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DETERMINATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF COLLOIDAL SILVER SYNTHESIZED USING MOUNTAIN SAVORY (Satureja montana) HONEY : bachelor thesis
No full textU ovom radu proučavana je sinteza nanočestica koloidnog srebra dobivenih pomoću meda od primorskog vriska (Satureja montana) s dalmatinskog područja, te određena antibakterijska vrijednost dobivenog koloidnog srebra. Kao izvor srebra korišten je srebrov nitrat, a pH vrijednost otopine meda je podešena s 3,53 na 6 s otopinom natrijeva karbonata. Sinteza je provedena pri 20 °C uz miješanje. Prvi dokaz nastanka koloidnog srebra bilo je određivanje intenziteta Tyndallova efekta uslijed propuštanja laserske zrake kroz koloide. UV–Vis spektrofotometrom u području valnih duljina 330-500 nm, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analizom i DLS metodom izvršena je karakterizacija uzoraka nastalog koloidnog srebra. Antibakterijska efikasnost koloidnog srebra testirana je uz pomoć bakterija Escherichia coli NCTC 13216 i Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Dokazano je antibakterijsko djelovanje koloidnog srebra dobivenog pomoću meda od primorskog vriska (Satureja montana) za ove dvije bakterije do određenih koncentracija.In this work, the synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles using mountain savory (Satureja montana) honey from the Dalmatian region was studied, and the antibacterial activity of the resulting colloidal silver was determined. Silver nitrate was used as a source of silver, and the pH value of honey solution was adjusted from 3.53 to 6 with a solution of sodium carbonate. The synthesis was carried out at 20 °C with mixing. The first evidence of colloidal silver was the determination of the intensity of the Tyndall effect by passing a laser beam through the colloids. UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the area of wavelengths 330-500 nm, SEM (scanning electron microscopes) analysis and DLS method was performed characterization of samples of colloidal silver. The antibacterial efficiency of colloidal silver was tested with the help of Escherichia coli NCTC 13216 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. It was demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of colloidal silver obtained by using mountain savory (Satureja montana) honey for these two bacteria up to certain concentrations
ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF STEEL IN SEAWATER OF DIFFERENT SALINITY WITH THE ADDITION OF CRYSTAL VIOLET : diploma thesis
No full textU radu je ispitano korozijsko ponašanje čelika S275 u morskim vodama različitog saliniteta tj. bočatoj, morskoj i gorkoj morskoj vodi pri temperaturama 15 °C i 35 °C bez i uz dodatak azo boje Crystal Violet kao inhibitora. Ispitivanja su provedena pod utjecajem gibanja elektrolita koji simulira prirodno kretanje vode. Provedena su ispitivanja mjerenja potencijala otvorenog strujnog kruga te mjerenja linearne i potenciodinamičke polarizacije. Ispitivanja su pokazala da porast temperature voda ima značajan utjecaj na porast gustoće korozijske struje, smanjenje vrijednosti polarizacijskog otpora i smanjenje vrijednost korozijskog potencijala. Najniže vrijednosti polarizacijskog otpora dobivene su u morskoj vodi pri temperaturi 35 °C što ukazuje da je morska voda najagresivniji medij za čelik S275 te može uzrokovati značajna korozijska oštećenja na materijalu. Primjena Crystal Violet kao inhibitora korozije pokazao je učinkovitost u morskoj vodi i bočatoj vodi, dok je u gorkoj morskoj vodi utjecaj neznatan. Analiza površine uzoraka nakon elektrokemijskih ispitivanja optičkom mikroskopijom potvrdile su rezultate elektrokemijskih mjerenja.In the work, the corrosion behaviour of steel S275 was tested in seawater with different salinity, i.e. brackish water, seawater and seawater bittern at temperatures of 15 °C and 35 °C without and with the addition of the azo dye Crystal Violet as an inhibitor. The investigations were carried out under the influence of the movement of the electrolyte, which simulates the natural movement of water. Electrochemical tests with measurements of the open circuit potential as well as linear and potentiodynamic polarization measurements were carried out. The tests showed that increase in water temperature has a significant effect on the increase in the current corrosion density, the decrease in the value of the polarization resistance and the decrease in the value of the corrosion potential. The lowest values of polarization resistance were obtained in seawater at a temperature of 35 °C, indicating that seawater is the most aggressive medium for S275 steel, which can cause significant corrosion damage to the material. The use of Crystal Violet as a corrosion inhibitor has been shown to be effective in seawater and brackish water, while the effect in seawater bittern is negligible. Analysis of the surface of the samples after the electrochemical tests by optical microscopy confirmed the results of the electrochemical measurements
