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Treatment of olive pomace leachate by aeration and ultrasound : graduate thesis
No full textU ovom radu simulirano je dobivanje procjedne vode komine masline 24-satnim ispiranjem komine destiliranom vodom. Ispitani su fizikalno-kemijski pokazatelji kakvoće vode; pH, mutnoća, električna provodnost, KPK i BPK₅, koji su premašivali granične vrijednosti propisane Pravilnikom o graničnim vrijednostima emisija otpadnih voda. Procjedna voda nije pogodna za ispust u površinske vode ni u sustav javne odvodnje te je potrebna njena obrada. Provedena su tri postupka obrade; aeracija, ultrazvučna obrada te njihova kombinacija. Pojedinačna primjena aeracije i ultrazvuka nije rezultirala zadovoljavajućim uklanjanjem organske tvari, međutim njihova kombinirana primjena je pokazala uspješan sinergijski učinak. Ostvareno je smanjenje KPK vrijednosti za 55,10 %, tj. 51,83 % u odnosu na početne vrijednosti, što ukazuje na visoku učinkovitost kombinirane primjene ovih dviju metoda u uklanjanju organske tvari iz otpadne vode. Dobiveni rezultati otvaraju mogućnost njezine primjene ne samo u budućim istraživanjima, već i u razvoju inovativnih i učinkovitih rješenja za obradu otpadnih voda koje sadrže složene organske tvari u praksi. Takav pristup može doprinijeti unaprjeđenju postojećih tehnologija pročišćavanja, osobito u slučajevima gdje je potrebno smanjiti organsko opterećenje na ekološki prihvatljiv i energetski učinkovit način.The simulated olive pomace leachate was obtained by continuously leaching the pomace with distilled water for 24 hours. Water quality parameters as pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, COD and BOD 5 were determined in the sample and according to legal regulations, prescribed by Croatian law on Wastewater Emission Limit Values, the leachate is not suitable for discharge into surface water or into the public sewage system and requires treatment. The three treatment methods were applied; aeration, ultrasound treatment, and their combination. The individual application of aeration and ultrasound did not result in satisfactory removal of organic matter; however, their combination showed a pronounced synergistic effect. A reduction in COD values by 55.10 % and 51.83 % was achieved compared to the initial values, indicating the high effectiveness of the combined application of these two methods in removing organic matter from wastewater. The obtained results open the possibility of applying this method not only in future research but also in the development of innovative and efficient solutions for wastewater treatment in practice. Such an approach could contribute to the improvement of existing wastewater treatment technologies, particularly in cases where it is necessary to reduce organic load in an ecologically sustainable and energy-efficient manner
Life cycle assessment of municipal waste management systems: A case study of the city of Zagreb : diploma thesis
No full textOdrţivo gospodarenje otpadom predstavlja gospodarenje otpadom u skladu s urbanim razvojem, u kojem se resursi koriste za zadovoljavanje dnevnih ljudskih potreba uz osiguravanje odrţivosti prirodnih sustava i okoliša odgovarajućim postupanjem s otpadom. MeĊutim, meĊudjelovanje ĉovjekovih aktivnosti i njegova prirodnog okoliša je kompleksno i ĉesto ga je teško kvantificirati. Analitiĉki alat LCA (engl. Life-Cycle Assessment) moţe pomoći holistiĉkom razumijevanju sustava gospodarenja otpadom te postizanju odrţive prakse gospodarenja krutim komunalnim otpadom. U ovom radu analiziran je utjecaj na okoliš sustava gospodarenja krutim komunalnim otpadom grada Zagreba raĉunalnim programom IWM-EPIC/CSR (Integrated Waste Management-Environment and Plastics Industry Council and Corporations Supporting Recycling). Na temelju podataka o otpadu za 2020. godinu za grad Zagreb razmatrana su ĉetiri scenarija gospodarenja komunalnim otpadom u skladu s ciljevima hrvatskog zakonodavstva o otpadu. Nakon analize i usporedbe utjecaja na okoliš razliĉitih scenarija sustava gospodarenja otpadom zakljuĉeno je kako bi se implementacijom sustava gospodarenja komunalnim otpadom koji predstavljaju unaprjeĊenje postojećeg sustava, a usklaĊeni su s redom prvenstva gospodarenja otpadom, smanjili svi vaţniji utjecaji na zdravlje ljudi, smanjila bi se degradacija okoliša i uvelike smanjilo crpljenje nepovratnih prirodnih bogatstava.Sustainable solid waste management refers to a mode of waste management in accordance with urban development in which resource use aims to meet human needs of daily consumption while ensuring the sustainability of natural systems and the environment through appropriate waste