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Characterization of microplastics from Bačvice beach and teh estuary of the river Neretva : diploma thesis
No full textU ovom radu provedena je karakterizacija i identifikacija mikroplastičnog otpada nađenog u sedimentu gradske plaže Bačvice u Splitu i na ušću Neretve. Uzorkovanje i separaciju uzoraka proveo je Institut za oceanografiju i ribarstvo u Splitu. Uzorci su dostavljeni na adresu Kemijsko – tehnološkog fakulteta u Splitu gdje je provedena daljnja analiza. Karakterizacija mikroplastike izvršena je nad 228 ispitaka s lokacije Bačvice u Splitu i 32 ispitka s Neretve. Ispitci su vizualnom analizom svrstani u kategorije prema obliku, definirane DeFishGear protokolom: filamenti, filmovi, fragmenti, granule, peleti i pjene, nakon čega im je određena boja i prozirnost. Masa pojedinačnih ispitaka određena je pomoću analitičke vage, a površina i maksimalna dimenzija određene su upotrebom Digimizer programa za obradu slika. Identifikacija vrste mikroplastike provedena je FTIR spektroskopijom i diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom. Identificirano je ukupno 40 ispitaka s lokacije Bačvice i 32 s lokacije Neretva. Ostali su bili premalih dimenzija i mase za analizu ovim tehnikama. Najzastupljenija kategorija su fragmenti. Ispitci su većinom neprozirni, bijele boje, a većina ih prema veličini pripada mikroplastici (čestice promjera < 5 mm). Najzastupljenija vrsta polimernog materijala u ukupnom uzorku je polipropilen, nakon kojeg slijede polietilen (visoke i niske gustoće) i polistiren. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na postojanje mikroplastičnog otpada u sedimentu hrvatskih plaža, koji većim dijelom vjerojatno potječe od nepropisno odbačene jednokratne ambalaže.This thesis shows the characterization and identification of microplastic waste found in the sediment of Bačvice beach in Split and in the estuary of the river Neretva. Sampling and separation of samples was carried out by the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split. The samples were delivered to the address of the Faculty of Chemistry and Technology in Split, where further analysis were performed. Characterization of microplastics was performed on 228 specimens from the Bačvice location in Split and 32 from the Neretva. Specimens were visually analyzed and sorted into categories according to shape, defined by the DeFishGear protocol: filaments, films, fragments, granules, pellets and foams, after which their color and transparency were determined. The mass of the individual specimens was determined using an analytical balance while the area and maximum dimension were determined using a Digimizer image processing program. Identification of the type of microplastic was performed by FTIR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. A total of 40 specimens from the Bačvice site and 32 from the Neretva site were identified. Others were too small to analyze with these techniques. The most common category is fragments. Samples are mostly opaque, white in color. Most samples, by size, belong to microplastics (particles < 5 mm in diameter). The most common type of polymeric material in the total sample is polypropylene, followed by polyethylene (high and low density) and polystyrene. The obtained results indicate that microplastic waste exists in the sediment of the Croatian beaches, which for the most part probably originates from improperly discarded disposable packaging
Analysis of substrate oxygenation efficiency using a hybrid system of diffusor with micro and fine bubbles : diploma thesis
No full textU ovom radu provedena je oksigenacija supstrata (vodovodna voda, komunalna otpadna voda s aktivnim muljem) primjenom jednog i dva difuzora. Napravljen je sedimentacijski test taloženja aktivnog mulja te mikrobiološka analiza. Da bi se biološka aerobna obrada otpadne vode mogla provesti, potrebno je u reaktoru postići uvjete zasićenosti kisikom. Kritična razina zasićenosti je 2 mg O 2 /L, optimalna 4 mg O 2 /L, a maksimalna predstavlja količinu kisika ovisno o supstratu. Rezultati oksigenacije ispitivanih supstrata pokazali su da se u kratkom vremenu postiže kritična, a potom i optimalna razina zasićenosti kisikom. Ovo ukazuje na primjenjivost biološke obrade komunalne otpadne vode s aktivnim muljem primjenom difuzora pri čemu se učinkovitost od 86,58% izražena preko KPK pokazatelja postiže za 5,5 sati primjenom jednog difuzora.In this paper, oxygenation of the substrate (tap water, municipal wastewater with activated sludge) was performed by using one and