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Inditex's Global Framework Agreement: a best practice in the (early) implementation of the due diligence Directive
No full text[ES] Este artículo analiza el Acuerdo Marco Global de Inditex como un ejemplo pionero de regulación laboral transnacional y como antecedente directo del modelo de diligencia debida obligatoria introducido por la Directiva (UE) 2024/1760. Siguiendo su evolución desde la firma inicial en 2007 hasta el Protocolo de 2022, se examina el desarrollo de un sistema específico de participación sindical, estructurado en torno a visitas a fábricas, medidas correctoras y mecanismos de supervisión continua, que opera como un instrumento eficaz para la prevención y el control de los riesgos laborales a lo largo de las cadenas globales de suministro. Este marco es coherente con los estándares europeos sobre sostenibilidad empresarial y derechos humanos laborales, y hoy sirve como referente operativo para la aplicación y transposición del nuevo marco regulatorio, en particular en un contexto de incertidumbre derivado de las negociaciones en curso sobre el paquete Ómnibus. [EN] This article analyses the Inditex Global Framework Agreement as a pioneering example of transnational labour regulation and a direct precursor to the mandatory due diligence model introduced by Directive 2024/1760. Tracing its evolution from the initial signing in 2007 to the 2022 Protocol, it examines the development of a distinctive system of trade union involvement, structured around factory visits, corrective measures and continuous monitoring mechanisms, which operates as an effective instrument for the prevention and control of labour risks across global supply chains. This framework is consistent with European standards on corporate sustainability and labour human rights, and today serves as an operational benchmark for the implementation and transposition of the new regulatory framework, particularly amid the uncertainty surrounding the ongoing Omnibus negotiations
Mapeo dela discriminación en España: desigualdades estructurales y respuestas políticas. Un análisis documental crítico de los informes de la FRA (2014–2022)
No full text[EN]This article analyses structural inequalities and policy responses to discrimination in Spain through a critical documentary analysis of the Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) country reports (2014–2022). Discrimination disproportionately affects racialised and minority groups, impacting economic mobility, social cohesion, and mental health. While Spain has implemented measures to address these challenges, enforcement remains a critical issue. This study follows FRA’s methodology, drawing on national surveys, legal frameworks, reports from public and civil organisations, and digital regulations to assess Spain’s progress and limitations. Privileged access to FRA’s unpublished reports – as FRANET contractors for Spain during the period under analysis – adds significant depth to the study. Findings highlight Spain’s policy advancements in alignment with EU directives but reveal persistent hate crimes, xenophobia, Islamophobia, and digital discrimination. Gaps in data collection and policy implementa- tion hinder effective responses. The study calls for a comprehensive migrant integration strategy, improved monitoring mechanisms, and stronger digital regulations to combat online hate speech, positioning Spain as a potential model for addressing systemic discrimination in Europe. [ES]Este artículo analiza las desigualdades estructurales y las respuestas políticas a la discriminación en España a través de un análisis documental crítico de los informes nacionales de la Agencia de los Derechos Fundamentales (FRA) (2014–2022). La discriminación afecta de manera desproporcionada a los grupos racializados y minoritarios, repercutiendo de manera negativa en aspectos como sus oportunidades económicas, su salud mental y, en definitiva, sobre la cohesión social. Aunque España ha aplicado medidas para afrontar estos retos, su persistencia refleja su lim- itada aplicación. Este estudio sigue la metodología de la FRA partiendo de encuestas nacionales, marcos jurídicos, informes de organizaciones públicas y civiles, así como de normativas digitales para evaluar los avances y las limitaciones producidos en este campo. Gracias al acceso privilegiado de los autores a los informes no publicados de la FRA, fruto de su posición como contratistas de FRANET para España durante el período analizado, el estudio ofrece una perspectiva diferencial. Las conclusiones señalan los avances de España en la