management. However, the interactions between human activities and the environment are complicated and often difficult to quantify. The analytical tool LCA (Life-Cycle Assessment) can aid in the development of a sustainable solid municipal waste management practice and a comprehensive understanding of the waste management system. In this thesis, the environmental effects of the City of Zagreb's solid municipal waste management system were examined using a computer program IWM-EPIC/CSR (Integrated Waste Management-Environment and Plastics Industry Council and Corporations Supporting Recycling). Four municipal waste management scenarios were taken into consideration in accordance with the objectives of the Croatian waste legislation based on waste statistics for the City of Zagreb for the year 2020. After analyzing and comparing the environmental impacts of different scenarios of the waste management system, it was concluded that the implementation of the municipal waste management system, which is an improvement of the existing system and is aligned with the waste management hierarchy, would reduce all significant impacts on human health and would reduce environmental degradation and greatly reduce the extraction of irreversible natural resources
Metabolomil analysis of impact of thieno [2, 3-b] pyridine compound on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells : diploma thesis
No full textPojam metabolomika se odnosi na sustavnu identifikaciju i kvantifikaciju svih metabolita u određenom organizmu ili biološkom uzorku. Trenutno se koriste dva komplementarna pristupa za metabolička istraživanja: metaboličko profiliranje i metabolički otisak prsta (eng. fingerprint). Za metabolomičke analize koriste se tehnike za separaciju i tehnike visoke rezolucije za identifikaciju metabolita. Nakon što su analitičkim tehnikama dobiveni sirovi spektri, prije same statističke analize podataka, potrebna je predobrada neobrađenih podataka. Statistička analiza može biti univarijatna ili multivarijatna. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti utjecaj spoja (E)-3-amino-5-(3-(3-bromfenil)akriloil)-N-(3-kloro-2-metilfenil)-6- metiltieno[2,3-b]piridin-2-karboksamida (u nastavku teksta tieno[2,3-b]piridin) na metabolizam dvije vrste stanica raka dojke MCF-7 i MDA-MB-231. Za definiranje pikova, poravnanje RT vremena te označavanje i integraciju pikova korišten je softver Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis. Platforma za analizu metabolomičkih podataka MetaboAnalyst je korištena za analizu različito eksprimiranih metabolita kroz dvije stanične linije. Rezultati analize pokazuju da tretman stanica tieno[2,3-b]piridinom ima veliki učinak na metabolizam glukoze odnosno energetske cikluse u stanici, a posebno na glikolizu, glukoneogenezu, metabolizam piruvata, pojavu Warburgova efekta i metabolizam inozitola. Tieno[2,3-b]piridin ima veću citotoksičnost za MDA-MB-231 u odnosu na MCF-7 staničnu liniju.The term metabolomics refers to the systematic identification and quantification of all metabolites in certain organisms or biological samples. Currently, two complementary approaches are used in metabolic research: metabolic profiling and metabolic fingerprinting. Separation and high-resolution techniques for metabolite identification have been used in metabolomic analyses. After the raw spectra have been obtained using analytical techniques, preprocessing of the raw data is required before statistical analysis of the data. Statistical analyses can be univariate or multivariate. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of compound (E)-3-amino-5-(3-(3- bromophenyl)acryloyl)-N-(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-6-methylthieno[2,3-b] pyridine-2-carboxamide (hereinafter thieno[2,3-b]pyridine) on the metabolism of two types of breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA- MB-231. Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis software was used for peak definition, RT time alignment, and peak annotation and integration. MetaboAnalyst, a platform dedicated to metabolomic data analysis, was used to analyze differentially expressed metabolites across the two cell lines. The results of the analysis showed that the treatment of cells with thieno[2,3-b]pyridine had a great impact on glucose metabolism, that is, energy cycles in the cell, especially on glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, the occurrence of Warburg effect, and inositol metabolism. Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine showed greater cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells than in MCF-7 cells