two diffusers. A sedimentation test of activated sludge and microbiological analysis was performed. To perform biological aerobic wastewater treatment, it is necessary to achieve oxygen saturation conditions in the reactor. The critical saturation level is 2 mg O 2 /L, the optimal 4 mg O 2 /L, and the maximum amount of dissolved oxygen depends on the substrate. The results of oxygenation of the tested substrates showed that a critical and then optimal level of oxygen saturation is achieved in a short time. This indicates the applicability of the biological treatment of municipal wastewater with activated sludge using a diffuser, where the efficiency of 86.58% expressed through the COD indicator is achieved after 5.5 hours by using a single diffuser
Selected species of brown algae from Dictyotaceae family: review on studies of volatile compounds : bachelor thesis
No full textAlge čine raznoliku skupinu organizama te predstavljaju bogati izvor spojeva. U ovom radu je dan pregled istraživanja isparljivih organskih spojeva dviju smeđih morskih makroalga iz porodice Dictyotaceae: Padina pavonica i Dictyopteris polypodioides. Isparljivi spojevi identificirani u kemijskim profilima odabranih vrsta alga pripadaju različitim grupama organskih spojeva među kojima se mogu istaknuti C 8 - spojevi, spojevi sa sumporom, viši alifatski alkoholi, terpeni, esteri, C 11 -ugljikovodici, masne kiseline i aromatski spojevi. Pregledom literature glavni isparljivi spojevi identificirani u kromatografskim profilima alge P. pavonica su oktan-1-ol, oktanal, dimetil-sulfid, trans-fitol, pačidiktol A, (Z)-oktadec-9-en-1-ol, heksadekan-1-ol, (Z,Z)-oktadeka-3,13-dien-1-ol, di-(2-etilheksil)-ftalat, benzil-acetat, benzil-formijat te palmitinska kiselina. Kod alge D. polypodioides glavni identificirani isparljivi spojevi su diktiopteren A, diktioptren B, diktiopteren C, diktiopteren D', undec-1-en-3-on, tribrommetan, 3-heksil-4,5- ditiacikloheptanon i albikanol. Za izolaciju isparljivih organskih spojeva najčešće je korištena hidrodestilacija (HD), a navedene su i druge metode kao što su istovremena destilacija-ekstrakcija (SDE), mikroekstrakcija vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME), superkritična ekstrakcija fluidima (SFE) i hidrodestilacija potpomognuta usmjerenim mikrovalovima (FMA-HD). Svi izolati isparljivih spojeva odabranih vrsta makroalga analizirani su uglavnom primjenom plinske kromatografije-spektrometrije masa (GC-MS). Unutar iste vrste morskih makroalga uočene su razlike u kemijskom sastavu isparljivih organskih spojeva što se može pripisati primijenjonoj metodi izolacije, kao i genetskim čimbenicima populacije ili različitim uvjetima u morskim staništima.Algae form a diverse group of organisms and represent rich source of compounds. This study represents rieview on studies of volatile organic compounds of two brown seaweeds from the family Dictyotaceae: Padina pavonica and Dictyopteris polypodioides. Volatile organic compounds identified in chemical profiles of selected species of algae belong to different groups of organic compounds among which C 8 - compounds, sulphur compounds, higher aliphatic alcohols, terpenes, esters, C 11 - hydrocarbons, fatty acids and aromatic compounds can be highlighted. According to literature the main compounds identified in chromatographic profiles of alga P. pavonica were octan-1-ol, octanal, dimethyl sulfide, trans-phytol, pachydictol A, (Z)-octadec-9-en-1-ol, hexadecan-1-ol, (Z,Z)-octadeca-3,13-dien-1-ol, di-2-(ethylhexyl)- phthalate, benzyl acetate, benzyl formate and palmitic acid. The main volatile compounds identified in the alga D. polypodioides are dictyopterene A, dictyopterene B, dictyopterene C, dictyopterene D', undec-1- en-3-on, tribromomethane, 3-hexyl-4,5-dithiacycloheptanone and albicanol. The most commonly used method for isolation of volatile organic compounds was hydrodistillation (HD), and also other methods were reported such as simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE), headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and focused microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (FMA- HD). The exctracts of volatile organic compounds of selected algal species were analysed mainly by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Differences in chemical composition of volatile organic compounds were observed within the same species of seaweeds, which can be atribbuted to extraction method used, genetical factors of the populations or to different conditions of the habitat
Antioxidant prorperties of herbs : diploma thesis
