asthma Foundation, the Our Women’s Our Children’s Fundraising Committee Barwon Health, the Shepherd Foundation, the Rotary Club of Geelong, the Ilhan Food Allergy Foundation, GMHBA Limited and the Percy Baxter Charitable Trust, Perpetual Trustees, and the Minderoo Foundation. In-kind support was provided by the Cotton On Foundation and CreativeForce. Research at Murdoch Children’s Research Institute is supported by the Victorian Government’s Operational Infrastructure Support Program. Data collection for the HOME Study phases represented in this analysis was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health P01 ES011261, R01 ES014575, R01 ES024381. The data used in this report is supported by the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, under the following awards: U24OD023382 [Data Analysis Center]; U2COD023375 [Coordinating Center]; U24OD023319 [Participant Reported Outcomes (PRO) Core]; UH3OD023251, UH3OD023320, UH3OD023332, UH3OD023287, UH3OD023253, UH3OD023248, UH3OD023313, UH3OD023328, UH3OD023318, UH3OD023279, UH3OD023289, UH3OD023282, UH3OD023290, UH3OD023365, UH3OD023244, UH3OD023275, UH3OD023271, UH3OD023285, UH3OD023347, UH3OD023389, UH3OD023344, UH3OD023342, UH3OD023288, UH3OD023349, UH3OD023286, UH3OD023348, UH3OD023272, UH3OD023249, UH3OD023305, UH3OD023268, UH3OD023337 [ECHO Cohorts]; and U2CES026544, U2CES030857, U2CES026542, U2CES026533, U2CES026561, U24ES026539, U2CES026555 [Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource Core]. These data are from the second public release from this ongoing study. The content of this report is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the ECHO Cohort investigators. We acknowledge NICHD DASH for providing the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO)-wide Cohort - 2 Release data that was used for this research. We thank the CHILD Cohort Study (CHILD) participant families for their dedication and commitment to advancing health research. CHILD was initially funded by CIHR and AllerGen NCE. Visit CHILD at childstudy.ca TBON was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship and a small grant award from the University of Queensland—Child Health Research Centre. PDS is a leadership Fellow (L3) of the National Health and Medical Research Council. Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions.Peer-reviewe
Comprehensive review of Pacific Island countries' reports on the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2007-2023): Progress, challenges and opportunities
No full textObjective: Consistent with the role of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the aims of this study were to review the FCTC progress reports submitted by the Pacific Island Countries (PICs) and assess regional FCTC progress. Data source and extraction: We searched FCTC: (1) Global Progress Reports for any information related to PICs; and (2) country-specific reports for all PICs. All reports submitted by PICs from 2007 to 2023 were reviewed. Information such as smoking prevalence for adult and young populations by sex/gender and age, objectives, targets, legislation, regulation and policies for tobacco control were extracted. Data synthesis: Ten global progress and 69 country-specific reports from 14 PICs were reviewed. In the most recent reports, daily smoking prevalence among males ranged from 15.8% in Niue to 64.8% in Kiribati, while among females, it ranged from 1.6% in Vanuatu to 31.8% in Kiribati. Current smoking prevalence among boys and girls ranged from 10% in Marshall Islands to 43% in the Federated States of Micronesia and from 1.5% in Marshall Islands to 28.8% in Palau, respectively. Price and tax measures, along with bans on tobacco sales to and by minors, were the most reported tobacco control strategies. Conclusions: While the PICs have ratified the FCTC and made strides to fight tobacco use and its consequences, they still face significant challenges to fully implement the FCTC. Building local and regional capacity and capability to implement and monitor progress with tobacco control policies is essential to reducing tobacco-related death and disease in the PICs.Peer-reviewe
How teeth record and attenuate seasonal signals