Production of craft beer and analysis of volatile compounds during and after alchoholic fermentation : diploma thesis
No full textU ovom radu opisan je postupak proizvodnje craft piva i kemijska analiza hlapljivih spojeva. Prvi korak je bio proizvesti craft pivo s dodatkom maline pomoću Grainfather uređaja. Uzorci su uzimani svaki dan tijekom i nakon alkoholne fermentacije craft piva. Hlapljivi spojevi iz uzoraka su izolirani mikroekstrakcijom vršnih para na čvrstoj fazi (HS-SPME). Analiza izoliranih hlapljivih spojeva provedena je pomoću spregnute tehnike plinska kromatografija - masena spektrometrija (GC-MS). Iz dobivenih rezultata vidljivo je da su najzastupljeniji spojevi alkoholi, terpeni i esteri.This paper describes production of craft beer and chemical analysis of volatile compunds. The first step was to brew a raspberry-infused craft beer using the Grainfather machine. Samples were taken every day during and after alchoholic fermentation of the craft beer. Volatile compounds from the samples were isolated by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The analysis of the isolated volatile compounds was carried out using the coupled technique of gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC- MS). From the obtained results it is evident that the most abundant compounds are alchohols, terpenes and esters
Analysis of biowaste composting process in C-EcoForHome composter : bachelor thesis
No full textKompostiranje je prirodan način zbrinjavanja biootpada. U ovom radu praćen je proces kompostiranja u C- EcoForHome komposteru ručne izrade uz dodatak inokulatora s anaerobnim mikroorganizmima. Biootpad je prikupljen u DV Iskrica, OŠ Skalice i Udruzi Škmer. Tijekom procesa kompostiranja praćeni su: temperatura, visina stupca kompostne hrpe, sadržaj suhe i hlapljive tvari, sadržaj vlage, ugljika, dušika, C/N omjer, pH i električna provodnost. Rezultati su pokazali da se fermentacijom biootpada u komposteru C–EcoForHome uspješno može zbrinuti biootpad u odabranim institucijama, a dobiveni predkompost dalje ide na dozrijevanje i razgradnju u tlu.Composting is a natural way of disposing of biowaste. In this paper, the process of composting in the handmade C-EcoForHome composter with the addition of an inoculator with anaerobic microorganisms was performed. Biowaste was collected in DV Iskrica, Elementary School Skalice and Association Škmer. During the composting process, the following were monitored: temperature, column height of compost pile, content of dry and volatile matter, content of moisture, carbon, nitrogen, pH value and electrical conductivity. The results showed that biowaste can be successfully disposed of by fermentation of biowaste in the C-EcoForHome composter located in selected institutions, while the obtained pre- compost is further processed through maturation and decomposition in soil
Efficiency analysis of the hybrid process of electrocoagulation and natural zeolite for compost leachate treatment : bachelor thesis
No full textU ovom radu ispitivana je učinkovitost hibridnog procesa elektrokoagulacije i prirodnog zeolita (EKZ) za obradu kompostne procjedne vode. Eksperimenti su provedeni u elektrokemijskoj ćeliji uz korištenje elektroda od različitih materijala, pri različitim početnim pH vrijednostima te dodatkom elektrolita NaCl i prirodnog zeolita. Tijekom EKZ procesa praćena je promjena pH vrijednosti, električne vodljivosti i temperature, a nakon EKZ procesa proveden je test taloživosti te su u otopini određeni mutnoća, kemijska potrošnja kisika (KPK) i isparni ostatak (TS). Analiza rezultata je pokazala najveću efikasnost uklanjanja štetnih tvari iz otpadne vode u eksperimentima sa aluminijevim elektrodama. Testovi taloženja su pokazali dobra odvajanja taloga od tekuće faze. Temeljem vrijednosti utroška mase elektroda te napona i struje izračunate su potrošnje elektroda i energije pri različitim radnim uvjetima.In this paper, the effectiveness of the hybrid process of electrocoagulation and natural zeolite (ECZ) for the tratment od compost leachate was examined. The experiments were performed in a electrochemical cell using electrodes made of different materials, at different initial pH values, with the addition of NaCl electrolyte and natural zeolite. During the ECZ process, a change in pH, electrical conductivity and temperature was measured, and after, a settleability test was carried out, and turbidity, chemical oxygen consumption (COD) and total solids were determined in the solution. The anaysis of the results showed the highest efficienty of removal of harmful substances from wastewater in experiments with aluminum electrodes. Settling tests showed good separation of the precipitate from the liquid phase. Based on values of electrode mass change, voltage and current, consumption of electrodes and energy under different operating conditions were calculated