No full textZabrinutost potrošača o štetnosti sintetskih aditiva sve više utječe na primjenu prirodnih aditiva koji jednako dobro mogu osigurati sigurnu i kvalitetnu hranu. Interes za mogućom primjenom prirodnih dodataka u hrani, bilo da se spriječi rast patogena koji se prenose hranom ili da se odgodi njeno oksidativno kvarenje, sve je veći. Mnoga istraživanja ukazuju na činjenicu da biljni ekstrakti zahvaljujući fenolnim spojevima, posjeduju dobra antioksidacijska svojstva. Za određivanje aktivnosti nekog uzorka, koriste se različite metode temeljene na različitim mehanizmima djelovanja. U cilju određivanja antioksidacijskog kapaciteta vodenih ekstrakata ljekovitog bilja kadulje, klinčića, lovora, masline i ružmarina korištene su tri antioksidacijske metode: FRAP (engl. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), DPPH (engl. 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhidrazyl assay) i ORAC (engl. Oxygen Radical Absorbing Capacity) metoda. Rezultati antioksidacijske aktivnosti određene DPPH metodom ukazuju na izuzetno dobru redukcijsku sposobnost svih testiranih ekstrakata ljekovitog bilja. ORAC i DPPH metodom ekstrakt masline imao je najveću antioksidacijsku aktivnost, a FRAP metodom ekstrakt klinčića. Obzirom na udio ukupnih fenola i antioksidacijski potencijal može se zaključiti da se ekstrakt klinčića pokazao kao najbolji, no i ostali testirani ekstrakti pokazuju izniman antioksidacijski potencijal i mogućnost primjene u prehrambenoj industriji kao zamjena za sintetske aditive.Consumer concerns about the harmfulness of synthetic additives are increasingly affecting the use of natural additives that can provide safe and equally quality food. Interest in the possible use of natural food additives, whether to prevent the growth of foodborne pathogens or to delay its oxidative spoilage, is growing. Many studies point to the fact that plant extracts, thanks to phenolic compounds, possess good antioxidant properties. To determine the activity of a sample, different methods based on different mechanisms of action are used. In order to determine the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts of sage, clove, laurel, olive, and rosemary, three antioxidant methods were used: FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay), and ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbing Capacity) method. The results of antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH method indicate an extremely good reducing ability of all tested herbs extracts. The olive extract showed the highest antioxidant activity using ORAC and DPPH method, and clove extract using the FRAP method. Considering the total phenols content and antioxidant potential, it can be concluded that clove extract proved to be the best, but other tested extracts show exceptional antioxidant potential and the possibility of application in the food industry as a substitute for synthetic additives
Casula agents of decay of mandarin fruits - Citrus unshiu during marketing : bachelor thesis
No full textIstraživanja uzročnika propadanja svježih plodova mandarine – Citrus unshiu (Marc.) u četiri odabranatrgovačkacentrautvrdilasusljedećeuzročnikepropadanjaplodovamandarine:crnatrulež– Alternariaalternata(Fr.)Keissl,antraknoza–Colletotrichumgloeosporioides(Penz.)Penz.&Sacc.,plava plijesan–PenicilliumitalicumWehmer,zelenaplijesan–Penicilliumdigitatum(Pers.)Sacc.Utvrđenoje dagubitciuzrokovanigljivičnimbolestimaplodovaiznose923,5%.Najzastupljenijiuzročnikpropadanja plodovausvimuzorcimajecrnatrulež–A.alternatasazarazomplodova7,517%,nakontogaantraknoza –C.gloeosporioidessazarazomplodova0,53,5%,zatimplavaplijesan–P.italicumsazarazom12,5%, tezelenaplijesan–P.digitatumsazarazom00,5%.Rezultatipotvrđujuneadekvatnostpostupakaimjera zaštitenakonberbeitijekomstavljanjaplodovamandarinenatržište.Researchesofthecausesoffreshmandarin–Citrusunshiu(Marc.)fruitsdecayinfourselected shoppingcentreshaveidentifiedthefollowingcasualagentsoffruitrotofmandarinfruits:blackrot– Alternariaalternata(Fr.)Keissl,anthracnose–Colletotrichumgloeosporioides(Penz.)Penz.&Sacc.,blue mould–PenicilliumitalicumWehmer,greenmould–Penicilliumdigitatum(Pers.)Sacc.Thelossescaused bythefungaldiseasesofthefruitswerefoundtobefrom9to23.5%.Themostcommoncauseoffruit degradationinallsamplesisblackrot–A.alternatawithfruitinfestationfrom7.5to17%,followedby citrusanthracnose–C.gloeosporioideswithfruitinfestationfrom0.5to3.5%,bluemould–P.italicum withinfectionfrom1to2.5%,andgreenmould–P.digitatumwithinfectionfrom0to0.5%.Theresults confirmtheinadequacyofpostharvestproceduresandcontrolmeasuresduringmarketingofmandarin fruits
