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Sve mogućnosti Baylis-Hillman reakcije
No full textU ovom radu dan je pregled mogućnosti Baylis-Hillman reakcije (Morita-Baylis-Hillman reakcije) kojom nastaje nova ugljik-ugljik veza između aktiviranog alkena i aldehida uz tercijarni amin ili fosfin kao katalizator. Istražene su različite vrste nukleofila i elektrofila, kao i katalizatora koji sudjeluju u reakciji, te su opisana njihova svojstva koja doprinose iskorištenju reakcije. Produkti spomenute reakcije mogu se dalje transformirati u kompleksne molekulske sustave koji nalaze primjenu u medicini. Baylis-Hillman reakcija ima visok potencijal za učestalu primjenu u organskoj sintezi zbog ekonomičnosti, ekološke prihvatljivosti, komercijalno lako dostupnih reaktanata i jednostavnosti provođenja, te je se zbog ovih razloga nastoji što više istražiti i popularizirati
DISTRIBUTION OF 13C ISOTOPE IN SOILS AND WATERS OF THE PLITVICE LAKES CATCHMENT
No full textUgljik ima tri izotopa: 12C (98,89 %), 13C (1,11 %), i 14C (radioaktivni izotop s vrlo malim postotkom na Zemlji). Najveći spremnici ugljika uglavnom su marinski i kopneni sedimenti, brojni organski spojevi u ležišta ugljena, nafte i plina. Na području Plitvičkih jezera otopljeni anorganski ugljik nastaje otapanjem karbonatnih stijena i minerala. Vrijednosti δ13C koriste se za određivanje porijekla ugljena u stijenama, tlu i vodama, što omogućuje proučavanje prirodnih i antropogenih promjena u okolišu kao i promjena klime. Klimatske promjene utječu na vrijednosti δ13C zbog promjena temperature i količine organske materije u slivu i bioprodukcije u jezerskom sustavu. Geološku građu Plitvičkih jezera čine naslage trijasa, jure i krede. Gornjotrijaski i donjojurski dolomiti te laporoviti vapnenci sprječavaju vertikalnu cirkulaciju vode, stvarajući prirodne barijere. Nepropusni trijaski dolomiti ključni su za formiranje Gornjih jezera. Kvartarne naslage sedre prekrivaju mezozojsku vapnenačku podlogu od Kozjaka do Donjih jezera i njihovih pritoka poput rječica Plitvica. Istraživanja su pokazala posljedice klimatskih promjena na ekosustavu u Dinaridima i drugim područjima. Analiza stabilnih izotopa ugljika dala je relevantne podatke, ukazujući na porast biogenog ugljika u vodenim uzorcima, vjerojatno kao posljedica klimatskih promjena.Carbon exists in three isotopic forms: 12C (98.89 %), 13C (1.11 %), and 14C(a radioactive isotope with a very small percentage on Earth). The largest carbon reservoirs are found in marine and terrestrial sediments, including organic compounds found in coal, oil, and gas deposits. In the Plitvice Lakes area, dissolved inorganic carbon results from the dissolution of carbonate rocks and minerals. The δ13C values are used to determine the origin of carbon in rocks, soils, and waters, allowing for the study of natural and anthropogenic environmental changes, as well as climate variations. Climatic changes influence δ13C values mainly due to temperature fluctuations and the amount of organic matter in the catchment area and lake system bioproduction. The geological structure of Plitvice Lakes consists of Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous deposits. Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic dolomites and marly limestones successfully prevent vertical water circulation, forming natural barriers. These impermeable Triassic dolomites are essential for the formation of the Upper Lakes. Quaternary tufa deposits cover the Mesozoic limestone base from Kozjak Lake to the Lower Lakes and their tributaries, such as the Plitvica River. Research has shown the effects of climate change on ecosystems in the Dinarides and other regions. Analysis of stable carbon isotope ratios has provided relevant data, indicating an increase in biogenic carbon in water samples, likely a result of climate change
Development of interactive programming exercises testing branching and looping statement knowledge