adaptación de sus políticas a las directivas de la UE, pero también muestran que persisten los delitos de odio, la xenofobia, la islamofobia y diversas formas de discriminación digital. Las carencias en la recogida de datos y en la aplicación de las propias políticas siguen limitando la eficacia de las respuestas. El estudio plantea la necesidad de una estrategia integral de integración de las personas migrantes, de reforzar los mecanismos de seguimiento y de mejorar la normativa digital para frenar el discurso de odio en línea, situando a España como un posible referente en la respuesta a la discriminación sistémica en Europa.This work was supported by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) under Grant F-SE-13-T12-C12-L09
Video violence detection using pre-trained VGG19 combined with manual logic, LSTM layers and Bi-LSTM layers
No full text[EN]Video violence detection using artificial intelligence plays a key role in public safety applications. Although convolutional and recurrent neural networks are widely adopted for this task, the actual contribution of temporal modeling over strong frame-level representations remains insufficiently analyzed. This work provides a systematic study of video violence detection models under a unified experimental framework. We investigate whether violence can be reliably detected from individual frames without explicit temporal modeling, evaluate the effectiveness of combining CNNs with LSTM and Bi-LSTM layers, and analyze the impact of architectural and hyperparameter choices, including neuron configuration and backbone selection (VGG-16 vs. VGG-19). Experiments are conducted on three widely used benchmark datasets. Our results show that frame-level analysis using a pre-trained VGG-19 network, combined with a simple aggregation strategy, achieves competitive performance, reaching 95% accuracy on Hockey Fights and 96% on Violent Flow. While Bi-LSTM layers can provide moderate improvements of up to 4% over standard LSTM models in certain datasets, these gains are not consistent across all scenarios. Furthermore, variations in hyperparameter configurations do not systematically lead to improved performance. Overall, this study highlights that increased architectural complexity does not always translate into better results and that, in several cases, simple frame-based approaches can rival more complex temporal models. These findings provide practical insights into the cost–benefit trade-off of temporal modeling for video-based violence detection
Melatonin at the Crossroads of Oxidative Stress, Immunity, and Cancer Therapy
No full text[EN] Melatonin, an ancient and evolutionarily conserved indolamine, has long attracted attention for its multifunctional roles in redox homeostasis. More recently, it has been studied in relation to immune regulation and cancer biology. Beyond its well-known circadian function, melatonin modulates oxidative stress by directly scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and by upregulating antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. At the same time, it exerts wide-ranging immunomodulatory functions by influencing both innate and adaptive immune responses. All these actions converge within the tumor microenvironment, where oxidative stress and immune suppression drive cancer progression. Although the antitumoral effects of melatonin have traditionally been interpreted through its actions on T cells and NK cells, recent studies identify macrophages as an underappreciated and pivotal target. Notably, melatonin influences macrophage polarization, favoring antitumor M1 phenotypes over pro-tumoral M2 states, while attenuating chronic inflammation and restoring mitochondrial function. This review summarizes current knowledge on melatonin’s antioxidant and immunoregulatory mechanisms, highlighting its impact on the tumor immune microenvironment, with a particular focus on the growing recognition of macrophages as a compelling new axis through which melatonin may exert anticancer effectsFunding text
E.L.-F. has an FPI contract (PRE2023-138478) funded by the grant PID2022-138478OA-100. C.P.-M. has a contract from the Plan Especial Grado Medicina (USAL), A.S.-L research is funded by the Lanzadera TCUE and C2 program (Universidad de Salamanca); and M.G.-M. is a Ram\u00F3n y Cajal researcher (grant RYC2021-033684-I, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR), and her research is funded by the PID2022-138478OA-100, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by FEDER, UE.E.L.-F. has an FPI contract (PRE2023-138478) funded by the grant PID2022-138478OA-100.