Electrochemical study of galic acid on modified glassy carbon electrodes with carbon nanomaterials: contribution to the optimization of electroanalytical methods : diploma thesis
No full textU ovom radu izvršena je modifikacija elektrode od staklastog ugljika sa različitim ugljikovim nanomaterijalima (grafen, elektrokemijski reducirani grafenov oksid, jednozidne ugljikove nanočestice, višezidne ugljikove nanočestice). Ispitano je elektrokemijsko ponašanje modificiranih i elektrokemijski funkcionaliziranih elektroda u prisutnosti galne kiseline u različitim puferima (acetatni pufer, Britton-Robison pufer, model otopine vina). Elektrokemijsko ponašanje galne kiseline u različitim puferima rađeno je metodama cikličke voltametrije i elektrokemijske impedancijske spektroskopije. Prikazan je utjecaj različite debljine sloja modifikatora i različitog broja ciklusa, kao i ovisnost visine anodnog strujnog pika o brzini posmika i njegovu korijenu u različitim puferima. Mjerenja su vršena pri različitim pH vrijednostima, te je utvrđena ovisnost ponašanja galne kiseline na različito pripremljenim elektrodama. Nakon provedenih mjerenja objašnjen je mehanizam elektrokemijskih reakcija, ponašanje elektroda u različitim puferima, te ograničenja i problemi vezani za elektrokemijsko ponašanje.In this paper was investigated a modification of a glassy carbon electrode with different carbon nanomaterials (graphene, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide, single-walled carbon nanoparticles, multi-walled carbon nanoparticles). The electrochemical behavior of modified and electrochemically functionalized electrodes in the presence of gallic acid in different buffers (acetate buffer, Britton-Robison buffer, wine solution model) was investigated. The electrochemical behavior of gallic acid in different buffers was performed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The influence of different layer thickness of the modifier and different number of cycles is shown as well as the dependence of the anode current peak height on the shear rate and its root in different buffers. Measurments were performed at different pH values, and the dependence of galic acid behavior on differently prepared electrodes was determined. After the measurments, the mechanism of electrochemical reactions, the behavior of the electrodes in different buffers and the limitations and problems related to electrochemical behavior were explained
Time monitoring of lead and zinc sorption from aqueous solutions onto different biosorbents : diploma thesis
No full textOnečišćenja iz poljoprivredne proizvodnje, rudarenja te kemijske industrije dovode do povećanja koncentracije toksičnih i kancerogenih teških metala u prirodnim vodama. Stoga se nastoje razviti isplative ekološki prihvatljive metode njihova uklanjanja, poput adsorpcije i ionske izmjene na low-cost sorbentima. U ovome radu ispitana je mogućnost primjene otpada i ostataka iz lokalnih pogona za proizvodnju i preradu hrane - koštica maslina, peleta komine masline te ostataka hridinskog ježinca, kao biosorbenata za uklanjanje olova i cinka iz vodenih otopina. Također su ispitana sorpcijska svojstva koštica maslina nakon izdvajanja ulja hladnom ekstrakcijom s n-heksanom i etanolom. Svi ispitani biosorbenti tijekom vremena pokazuju veći kapacitet sorpcije prema cinku nego prema olovu. Količine sorbiranog olova i cinka osciliraju tijekom vremena najvjerojatnije uslijed simultanih procesa sorpcije/desorpcije, koji su posljedica strukture i sastava pojedinih biosorbenata kao i afiniteta olova i cinka prema biosorbentima. Efekt sorpcije/desorpcije izraženiji je za cink. Olovo je najbolje sorbirano na košticama masline KM-H (24,3%) nakon 24 h kontakta, a najlošije na peletu komine masline s maksimalnom učinkovitošću od svega 13,3%. Cink je najbolje sorbiran na ostacima hridinskog ježinca s učinkovitošću 42,4 - 51,5%, koja je najveća nakon 7 h kontakta, a na ostalim biosorbentima s učinkovitošću ≥ 30% i to u prva 4 h kontakta. Saznanje da je kod nekih biosorbenata bolja učinkovitost sorpcije postignuta pri kraćem vremenu kontakta može pridonijeti određivanju optimalnijeg vremena kontakta, s ciljem postizanja najboljeg uklanjanja olova i cinka te brže i isplativije obrade vode. Ekstrakcija ulja iz koštica maslina hladnim postupkom imala je neznatan utjecaj na sorpcijska svojstva te bi se koštice i nakon izdvajanja ulja mogle koristiti za sorpciju olova i cinka. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata, primjena otpada i ostataka iz proizvodnje i prerade hrane kao biosorbenata mogla bi osigurati ekološki i ekonomski prihvatljivu obradu voda onečišćenih teškim metalima. Osim toga, uporabom otpada u navedenu svrhu smanjila bi se njegova izvorna količina koja bi mogla neiskorištena završiti na odlagalištu.The pollution from agricultural production, mining and chemical industry, leads to increased quantity of toxic and carcinogenic heavy metals in natural waters. Therefore, efforts are being made for development of cost-effective environmentally friendly methods of their removal, such as adsorption and ion exchange using low-cost sorbents. In this paper, the possibility of using waste and residues from local plants for food production and processing - olive pits, olive pomace pellets and residues of sea urchin, as biosorbents for the removal of lead and zinc from aqueous solutions was investigated. The sorption properties of olive pits after oil recovery by cold extraction with n-hexane and ethanol were also investigated. All tested biosorbents show a higher sorption capacity towards zinc than lead over time. The amounts of sorbed lead and zinc oscillate over time, most likely due to simultaneous sorption/desorption processes, which are a consequence of the structure and composition of each biosorbent as well as the affinity of lead and zinc for biosorbents. The sorption/desorption effect is more pronounced for zinc. Lead is best sorbed on KM-H olive pits (24.3%) after 24 h of contact and worst on olive pomace pellets with a maximum efficiency of only 13.3%. Zinc is best sorbed on the residues of the sea urchin with an efficiency of 42.4 - 51.5%, which was the highest after 7 h of contact. On other biosorbents zinc was sorbed with an efficiency of ≥ 30%, achieved in the first 4 h of contact. The knowledge that some biosorbents have better sorption efficiency in a shorter contact time can contribute to determining the most optimal contact time, with the aim of achieving the best lead and zinc removal and thus faster and more cost-effective water treatment. Extraction of oil from olive pits by the cold process had a negligible effect on the sorption properties, and the pits could be used for sorption of lead and zinc even after the oil recovery. Based on the obtained results, the use of waste and residues from food production and processing as biosorbents could ensure environmentally and economically acceptable treatment of waters contaminated with heavy metals. In addition, the use of waste for this purpose would reduce its original quantity, which could end up unused in a landfill
Sensitivity of olive cultivars on the occurrence of fungal diseases during harvesting and storage : bachelor thesis
No full textU radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja osjetljivosti pojedinih sorti maslina na gljivična oboljenja prilikom skladištenja. Plodovi maslina su se prikupljali od listopada do prosinca 2019. godine. Svi plodovi su prikupljeni iz istog maslinika isključujući tako utjecaj geografskog položaja na pojavu određenih gljivičnih infekcija. Maslinik se nalazi na području Vele Luke i u njemu se ne provodi program zaštite maslina od bolesti i štetnika koji napadaju masline. Vizualnom metodom pregleda plodova utvrđen je utjecaj vremenskog roka i načina berbe na pojavu gljivičnih uzročnika kvarenja plodova. Plodovi dobiveni ručnom berbom imaju veći postotak zdravih plodova u odnosu na one dobivene mehaničkom berbom. Berba tijekom prvog vremenskog roka daje veći postotak zdravih plodova od berbe tijekom drugog i trećeg vremenskog roka. Sorte Lastovka, Drobnica i Oblica pokazuju različitu osjetljivost na gljivična oboljenja stoga Lastovku možemo okarakterizirati kao najotporniju sortu, a Oblicu kao najosjetljiviju. Mikološkom analizom utvrđeno je prisustvo nekoliko vrsta uzročnika gljivičnih oboljenja: Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Botryosphaeria sp., Alternaria spp., Colletotrichum sp. i Pseudocercosporella spp. Najzastupljeniji uzročnik gljivičnih oboljenja u svim plodovima je Fusarium spp. i Penicillium spp. Nazočnost roda Botryosphaeria sp. je utvrđena na uzorcima sorata Lastovka i Oblica, Alternaria spp. na sorti Drobnica, Colletotrichum sp. na sorti Oblica i Pseudocercosporella spp. na sorti Lastovka.This paper presents the results of research on the susceptibility of certain cultivar to fungal diseases during olive storage. Olive fruits were harvested from October to December of 2019. All fruits were collected from the same olive grove, thus excluding the influence of geographical location on the occurrence of certain fungal infections. The olive grove is located