No full textCilj rada je unaprijediti metode podučavanja i provjere znanja određenih aspekata programskih jezika. Rad se fokusira na petlje i grananja u programskom jeziku C. Dan pregled sintakse petlji i grananja u programskom jeziku C kao i opis metoda podučavanja koje uključuju programiranje u paru i programiranje uživo. Opisana je specifična metoda provjere znanja petlji i grananja u kojoj je potrebno reproducirati uzorak u zadanoj veličini. Opisan je sustavan način rješavanja takvih interaktivnih zadataka. Analizirane su tipične pogreške studenata. Opisan je sustavni pristup izradi uzoraka prihvatljivih za provjere znanja takvim zadacima. Predloženo je nekoliko karakteristika uzoraka koje omogućuju procjenu težine takvog zadataka. Osmišljeno je i priloženo više od 40 zadataka ispisa uzoraka prikladnih za vježbu i provjere znanja.The purpose of the thesis is to improve the methods of teaching and testing knowledge of certain aspects of programming languages. The paper focuses on loops and branching in the C programming language. An overview of the syntax of loops and branching in the C programming language is given, as well as a description of teaching methods that include pair programming and live coding. A specific method of checking the knowledge of loops and branching is described, in which it is necessary to reproduce the letter-like figure with a specified dimension. A systematic way of solving such interactive coding tasks is described. Typical student errors were analyzed. A systematic approach to creating figures acceptable for testing knowledge of such tasks is described. Several characteristics of the figures have been proposed that allow the assessment of the difficulty of such coding tasks. More than 40 figures suitable for practice and testing have been designed and attached
Sediment characteristics of selected bays and river mouths of Croatian Adriatic rivers
No full textPoznavanje karakteristika sedimenta mora važno je radi općeg razumijevanja taložnog prostora, ali i radi poznavanja i predviđanja bioloških karakteristika morskog dna, te raspoređivanja zagađivala. Uz hrvatsku obalu odabrane su četiri lokacije s kojih je grabilom prikupljen morski sediment. Njemu su određivanjem veličine zrna, udjela karbonata te mikroskopskim pregledom definirane osnovne sedimentološke karakteristike. Svi uzorci sedimenta klasificirani su kao muljevi, s različitim udjelima pijeska i šljunka. Ove dvije frakcije čine uglavnom biogeni ostaci. Udio karbonata kreće se oko 30-60%, što ukazuje na prisustvo siliciklastične komponente u muljevitoj frakciji, a u njoj se vjerojatno nalazi i dio usitnjenih karbonatnih čestica. Svi analizirani uzorci su u skladu s taložnim okolišima uzimajući u obzir dubinu mora, zaštićenost od valova i donos terigenog materijala.Knowledge of the characteristics of sea sediment is important for the general understanding of the depositional space, but also for the knowledge and prediction of the biological characteristics of the seabed, as well as the distribution of pollutants. Along the Croatian coast, four locations were selected from which marine sediment was collected with a grab. The basic sedimentological characteristics were defined by determining grain size, carbonate content and microscopic examination. All sediment samples were classified as silts, with varying proportions of sand and gravel. These two fractions consist mainly of biogenic remains. The proportion of carbonate ranges around 30-60%, which indicates the presence of siliciclastic components in the muddy fraction, and it probably also contains a part of crushed carbonate particles. All analyzed samples are consistent with depositional environments, taking into account the depth of the sea, protection from waves and the delivery of terrigenous material
Expression and localization of gasdermin D in sporadic colon cancer
No full textKarcinom debelog crijeva (engl. colorectal cancer, CRC) treći je najčešće dijagnosticirani karcinom i drugi vodeći uzrok smrtnosti povezane s rakom u svijetu. Njegov razvoj povezan je s nakupljanjem mutacija u onkogenima i tumor-supresorskim genima te promjenama u mikrookolišu, gdje ključnu ulogu imaju imunosne stanice. U crijevima, makrofagi i druge imunosne stanice održavanju homeostazu, ali mogu i potaknuti tumorigenezu kroz kroničnu upalu. Piroptoza je oblik proupalne programirane stanične smrti, posredovan gasderminom D (GSDMD). Aktivacija GSDMD dovodi do formiranja pora na staničnoj membrani što omogućuje oslobađanje staničnog sadržaja i proupalnih citokina čime se pokreće snažan upalni odgovor. Iako je uloga piroptoze u infekciji dobro istražena, malo se zna o ulozi GSDMD u normalnoj sluznici debelog crijeva te njegovoj potencijalnoj ulozi