C.P.-M. has a contract from the Plan Especial Grado Medicina (USAL), A.S.-L research is funded
by the Lanzadera TCUE and C2 program (Universidad de Salamanca); and M.G.-M. is a Ramón y
Cajal researcher (grant RYC2021-033684-I, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by
European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR), and her research is funded by the PID2022-138478OA-
100, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by FEDER, UE
Assessment of sexual activity in rams stimulated with artificial light and its impact on unstimulated rams during the initial 14 days of male effect
No full text[EN] Seasonal anoestrous reduces reproductive efficiency in sheep in temperate regions. Artificial photoperiod manipulation is a non-hormonal approach that stimulates ram sexual activity and enhances the "ram effect" on ewes. This study evaluated the sexual behaviour of rams subjected to artificial long-day photoperiods (L group) and their effect on non-stimulated rams (C group) during the first 14 days after introduction to anoestrous ewes. Eleven rams were assigned to photostimulated (n = 6) or control (n = 5) treatments, forming four groups: L, C, L+C (stimulated rams exposed to controls), and C+L (controls exposed to stimulated rams). Continuous video recording documented 5707 behavioural events. Photostimulated rams (L) exhibited higher activity (mean = 747.7 behaviours/ram) than other groups (C+L: 519.5; L+C: 443.0; C: 365.3; p < 0.01), with anogenital sniffing, approaching and chasing ewes being the most frequent behaviours. Activity peaked on days 2–5 post-introduction, mainly in the afternoon. Control rams housed with stimulated rams were more active than isolated controls, suggesting a social facilitation effect. These findings confirm that photoperiod manipulation enhances ram sexual activity and may influence non-stimulated rams through social interaction, as the different groups of animals exhibited distinct types and amounts of activity.[ES] El anestro estacional reduce la eficiencia reproductiva en ovejas de regiones templadas. La manipulación artificial del fotoperiodo es un método no hormonal que estimula la actividad sexual de los carneros y potencia el efecto carnero en las ovejas. Este estudio evaluó el comportamiento sexual de carneros sometidos a fotoperiodos artificiales de día largo (grupo L) y su efecto en carneros no estimulados (grupo C) durante los primeros 14 días tras la introducción de ovejas en anestro. Once carneros se asignaron a tratamientos fotoestimulados (n=6) o control (n=5), formando cuatro grupos: L, C, L+C (carneros estimulados expuestos a controles) y C+L (controles expuestos a carneros estimulados). La grabación continua de vídeo documentó 5707 eventos de comportamiento. Los carneros fotoestimulados (L) mostraron mayor actividad (media = 747,7 comportamientos/carnero) que los otros grupos (C+L: 519,5; L+C: 443,0; C: 365,3; p<0,01), siendo el olfateo anogenital, la aproximación y la persecución de las ovejas los comportamientos más frecuentes. La actividad alcanzó su punto máximo entre el segundo y el quinto día después de la introducción, principalmente por la tarde. Los carneros de control alojados con carneros estimulados fueron más activos que los controles aislados, lo que sugiere un efecto de facilitación social. Estos hallazgos confirman que la manipulación del fotoperiodo mejora la actividad sexual de los carneros y puede influir en los carneros no estimulados a través de la interacción social, ya que los diferentes grupos de animales mostraron distintos tipos y niveles de actividad
Self-perception and usefulness of generative artificialintelligence among pre-service teachers
No full text[ES]La irrupción de la Inteligencia Artificial Generativa (IA-Gen) en el ámbito educativo ofrece oportunidades, pero también plantea desafíos éticos y pedagógicos. En este contexto, resulta fundamental comprender la percepción de los docentes en formación hacia esta tecnología. Este estudio analizó la autopercepción de 174 docentes en formación sobre la IA-Gen aplicada a la educación. Se midieron siete dimensiones (Familiaridad, Relevancia, Habilidades prácticas, Barreras, Confianza, Impacto ético-social y Expectativas) en referencia a la IA-Gen y se valoró la utilidad de ChatGPT como herramienta para diseñar Situaciones de Aprendizaje (SdAs) tras una experiencia formativa con este sistema. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos, correlaciones de Spearman, se visualizó una red de correlaciones entre las siete dimensiones y se exploraron diferencias entre las titulaciones. Los resultados revelan niveles medios-altos de autopercepción con valoración muy positiva de la utilidad de ChatGPT y un alto nivel de satisfacción con su uso. La Confianza emergió como un nodo central en la red de correlaciones, vinculándose estrechamente con la Relevancia, Barreras, Impacto ético-social y Expectativas, lo que resalta su papel clave en la adopción de estas tecnologías. Asimismo, la mayoría de los participantes adoptó una actitud crítica ante la IA-Gen, contrastando las respuestas generadas por ChatGPT en lugar de aceptarlas pasivamente. En conclusión, aunque se observa una disposición favorable hacia la integración de la IA-Gen en educación, los futuros docentes demandan formación específica para su uso pedagógico y expresan preocupación por las implicaciones éticas de dicha integración.