in the area of Vela Luka and it does not implement a program olives protect from diseases and pests that attack olives. The visual inspection method of fruit determined the effect of the time and method of harvesting on the occurrence of fungal causes of fruit spoilage. Fruits obtained by hand harvesting have a higher percentage of healthy fruits compared to those obtained by mechanical harvesting. Harvest during the first period gives a higher percentage of healthy fruit than harvest during the second and third periods. Cultivars Lastovka, Drobnica and Oblica show different susceptibility to fungal diseases, so Lastovka can be characterized as the most resistant, and Oblica as the most susceptible cultivar. Mycological analysis revealed the presence of several types of fungal pathogens: Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Botryosphaeria sp., Alternaria spp., Colletotrichum sp. and Pseudocercosporella spp. The most common cause of fungal diseases in all fruits are Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. The presence of the genus Botryosphaeria sp. was found on samples of cultivars Lastovka and Oblica, Alternaria spp. on cultivar Drobnica, Colletotrichum sp. of the cultivars Oblica and Pseudocercosporella spp. of the cultivar Lastovka
Ion exchangers and their application in water demineralization : bachelor thesis
No full textIonska izmjena je reverzibilan proces koji se odvija između krute faze i otopine elektrolita. Kod navedenog procesa koriste se ionski izmjenjivači koji predstavljaju krute u vodi netopljive, različite kopolimere umrežene u trodimenzionalnu strukturu. Obzirom na vrstu iona kojeg izmjenjuju razlikujemo: jako kiseli kationski izmjenjivač, slabo kiseli kationski izmjenjivač, slabo bazni anionski i jako bazni anionski izmjenjivač. Svoju primjenu nalaze u demineralizaciji vode. Voda je jedna od najvažnijih tvari u prirodi, koristi se za održavanje života svih organizama na Zemlji te svoju primjenu pronalazi i u industriji. Za korištenje u industriji voda mora ispunjavati određene zahtjeve, jedan od zahtjeva je zadovoljen procesom demineralizacije ionskim izmjenjivačima. Demineralizirana voda dobiva se provođenjem sirove vode kroz kombinaciju ionskih izmjenjivača pomoću koji se iz vode uklanjaju sve otopljene soli. Kao takva svoju primjenu nalazi u različitim industrijama kao što su na primjer: prehrambena industrija, tehnološki pogoni, farmaceutska industrija i dr.Ion exchange is a reversible process that takes place between the solid phase and the electrolyte solution. In this process, ion exchangers are used, which are solid water-insoluble, different copolymers crosslinked in a three-dimensional structure. Depending on the type of ion they exchange, we distinguish: strongly acidic cation exchanger, weakly acidic cation exchanger, weakly basic anion and strongly basic anion exchanger. They find their application in water demineralization. Water is one of the most important substances in nature, it is used to sustain the life of all organisms on Earth, and they find their application in industry. For use in industry, water must meet certain requirements, one of the requirements is met by the process of demineralization by ion exchangers. Demineralized water is obtained by passing raw water through a combination of ion exchangers by which all dissolved salts are removed from the water. As such, this examples can be found in various industries, such as: food industry, technological plants, pharmaceutical industry, etc
Potentiometric determination of fluoride in wines and fruts - review : bachelor thesis
No full textFluor je element od velike važnosti za ljudsko zdravlje. U voću i vinu je prisutan u malim količinama. Za njegovo određivanje koriste se različite tehnike i metode, a najjednostavnija je potenciometrijska metoda određivanja fluorid-ion selektivnom elektrodom. Koncentracije fluorida u analiziranim uzorcima vina su u rasponu od 0,2 do 3,0 mg/L dok su u voću od 0,001 do 0,0044 mg/L. U ovom radu dat je pregled potenciometrijskog određivanja fluorida u vinima i voću.Fluorine is an element of great importance to human health. In fruits and wines it is present in small quantities. Different techniques and methods are used to determine it, and it is the simplest potentiometric method of determination by fluoride-ion selective electrode. The fluoride concentrations of analyzed wine samples is within the range from 0.2 to 3.0 mg/L while in fruits from 0.001 to 0.0044 mg / L. This review describes recent literature on potentiometric determination of fluoride in wines and fruits