No full textVariability of oxygen isotopes in environmental water is recorded in tooth enamel, providing a record of seasonal change, dietary variability, and mobility. Physiology dampens this variability, however, as oxygen passes from environmental sources into blood and forming teeth. We showcase two methods of high resolution, 2-dimensional enamel sampling, and conduct modeling, to report why and how environmental oxygen isotope variability is reduced in animal bodies and teeth. First, using two modern experimental sheep, we introduce a sampling method, die-saw dicing, that provides high-resolution physical samples (n = 109 and 111 sample locations per tooth) for use in conventional stable isotope and molecular measurement protocols. Second, we use an ion microprobe to sample innermost enamel in an experimental sheep (n = 156 measurements), and in a Pleistocene orangutan (n = 176 measurements). Synchrotron and conventional μCT scans reveal innermost enamel thicknesses averaging 18 and 21 μm in width. Experimental data in sheep show that compared to drinking water, oxygen isotope variability in blood is reduced to 70–90 %; inner and innermost enamel retain between 36 and 48 % of likely drinking water stable isotope range, but this recovery declines to 28–34 % in outer enamel. 2D isotope sampling suggests that declines in isotopic variability, and shifted isotopic oscillations throughout enamel, result from the angle of secretory hydroxyapatite deposition and its overprinting by maturation. This overprinting occurs at all locations including innermost enamel, and is greatest in outer enamel. These findings confirm that all regions of enamel undergo maturation to varying degrees and confirm that inner and innermost enamel preserve more environmental variability than other regions. We further show how the resolution of isotope sampling — not only the spatial resolution within teeth, but also the temporal resolution of water in the environment — impacts our estimate of how much variation teeth recover from the environment. We suggest inverse methods, or multiplication by standard factors determined by ecology, taxon, and sampling strategy, to reconstruct the full scale of seasonal environmental variability. We advocate for combined inverse modeling and high-resolution sampling informed by the spatiotemporal pattern of enamel formation, and at the inner or innermost enamel when possible, to recover seasonal records from teeth.We are grateful to Tyson Alvaros and Robert Savoy at Disco Hi-Tec America, Vicky Diadiuck and Ryan O'Keefe at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Jason Tresback at the Harvard University Center for Nanoscale Systems, Pedro Ramirez at the Harvard Concord Field Station, and John de Vos and Natasja den Ouden at the Naturalis Museum (Leiden). This work was funded by National Science Foundation Grants 1247426 (DRG), 0923831 (ASC), and 2021666 (KTU), the Australian Academy of Science (TMS, ISW, and DRG), the Australian Research Council DP210101913 (TMS, ISW, and DRG), the Leakey and Wenner Gren Foundations (DRG and TMS), Griffith University, Harvard University, The American School of Prehistory Research (DRG and KTU), and the Columbia University Climate School (DRG and KTU). Micro-CT imaging reported in this publication was supported by Greg Lin at Harvard University, and the Center for Nanoscale Systems under National Institutes of Health award number S10OD023519. We are grateful to Tyson Alvaros and Robert Savoy at Disco Hi-Tec America, Vicky Diadiuck and Ryan O\u2019Keefe at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Microsystems Technology Laboratories, Jason Tresback at the Harvard University Center for Nanoscale Systems, Pedro Ramirez at the Harvard Concord Field Station, and John de Vos and Natasja den Ouden at the Naturalis Museum (Leiden). This work was funded by National Science Foundation Grants 1247426 (DRG), 0923831 (ASC), and 2021666 (KTU), the Australian Academy of Science (TMS, ISW, and DG), the Australian Research Council DP210101913 (TMS, ISW, and DG), the Leakey and Wenner Gren Foundations (DRG and TMS), Griffith University, Harvard University, and the Columbia University Climate School. Micro-CT imaging reported in this publication was supported by Greg Lin at Harvard University, and the Center for Nanoscale Systems under National Institutes of Health award number S10OD023519.Peer-reviewe
On global feralness: water woes and possibilities in a cybernetic era
No full textEditorial: Australasian Journal of Water Resources, Vol 29, Issue 1Peer-reviewe