[EN]The advent of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in education presents opportunities, but it also raises ethical and pedagogical challenges. In this context, it is imperative to comprehend how pre-service teachers perceive this technology. The present study analysed the self-perception of 174 pre-service teachers regarding the application of GenAI in education. Seven dimensions (Familiarity, Relevance, Practical Skills, Barriers, Confidence, Ethical-Social Impact, and Expectations) were measured in relation to GenAI. In addition, the usefulness of ChatGPT as a tool for designing Learning Situations (LSs) was assessed after a training experience with this system. Descriptive statistics and Spearman correlations were calculated, and a network of correlations betweenthe seven dimensions was visualised. Differences between degrees were also explored. The findings indicated medium-to-high levels of self-perception, suggesting a very positive evaluation of ChatGPT's usefulness and a high level of satisfaction with its use. Confidence emerged as a central node in the correlation network, exhibiting close associations with Relevance, Barriers, Ethical-social impact, and Expectations. This underscores its pivotal role in the adoption of these technologies. Similarly, most participants adopted a critical stance towards GenAI, checking the responses generated by ChatGPT rather than passively accepting them. In conclusion, while there is a favourable attitude towards integrating GenAI into education, future teachers demand specific training to use it pedagogically and express concern about the ethical implications of such integration
Terahertz rectification up to 2.5 THz by using an Asymmetric Dual-Grating Gate GFETs via ratchet effect
No full text[EN]Asymmetric dual grating gates graphene field effect transistor (FET) was fabricated and characterized at two tones terahertz frequency 0.15 & 0.3 THz at 10K. The channel of the device was a monolayer graphene placed between two sheets of hexagonal boron nitride h-BN. Enhancement of the measured photocurrent was observed at a bias of different signs between the top and the back gates. This behavior was associated with the ratchet effect that is induced by both biasing and THz radiation. This opens the way for the development of new highly efficient detectors of terahertz radiation for different applications.This research was funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación under Grants Numbers PID2021-126483OB-I00 and PID2022-136869NB-C33. This work was performed in the Cooperative Research Project of the Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University. This work was funded by the JSPS KAKENHI under grant number 21H04546, Japan.Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)JSPS KAKENHI, Japan
Community innovation for the detection and coordination of women with addictions and gender-based violence: the GPS UNAD-Diversitas-USAL pilot model in Spain
No full text[ES]Este artículo presenta el diseño y la fundamentación teórica del modelo de comunidades GPS UNAD-Diversitas-USAL, una propuesta de intervención comunitaria desarrollada en España para mejorar la coordinación institucional en la atención a mujeres con adicciones a sustancias que son víctimas de violencia de género. Partiendo del reconocimiento de la escasa conexión entre los recursos especializados en adicciones y los servicios de atención hacia este tipo de violencia, el modelo construye un marco práctico inspirado en el enfoque ecológico y en los principios de las comunidades de aprendizaje. La propuesta sitúa a las mujeres en el centro del proceso, reconociendo la complejidad de sus trayectorias y la necesidad de una atención integral construida conjuntamente desde una perspectiva de género y adecuada al contexto territorial. El artículo presenta el modelo, incluyendo sus dimensiones clave, los principios que orientan su desarrollo y sus fases de implantación, así como su aplicación en dos comunidades piloto. La experiencia se describe a partir de observaciones realizadas durante el acompañamiento a ambos procesos, lo que permitió documentar cómo se fueron construyendo las alianzas entre recursos, qué herramientas se generaron colectivamente y qué ajustes fueron necesarios para adaptar el modelo a las dinámicas locales. El modelo plantea implicaciones relevantes para las políticas públicas, al evidenciar que una intervención más coordinada requiere condiciones institucionales que favorezcan el compromiso de los actores implicados, el