COMPARISON OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF IMMORTELLE HYDROLATE AND ESSENTIAL OIL : diploma thesis
No full textSmilje je mediteranska aromatična biljka koja pripada rodu Helichrysum iz porodice Asteraceae, a obuhvaća preko 600 vrsta rasprostranjenih diljem svijeta. Unazad nekoliko godina smilje je osobito zanimljivo za farmaceutsku, kozmetičku i prehrambenu industriju. Pokazuje mnoga biološka djelovanja kao što su protuupalno, antimikrobno, repelentno, antivirusno i dr. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je odrediti kemijski sastav eteričnog ulja smilja sa otoka Hvara, izolirati i identificirati isparljive spojeve iz biljnog materijala sušenog na zraku i na sjenovitom mjestu te usporediti kemijski profil eteričnog ulja i hidrolata smilja dobivenog u laboratoriju i u pogonu. Biljni materijal (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don ssp. italicum) korišten u radu sakupljen je na otoku Hvaru u lipnju. Isparljivi spojevi smilja izolirani su hidrodestilacijom u aparaturi po Europskoj farmakopeji. Kemijski sastav eteričnog ulja i hidrolata analiziran je vezanim sustavom plinske kromatografije sa spektrometrijom masa (GC-MS). Glavne sastavnice eteričnog ulja smilja su: seskviterpenski ugljikovodik γ-kurkumen (12,16%) i monoterpenski ugljikovodik α-pinen (10,54%), a slijedi ih ester neril-acetat s 7,87% te diketoni italidion I i II. Dominantni kemijski spojevi u oba uzorka hidrolata, dobivenog laboratorijski i hidrolata iz pogona, pokazuju sličnost u kemijskom profilu, a glavne su sastavnice diketon italidion I (12,45% i 7,86%), monoterpenski alkohol nerol (10,38% i 7,81%) i keton 4,6-dimetiloktan-3,5-dion (6,99% i 6,81%). U usporedbi s analiziranim spojevima u eteričnom ulju, hidrolati ne sadrže spoj γ-kurkumen, a neril-acetat je prisutan u izrazito malom udjelu dok je α-pinen prisutan u tragovima. Na osnovu provedenog istraživanja i usporedbom s već provedenim istraživanjima, može se uočiti sličnost u kemijskom sastavu eteričnog ulja smilja.The immortelle is a typically Mediterranean plant which belongs to the genus Helichrysum, family Asteraceae, and comprises about six hundred different species widespread all over the world. In the last few years, the immortelle has become particularly interesting and important for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. It exhibits numerous biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, repellent, antiviral, and others. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical profile of immortelle essential oil from the island of Hvar, to isolate and identify volatile compounds from air- dried plant material, and to compare the chemical profile of essential oil and hydrolate obtained in a laboratory and in an industry. The plant material (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don ssp. italicum) used in this study was collected on the island of Hvar in June. The volatile compounds of immortelle were isolated by hydrodistillation using apparatus according to the European Pharmacopoeia. The chemical analysis of the essential oil and hydrolate was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituents of immortelle essential oil are the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon γ-curcumene (12.16%) and the monoterpene hydrocarbon α-pinene (10.54%), followed by the ester neryl acetate with 7.87%, as well as the diketones italidione I and II. The dominant chemical compounds in both hydrolate samples, obtained in the laboratory and industry, show similarities in their chemical profiles. The main components are the diketone italidione I (12.45% and 7.86%), the monoterpene alcohol nerol (10.38% and 7.81%), and the ketone 4,6- dimethyloctane-3,5-dione (6.99% and 6.81%). Compared to the compounds analyzed in the essential oil, the hydrolates do not contain γ-curcumene, and neryl acetate is present in very small amount, while α- pinene is found only in trace amounts. Based on the conducted research and comparison with previous studies, similarities in the chemical profile of immortelle essential oil can be observed
Measurements of CO2, CO and NO2 concentrations in the area of the city of Zenica : bachelor thesis