The influence of ground limestone on the specific electrical conductivity of cement paste : bachelor thesis
No full textU ovom radu provedeno je mjerenje specifične električne provodnosti uzoraka cementnih pasti CEM I do pojave maksimalne provodnosti pri 20 °C uz vodo – cementni omjer, V/C = 0,5 i dodatak mljevenog vapnenca s masenim udjelima 5 – 30 % u odnosu na cement. Dobiveni rezultati prikazani su tabelarno i grafički, a obradom rezultata određena je matematička ovisnost specifične električne provodnosti o masenom udjelu mljevenog vapnenca. Utvrđen je utjecaj mljevenog vapnenca na specifične električne provodnosti i na početak vezivanja cementnih pasti. Rezultati su pokazali da dodatkom većeg udjela mljevenog vapnenca u uzorke cementne paste, vrijednosti specifičnih električnih provodnosti blago opadaju, te da se vrijeme početka vezivanja cementnih pasti smanjuje.In this thesis, the specific electrical conductivity of CEM I cement paste samples was measured up to the occurrence of the maximum conductivity at 20 °C with a water/cement ratio of W/C = 0.5 and the addition of ground limestone in mass proportions of 5 - 30 %. The obtained results are presented in tabular and graphical form, and by processing the results, the mathematical dependence of the specific conductivity on the mass fraction of ground limestone was determined. The influence of ground limestone on the specific electrical conductivity and setting time of cement paste was determined. The results show that larger mass fractions of ground limestone cause an earlier setting time of cement paste samples and lower values of specific electrical conductivity
Volatile compounds of flavored olive oil : diploma thesis
No full textZbog svog visokovrijednog nutricionističkog sastava maslina (Olea europea L.) je jedna od najpoznatijih i najzastupljenijih voćnih kultura širom Mediterana. U novije vrijeme, radi trendova u kulinarstvu i gastronomiji maslinovo ulje se počelo aromatizirati raznim začinskim i aromatičnim biljem. Izolacija hlapljivih spojeva aromatiziranih maslinovih ulja provedena je pomoću hidrodestilacije i mikroekstrakcije vršnih para na krutoj fazi. Izolirani hlapljivi spojevi su analizirani veznim sustavom plinska kromatografija spektrometrija masa (GC-MS). Najzastupljeniji spojevi u maslinovom ulju s bosiljkom su estragol i linalol, dok su limonen i (Z)-citral u ulju s limunom. Mentol i p-menton su karakteristični za ulje s mentom, a najviši relativni udio u ulju s chilli paričicom pripada skupini terpenskih spojeva (α-kopaen i α-murolen).Due to its highly valuable food composition, olives (Olea europea L.) are one of the best-known and most represented fruit crops throughout the Mediterranean. In recent times, due to trends in cooking and gastronomy, olive oil has started to be flavored with various spices and aromatic herbs. Isolation of volatile compounds of flavoured olive oils was carried out using hydrodistillation and solid phase microextraction. The isolated volatile compounds were analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) binding system. The most abundant compounds in olive oil with basil were estragole and linalool, while limonene and (Z)-citral were in oil with lemon. Menthol and p-menthone are characteristic of peppermint oil, and the highest relative proportion in peppermint oil belong to the group of terpene compounds (α-copaene and α-murolene)
Equilibrium adsorption of cobalt ions on humus (T=318K) : diploma thesis
No full text: Ispitana je adsorpcija kobaltovih iona iz otopina kobaltovog(II) nitrata heksahidrata, različitih početnih koncentracija (4,692 mmol dm-3, 8,365 mmol dm-3, 11,427 mmol dm-3, 24,896 mmol dm-3 te 36,325 mmol dm-3) na prosijanom humusu u šaržnom reaktoru pri odabranim eksperimentalnim uvjetima: temperatura od 318 K, brzina okretaja od 200 okr min-1, trajanje od 96 h te veličini čestica < 500 μm. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti kako se maksimalna količina adsorbiranih kobaltovih iona na humusu (qe) postiže pri početnoj koncentraciji kobaltovog(II) nitrata heksahidrata od 36,325 mmol dm-3 te iznosi qe = 0,490 mmol g-1, dok je najviša učinkovitost adsorpcije postignuta kod najniže odabrane početne koncentracije otopine od 4,692 mmol dm-3 te iznosi 8,699%. Daljnjim porastom početne koncentracije kobaltovih iona u otopini učinkovitost adsorpcije kobaltovih iona na humusu opada. Uzimajući u obzir kvalitetu slaganja adsorpcijskih modela s podatcima dobivenim eksperimentalno, kao i usporedbom izračunatih vrijednosti maksimuma kapaciteta adsorpcije kobaltovih iona s onima eksperimentalno dobivenim te statističkih parametara (RMSE i χ2), može se zaključiti da najbolje slaganje s eksperimentalnim podatcima pokazuju Freundlichova i Redlich-Petersonova izoterma.The adsorption of cobalt ions from cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate solutions of different initial concentrations (4.692 mmol dm-3, 8.365 mmol dm-3, 11.427 mmol dm-3, 24.896 mmol dm-3, and 36.325 mmol dm-3) was studied on sieved humus in a batch reactor under selected experimental conditions: temperature of 318 K, a stirring speed of 200 rpm, duration of 96 h, and particle size < 500 μm. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the maximum amount of cobalt ions adsorbed on humus (qe) is reached at an initial concentration of cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate of 36.325 mmol dm-3 with the value of qe = 0.490 mmol g-1, while the highest adsorption efficiency was achieved at an initial solution concentration of 4.692 mmol dm-3 and was 8.699%. Further increase in the initial concentration of cobalt ions in solution, decreases adsorption efficiency of cobalt ions on humus. By estimating the fitting of adsorption models with experimental data, by comparing calculated maximum adsorption capacity values with experimentally obtained, and comparing statistical parameter values of RMSE and χ2, it can be concluded that the best agreement with the experimental data is shown by the Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm
ELECTROCOAGULATION AND NATURAL ZEOLITES OF DIFFERENT PARTICLE SIZES FOR TREATMENT OF COMPOST LEACHATE : diploma thesis
No full textKompostiranje je proces u kojem, uz kompost, nastaju i velike količine kompostne procjedne vode opterećene anorganskim i organskim onečišćenjima te mikroorganizmima koje je potrebno ukloniti prije ispuštanja u okoliš kako ne bi došlo do zagađenja. U ovom radu provedeno je ispitivanje učinka hibridnog procesa elektrokoagulacije zajedno sa zeolitom različitih veličina čestica na obradu kompostne procjedne vode. Tijekom eksperimenta pratila se promjena pH, električne vodljivosti i temperatura, a na kraju procesa određeni su kemijska potrošnja kisika (KPK), mutnoća, ukupni isparni ostatak te mase nastalog taloga. Također su ispitane potrošnje elektroda te brzine taloženja suspenzije nakon provedbe hibridnog procesa. Rezultati pH i električne vodljivosti su pokazali najveći rast kod cinkove elektrode i većih gustoća struje. Porast temperature je vidljiv kod svih elektrodnih materijala i pri svim gustoćama struje. Najbolje uklanjanje KPK i mutnoće je pri uvjetima manjih veličina čestica i srednjih gustoća struje, veća je potrošnja anode od katode što je očekivano, no potrošnja katode je pogotovo vidljiva kod većih čestica. Taloženje je vrlo sporo što predstavlja problem budući da se nije postiglo značajno odvajanje nastalog taloga od otopine. Rezultati izračunatih operativnih troškova preko Faraday-eva zakona te smanjenja masa elektroda pokazuju znatne oscilacije vezane uz odabir materijala elektroda, gustoću struje te veličinu čestica prirodnog zeolita.Composting is a process in which, in addition to compost, large amounts of compost leachate loaded with inorganic and organic pollutants and microorganisms are produced, which must be removed before discharge into the environment in order to prevent pollution. In this paper, experiment with hybrid process of electrocoagulation with different natural zeolite particle sizes, for the treatment of compost leachate was carried out. During the experiment, changes in pH, electrical conductivity and temperature were monitored, and at the end of the process, chemical oxygen consumption (COD), turbidity, total solids and the mass of the precipitate were determined. Electrode consumption and suspension settling test after the implementation of the hybrid process were also examined. Results of pH and electrical conductivity have shown the biggest incline when using zinc electrode and larger current density. The highest COD and turbidity decrease is under conditions of smaller particle sizes and medium current densities. The consumption of the anode is higher than the cathode, which is expected, but the consumption of the cathode is especially visible with larger particles. The settling is very slow, which is a problem since no significant separation of the resulting precipitate from the solution has been achieved. The results of the calculated operating costs through Faraday's law and the reduction of electrode masses show significant oscillations related to the choice of electrode material, current density and particle size of natural zeolite