trabajo colaborativo y la sostenibilidad de las redes locales, permitiendo así respuestas más sensibles con la complejidad de las realidades de las mujeres afectadas. [EN]This article presents the design and theoretical basis of the GPS UNAD-Diversitas-USAL, a community intervention proposal developed in Spain to improve institutional coordination in the care of women with addictions who are victims of gender-based violence. Based on the recognition of the limited connection between specialized addiction resources and services for this type of violence, the model builds a practical framework inspired by the ecological approach and the principles of learning communities. The proposal places women at the centre of the process, recognising the complexity of their trajectories and the need for comprehensive care, built jointly from a gender perspective and appropriate to the territorial context. The article presents the model, including its key dimensions, the principles that guide its development and its implementation phases, as well as its application in two pilot communities. The experience is described based on observations made during the accompaniment of both processes, which made it possible to document how alliances between resources were built, what tools were collectively generated, and what adjustments were necessary to adapt the model to local dynamics. The model has relevant implications for public policy, as it shows that a more coordinated intervention requires institutional conditions that favour the commitment of the actors involved, collaborative work and the sustainability of local networks, thus enabling responses that are more sensitive to the complexity of the realities of the women affected.Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto en el marco de un acuerdo de colaboración entre la Red UNAD y el CIDH-Diversitas de la Universidad de Salamanca, financiado por el Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, Consumo y Agenda 2030
“So, You Wanna Be Free?”: A Rhetorical Analysis of Roya Hakakian’s Neoliberal Conceptualization of Freedom
No full textThis paper takes as its point of departure the incompatibility of the ‘Woman, Life, Freedom’ movement with neoliberalism. The intersectional nature of the movement’s demands is at odds with neoliberalism’s role in perpetuating the subjugation of women (Crenshaw 2017, Rottenberg 2018). Grounded in this perspective, the paper aims to shed light on the neoliberal conceptualization of freedom in the discourses of diaspora writers active in representing the movement. For this purpose, it focuses on Roya Hakakian’s texts and speeches, paying special attention to the author’s narrative strategy in her latest book, A Beginner’s Guide to America: For the Immigrant and the Curious (2021). Here, a second-person narrator addresses a newly-arrived, generic migrant in the United States and guides her through peculiarities of American society. Recounting a tale of historical progress woven through anecdotes of violence and injustice against marginalized communities throughout American history, the narrator represents these episodes as essential milestones on the path to the triumph of ‘neoliberal multiculturalism’ (Reddy 2011; Melamed 2011). Mirroring neoliberal ideology (Hayek 1944, 1960), the narrator teaches the unknowing migrant addressee that struggles for freedom throughout US history were endeavors to submit to the rule of law and constitution. The narratee is then invited to stoically and resignedly wait until her naturalization ceremony whence her liberties will be protected by the constitution. In line with Mohammad Maljoo’s assertion that political Islam is the Iranian face of neoliberalism (Tahririeh 2023), the paper argues that Hakakian’s discourse is reflective of American exceptionalism. This is due to its inconsistency evident in its repudiation of the Iranian mode of neoliberalism as oppressive while conflating American neoliberalism with liberty
Effects of Teacher Enthusiasm and Type of Text on the Motivation and Achievement of Schoolchildren [Dataset]
No full textThis study was financed in the call for grants for innovation and teacher improvement projects 2017/2018 (Project ID 2017/004,
University of Salamanca.[EN]This study aims to analyze the effects of teacher enthusiasm and type of text on student motivation and achievement. The participants were 369 elementary school students. We used four videos showing a teacher presenting two texts (narrative or descriptive) in two conditions of enthusiasm (high or neutral). A MANOVA revealed additive effects due to enthusiasm and text type on motivation and achievement, but no interaction. Mediation analyzes indicated that enthusiasm showed direct and indirect effects through motivation only for descriptive text. Therefore, the motivational mediation between teacher enthusiasm and student achievement could be especially important when the text is descriptive.University of Salamanc