No full textZrak je smjesa plinova čiji sadržaj može ovisiti o različitim faktorima kao što su nadmorska visina, meteorološki uvjeti, izvori onečišćenja itd. Onečišćenje zraka igra značajnu ulogu u današnjem svijetu pri čemu veliki udio proizlazi iz ljudskih aktivnosti. Loša kvaliteta zraka utječe na okoliš, a samim time i na zdravlje ljudi. Mjerenje kvalitete zraka postalo je dijelom raznih zakonskih okvira i uredbi kojim se nastoji kontrolirati emisija onečišćujućih tvari. Ugljikov(IV) oksid (CO 2 ) je staklenički plin čija koncentracija u atmosferi kontinuirano raste još od industrijske revolucije te se njegova koncentracija nastoji kontrolirati. Zakonski su određene granične vrijednosti koncentracije plinova ispod kojih ti plinovi ne predstavljaju opasnost, odnosno to je vrijednost ispod koje postoji najmanji mogući rizik od štetnih učinaka na ljudsko zdravlje i/ili okoliš. U sklopu zakonskih uredbi, jedni od tih plinova su dušikov(IV) oksid (NO 2 ) i ugljikov(II) oksid (CO). Njihovo mjerenje, zajedno s CO 2 , provedeno je na području grada Zenice. Ustanovljeno je da je najveća srednja koncentracija CO 2 izmjerena na mjernoj postaji broj 2, tj. na kružnom toku te je iznosila 606,25 ppm. Najveća srednja vrijednost koncentracije NO 2 također je izmjerena na mjernoj postaji broj 2 i iznosila je 0,0275 ppm. Na postaji broj 3, u naselju Tetovo, izmjerena je najveća srednja vrijednost koncentracije CO u iznosu od 2,5 ppm.Air is a mixture of gases whose composition can depend on various factors such as altitude, weather conditions, pollution sources, etc. Air pollution plays a significant role in today's world, with a large share arising from human activities. Poor air quality affects the environment and, consequently, human health. Measuring air quality has become part of various legal frameworks and regulations aimed at controlling the emission of pollutants. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a greenhouse gas whose concentration in the atmosphere has been continuously rising since the Industrial Revolution, and efforts are being made to control its levels. Legally defined limit values for gas concentrations are established below which these gases do not pose a danger; that is, they represent a value below which there is the least possible risk of harmful effects on human health and/or the environment. Among the gases regulated by legal frameworks are nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO). Their measurements, along with CO₂, were conducted in the area of the city of Zenica. It was found that the highest average concentration of CO₂ was measured at monitoring station number 2, located at the roundabout, and it amounted to 606.25 ppm. The highest average concentration of NO₂ was also measured at monitoring station number 2, amounting to 0.0275 ppm. At station number 3, in the Tetovo settlement, the highest average concentration of CO was measured at 2.5 ppm
THE IMPACT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS OF FLUIDIZED CATALYTIC CRACKING (FCC) ON PROPYLENE YIELD : diploma thesis
No full textFluidizirano katalitičko krekiranje (engl. fluidized catalytic cracking, FCC), kao jedan od najvažnijih sekundarnih procesa u rafinerijama, predstavlja pretvorbu teških naftnih frakcija u lakše frakcije pri visokim temperaturama i umjerenom tlaku uz prisutnost sintetičkih zeolita kao katalizatora. Sastoji se od pet tehnoloških sekcija, od kojih je najznačajnija katalitička sekcija u kojoj krekiranjem zasićenih ugljikovodika, uz frakcije glavnog proizvoda benzina, nastaju frakcije ukapljenog naftnog plina (UNP-a). U sekciji koncentracije plina iz UNP-a dobiva se propan/propen (propilen) frakcija koja se u propan-propilen postrojenju (engl. propane/propylene splitter, PPS) razdvaja na komponente. Propilen je izuzetno bitan proizvod jer predstavlja vrlo važnu petrokemikaliju. U ovom radu pratile su se izmjene u radu FCC kompleksa i PPS postrojenja Rafinerije nafte Rijeka, INA d.d. u lipnju 2024. godine te njihov utjecaj na konačni iscrpak propilena. U FCC kompleks su dozirani ZSM-5 aditiv i HCU benzin (iz postrojenja hidrokrekiranja), dok se recirkulacija propilena vršila u PPS postrojenju. Utvrđeno je da je doziranje ZSM-5 aditiva i HCU benzina utjecalo na povećanje ukupne količine plinova u FCC kompleksu, odnosno na povećanje konačnog iscrpka propilena traženih specifikacija u PPS postrojenju, dok je recirkulacija propilena smanjila iscrpak proizvedenog propilena.Fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC), as one of the most important secondary processes in refineries, represents the conversion of heavy petroleum fractions into lighter fractions at high temperatures and moderate pressure in the presence of synthetic zeolites as catalysts. It consists of five technological sections, the most significant being the catalytic section, where the cracking of saturated hydrocarbons produces, in addition to gasoline as the main product, fractions of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). In the gas concentration section, a propane/propylene fraction is obtained from the LPG, which is then separated into components in the propane/propylene splitter (PPS) unit. Propylene is an extremely important product as it represents a very significant petrochemical. This paper monitored the changes in the operation of the FCC complex and the PPS unit at the Rijeka Oil Refinery, INA d.d., in June 2024, and their impact on the final propylene yield. The ZSM-5 additive and HCU gasoline (from the hydrocracking unit) were dosed into the FCC complex, while propylene recirculation was conducted in the PPS unit. It was determined that the dosing of ZSM-5 additive and HCU gasoline led to an increase in the total amount of gases in the FCC complex and consequently increased the final propylene yield of the required specifications in the PPS unit, while propylene recirculation reduced the yield of produced propylene
Equilibrium adsorbtion of copper ions on humus (T=318K) : master thesis
No full textIspitana je adsorpcija bakrovih iona na humusu u ovisnosti o početnim koncentracijama otopina bakrovih iona (5,255 mmol dm-3, 10,081 mmol dm-3, 12,175 mmol dm-3, 23,325 mmol dm-3 te 38,181 mmol dm-3). Eksperiment je proveden pri stalnoj temperaturi od 318 K, brzini miješanja od 200 okr min-1 te trajanju eksperimenta od 96 h. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti kako se količina adsorbiranih bakrovih iona (qe) neznatno mijenja porastom početne koncentracije bakrovih iona u otopini (c0), a svoju maksimalnu vrijednost dostiže pri početnoj koncentraciji od 38,181 mmol dm-3 te iznosi qe = 0,529 mmol g-1 za uvjete pri kojima je eksperiment proveden. Učinkovitost adsorpcije bakrovih iona dostiže svoju maksimalnu vrijednost za najnižu odabranu početnu koncentraciju od 5,255 mmol dm-3 te iznosi 48,032 %, a nakon toga opada porastom početne koncentracije bakrovih iona u otopini. Uzimajući u obzir kvalitetu slaganja adsorpcijskih modela s podatcima koji su dobiveni eksperimentalnim putem, kao i usporedbom izračunatih vrijednosti maksimuma kapaciteta adsorpcije bakrovih iona s onima eksperimentalno dobivenim te statističkim parametrima za RMSE, χ2 može se zaključiti da najbolje slaganje s eksperimentalnim podatcima pokazuje Tothova adsorpcijska izoterma.The adsorption of copper ions on humus was studied depending on the different initial concentrations of copper solutions (5.255 mmol dm-3, 10.081 mmol dm-3, 12.175 mmol dm-3, 23.255 mmol dm-3, 38.181 mmol dm-3). The experiment has been carried out at a constant temperature of 318 K, stirring speed of 200 rpm for duration of 96 h. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the amount of copper ions adsorbed (qe) changes slightly with the increase of the initial concentration of copper ions in solution (c0), reaching its maximum value at an initial concentration of 38.181 mmol dm-3 with the value of qe = 0.529 mmol g-1 for the conditions under which the experiment was conducted. The copper adsorption efficiency reaches its maximum value for the lowest selected initial concentration of 5.255 mmol dm-3, with the value of 48.032 % and then decreases with the increase of the initial concentration of copper ions in solutions. Considering the quality of the agreement of the adsorption models with the data obtained experimentally, as well as the comparison of the calculated values of the maximum adsorption capacity of copper ions with those obtained experimentally and the statistical parameters for RMSE, χ2 as well it can be concluded that the best agreement with the experimental data is shown by Toth’s adsorption isotherm
The volatile compound profile in chromhidrosis : bachelor thesis
No full textKromhidroza je rijedak dermatološki poremećaj koji se manifestira izlučivanjem obojenog znoja, najčešće iz apokrinih znojnih žlijezda. Ova pojava može izazvati znoj u nijansama crvene, plave, zelene, smeđe ili crne boje, što može prouzročiti znatnu psihološku nelagodu kod pacijenata zbog neobičnog izgleda znoja. Glavni uzrok kromhidroze je nakupljanje lipofuscina, pigmenta koji se obično javlja kao nusprodukt starenja i oksidacijskog stresa. Lipofuscin se nakuplja u apokrinim žlijezdama i izlučuje zajedno sa znojem, što rezultira promjenom njegove boje. U radu su korištene tehnike poput plinske kromatografije i masene spektrometrije (GC-MS) za analizu uzorka znoja pacijentice. Cilj je bio identificirati hlapljive kemijske spojeve prisutne u znoju pacijentice. Rezultati su ukazali na prisutnost specifičnih spojeva koji mogu biti ključni u objašnjavanju fenomena kromhidroze.Chromhidrosis is a rare dermatological disorder characterized by the secretion of colored sweat, most commonly from apocrine sweat glands. This condition can result in sweat in shades of red, blue, green, brown, or black, which may cause significant psychological discomfort in patients due to the unusual appearance of their sweat. The primary cause of chromhidrosis is the accumulation of lipofuscin, a pigment typically produced as a byproduct of aging and oxidative stress. Lipofuscin accumulates in the apocrine glands and is secreted with the sweat, leading to a change in color. In this study, techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to analyze samples of purple sweat secreted by a patient. The aim was to identify volatile chemical compounds responsible for this unusual sweat color. The results indicated the presence of specific compounds that may be key in explaining the phenomenon of chromhidrosis
ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS IN HYDROLATES OF LAVENDER, IMMORTELLE AND GERANIUM : bachelor thesis
No full textTijekom destilacije eteričnog ulja kao nusproizvod stvara se hidrolat ili mirisna vodica koja sadrži hlapljive spojeve koji doprinose njenim aromatičnim i terapeutskim svojstvima. Cilj ovog rada bio je izolirati i identificirati hlapljive spojeve iz hidrolata lavande (Lavandula angustifolia), smilja (Helichrysum italicum) i geranija (Pelargonium graveolens). Za ovu svrhu korištene su dvije tehnike ekstrakcije: mikroekstrakcija vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS- SPME) i ekstrakcija miješanjem na magnetskoj miješalici. Analiza vršnih para i ekstrakata provedena je korištenjem spregnutog sustava plinska kromatografija-spektrometrije masa (GC-MS). Analiza rezultata pokazala je da su različite tehnike ekstrakcije rezultirale različitim profilima hlapljivih spojeva. Mikroekstrakcija vršnih para omogućila je izolaciju ključnih spojeva poput linalola i citronelola, dok je ekstrakcijom miješanjem na magnetskoj miješalici identificiran širi spektar spojeva, uključujući teže hlapljive spojeve. Udio ukupno identificiranih spojeva dobiven mikroekstrakcijom vršnih para na krutoj fazi u svim analiziranim hidrolatima je veći. Rezultati dobiveni u ovom radu potvrđuju da su najzastupljeniji spojevi u hidrolatima terpeni, koji su odgovorni za karakteristične mirise i često imaju antimikrobna i protuupalna svojstva, te fenoli, koji doprinose aromatičnom profilu i mogu imati snažna antioksidativna svojstva. Rezultati ukazuju na to da odabir tehnike ekstrakcije hlapljivih spojeva znatno utječe na kvalitetu i kvantitetu istih, što je od velike važnosti za primjene u aromaterapiji i industriji mirisa. Kvaliteta hlapljivih spojeva može pridonijeti specifičnim mirisnim profilima i terapeutskim svojstvima, dok veći kvantitet izoliranih spojeva može povećati učinkovitost proizvoda.The distillation of essential oil produces hydrolate or aromatic water as a by-product, which contains volatile compounds that contribute to its aromatic and therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the volatile compounds from the hydrolates of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), immortelle (Helichrysum italicum) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). Two extraction techniques were used for this purpose: Headspace solid- phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and extraction by mixing with a magnetic stirrer. The headspaces and extracts were analysed using a coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. The results showed that the different extraction techniques led to different profiles of the volatile compounds. Headspace extraction enabled the isolation of key compounds such as linalool and citronellol, while extraction by mixing yielded a wider range of compounds, including heavier and less volatile ones. The proportion of total identified compounds obtained by headspace solid-phase extraction was higher in all hydrolates. The results of this study confirm that the most abundant compounds include terpenes, which are responsible for characteristic odours and often have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, and phenols, which contribute to the aromatic profile and may have strong antioxidant properties. The results show that the choice of extraction techniques to isolate volatile compounds significantly influences their quality and quantity, which is crucial for applications in aromatherapy and the fragrance industry. The quality of volatile compounds can contribute to specific fragrance profiles and therapeutic properties, while a greater quantity of isolated compounds can increase product efficacy
Analysisof the efficiency of municipal wastewater treatment using intergrated electrocoagulation and natural zeolite : master thesis
No full textKako bi se očuvala kakvoća vodnog ekosustava, komunalne otpadne vode moraju zadovoljiti postavljene standarde o kakvoći otpadnih voda prije ispuštanja u prirodni prijemnik. S obzirom da komunalne otpadne vode uobičajeno uz sanitarne sadrže još i industrijske otpadne vode, u ovom radu primjenjen je proces elektrokoagulacije i obrade na prirodnom zeolitu (EKZ) kako bi se ispitala učinkovitost njene obrade. Eksperimenti su provedeni u šaržnom reaktoru s aluminijevim elektrodama. Ispitan je utjecaj početne pH vrijednosti, dodatak prirodnog zeolita i dodatak elektrolita NaCl na učinkovitost integriranog procesa. Parametri analizirani tijekom provedbe eksperimenta su: pH, električna provodnost, temperatura, mutnoća, kemijska potrošnja kisika (KPK), ukupni dušik po Kjeldahlu i test taloženja. Rezultati pokazuju da početna vrijednost pH uzorka, dodatak zeolita, kao i dodatak NaCl elektrolita imaju značajan utjecaj na smanjenje mutnoće, smanjenje ukupnog dušika po Kjeldahlu te na brzinu taloženja. Utjecaj na smanjenje KPK i električne provodnosti je manje izražen. Temeljem podataka o utrošku mase elektroda te napona i struje u procesu elektrokoagulacije, izračunati su operativni troškovi za sve eksperimentalne uvjete.In order to preserve the quality of the water ecosystem, municipal wastewater must meet the set standards for the quality of waste water before being discharged into a natural recipient. Given that municipal wastewater usually contains industrial waste water in addition to sanitary water, in this work the process of electrocoagulation and treatment on natural zeolite (ECZ) was applied in order to test the efficiency of its treatment. The experiments were carried out in a batch reactor with aluminium electrodes. The influence of the initial pH value, the addition of natural zeolite and the addition of NaCl electrolyte on the efficiency of the integrated process was examined. The parameters analysed during the experiment are: pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, turbidity, chemical oxygen consumption (COD) and total Kjeldahl. The results show that the initial pH value of the sample, the addition of zeolite, as well as the addition of NaCl electrolyte have a significant impact on the reduction of turbidity, the reduction of total Kjeldahl and the rate of deposition. The impact on the reduction of COD and electrical conductivity is less pronounced. Operating costs for all experimental conditions were calculated on the basis of data on consumption of electrode mass, voltage and current
Methods for obtaining minerals from sea bittern : bachelor thesis
No full textZavršni rad predstavlja literaturni pregled metoda dobivanja minerala iz gorke morske vode. Gorka morska voda nastaje kao nusproizvod pri proizvodnji morske soli te predstavlja koncentrirani oblik mnogih soli. Elementi koji sačinjavaju gorku morsku vodu su: Na, Mg, Ca, K, Li, Rb, Pb, U, Zn, a primjenom inovativnih metoda mogu se dobiti iz gorke morske vode. Metode koje se danas primjenjuju su nanofiltracija, elektrodijaliza, elektroliza, precipitacija, ekstrakcija uz primjenu otapala, ionska izmjena, toplinski procesi i kombinirani procesi. Usavršavanjem metoda omogućava se potpuno ili djelomično zbrinjavanje gorke morske vode te se smanjuje štetni utjecaj na okoliš kao i dobivanje minerala visoke čistoće. Glavni cilj je povećanje učinkovitosti, poboljšanje eksploatacije minerala i što veće iskorištenje gorke morske vode.The bachelor thesis presents a literature review of methods for obtaining minerals from sea bittern. Sea bittern is formed as a by-product in the production of sea salt and is a concentrated form of many minerals. Sea bittern contains elements such as: Na, Mg, Ca, K, Li, Rb, Pb, U, Zn, which by applying innovative methods can be exploited. The methods used today are nanofiltration, electrodialysis, electrolysis, precipitation, solvent extraction, ion exchange, thermal processes and combined processes. The improvement of methods enables complete or partial disposal of sea bittern, the reduction of negative environmental impacts as well as the production of minerals of high purity. The main goal is to increase efficiency, improve mineral exploitation and maximize the use of sea bittern