u razvoju CRC-a. U ovom istraživanju analizirali smo ekspresiju i lokalizaciju GSDMD i njegovog pocijepanog oblika u uzorcima sporadičnog CRC-a i pridruženog normalnog tkiva. Rezultati su pokazali postupan pad ekspresije GSDMD u normalnom tkivu sa smanjenjem udaljenost od tumora te gotovo potpunim izostankom u tumorima. U pridruženoj normalnoj sluznici pocijepani oblik GSDMD bio je prisutan u apikalnom dijelu enterocita, vrčastim stanicama epitela i stromi, dok je u uzorcima tumora bio prisutan samo u okolnoj stromi. Ispitivanjem podudarnosti ekspresije GSDMD u stromi s biljezima za makrofage potvrđena je preklapajuća lokalizacija.Colon cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Its development is linked to accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, along with changes in the microenvironment, where immune cells play a crucial role. In the intestines, macrophages and other immune cells maintain homeostasis but can also promote tumorigenesis through chronic inflammation. Pyroptosis is a form of pro-inflammatory programmed cell death mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD). The activation of GSDMD leads to the formation of pores in the cell membrane, allowing the release of cellular contents and pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby triggering a strong inflammatory response. While the role of pyroptosis in infection is well studied, little is known about the role of GSDMD in the normal colonic mucosa and its potential role in CRC development. In this study, we analyzed the expression and localization of GSDMD and its cleaved form in samples of sporadic CRC and associated normal tissue. The results showed a gradual decrease in GSDMD expression in normal tissue as the distance from the tumor decreased, with almost complete absence in tumors. In the associated normal mucosa, the cleaved form of GSDMD was present in the apical part of enterocytes, goblet cells and in the stroma, while in tumor samples it was only found in the surrounding stroma. The overlap of GSDMD expression in the stroma with macrophage markers confirmed the co-localization
Climatic impact of jet streams
No full textOvaj prvostupnički rad proučit će mlazne struje i Rossbyjeve valove, njihov utjecaj na klimu i navremenske prilike. Prikazat će se i kako se u svjetlu klimatskih promjenamijenjaju obrasci u kretanjima mlaznih struja. Cilj je rada ukazati na važnost istraživanja mlaznih struja u klimatologji, ali i meteorologiji jer to je područje još uvijek nedovoljno istraženo. Prikazat će se i objasniti utjecaj i mehanizmi mlaznih struja i Rossbyjevih valova.This Bachelor's thesis will research jet streams and the associated Rossby waves as well as their influence on climate and weather. It also aims to show how the movement patterns of the jet streams change in the light of climate change. The aim of the paper is to highlight the importance of jet stream research in climatology, but also in meteorology, as this area is still
insufficiently researched. The influence and mechanisms of jet streams and Rossby waves are presented and explained
Association of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes with placental expression of monoamin oxidase A
No full textMajčina pretilost u trudnoći i gestacijski dijabetes melitus (GDM) su rastući javno-zdravstveni problemi širom svijeta, povezani s brojnim negativnim zdravstvenim posljedicama za majku i plod. Posteljica je organ koji osigurava izmjenu tvari i plinova između majčinog i fetalnog krvotoka. Serotonin, biogeni monoamin koji obnaša ulogu neurotransmitera, hormona i paraktinog/autokrinog glasnika, sudjeluje u regulaciji razvoja i različitih funkcija posteljice te je važan i za pravilan razvoj fetalnog mozga. Ključni enzim u razgradnji serotonina je monoamin oksidaza (MAO). Izoforma A ovog enzima (MAOA) ima preferencijalni afinitet za serotonin u odnosu na druge monoamine i visoko je eksprimirana u posteljici. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti jesu li majčina pretilost i GDM povezani s promijenjenom razinom proteina MAOA u posteljici. U tu svrhu, metodom western blot, određene su razine proteina MAOA u uzorcma posteljica ženske (N=48) i muške (N=50) novorođenčadi čije majke su imale različiti metabolički status u trudnoći. Razine proteina MAOA u posteljici nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale između novorođenčadi majki s različitim metaboličkim statusom, neovisno o spolu novorođenčadi. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da GDM i debljina nisu povezani s promijenjenom ekspresijom proteina MAOA u posteljici.Maternal obesity during pregnancy and GDM are growing public health problems worldwide, associated with a number of negative health consequences for the mother and fetus. The placenta is an organ that ensures the exchange of substances and gases between the maternal and fetal bloodstreams. Serotonin, a biogenic monoamine that acts as a neurotransmitter, hormone and paracrine/autocrine messenger, participates in the regulation of the development and various functions of the placenta and is also important for the proper development of the fetal brain. The key enzyme in the breakdown of serotonin is monoamine oxidase (MAO). Isoform A of this enzyme (MAOA) has a preferential affinity for serotonin over other monoamines and is highly expressed in the placenta. The aim of this study is to investigate whether maternal obesity and GDM are associated with altered MAOA protein levels in the placenta. For this purpose, using the western blot method, MAOA protein levels were determined in placental samples of female (N=48) and male (N=50) newborns whose mothers had different metabolic status during pregnancy. The MAOA protein levels in the placenta were not statistically significantly different between the newborns of mothers with different metabolic status, regardless of the sex of the newborn.The obtained results show that GDM and obesity are not associated with altered MAOA protein expression in the placenta
SEDIMENTOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRANSITIONAL AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS OF RAB ISLAND
No full textUzorci sedimenta prikupljeni su u prijelaznim i priobalnim okolišima otoka Raba. Obuhvaćeno je područje poluotoka Frknja, Supetarska Draga, obale u Palitu te plaže Mel, Podšilo, Livačina i Sahara. Određen je granulometrijski sastav sedimenta, udio karbonata te su uzorci mikroskopirani. Većina uzoraka granulometrijski pripada grupi pijeska, a udio karbonata značajno varira. Utvrđeno je da kod većine uzoraka udio litogene komponente prevladava nad biogenom. Sastav i karakteristike sedimenta značajno se razlikuju od okoliša do okoliša, što je posljedica različite litologije okolnog područja, geomorfologije i dinamike mora.Sediment samples were collected in transitional and coastal environments of the island of Rab. The area of the Frkanj peninsula, Supetarska Draga, the coast in Palit and the beaches of Mel, Podšilo, Livačina and Sahara are covered. The granulometric composition of the sediment, the percentage of carbonates was determined, and the samples were microscopically examined. Most of the samples belong to the sands, and the proportion of carbonate varies significantly. It was found that in most samples the share of the lithogenic component prevails over the biogenic. The composition and characteristics of the sediment differ significantly from environment to environment, which is a consequence of the different lithology of the surrounding area, geomorphology and dynamics of the sea
Python Mode for Processing: a tool for developing digital skills in education
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu opisan je alternativan način pristupa programiranju u osnovnoj i srednjoj školi. Naime, Python Mode for Processing idealan je alat za nastavnika koji želi spojiti ono najbolje što nudi FMS Logo i Python te nastavu informatike učiniti kreativnom, dinamičnom i korisnom za učenika. Nude se i brojne mogućnosti međupredmetnih tema vezanih za matematiku i za digitalne sadržaje. Opisane su brojne aktivnosti, njihovi očekivani ishodi, potencijalne učeničke poteškoće te je za svaku navedena izazovnija verzija za učenike koji početne brzo savladaju.This thesis describes an alternative approach to programming in primary and secondary schools. Python Mode for Processing is an ideal tool for a teacher who wants to combine the best of what FMS Logo and Python have to offer, and we can use it to make informatics classes creative, dynamic and useful for students. Numerous opportunities for cross-curricular topics related to mathematics and digital content are also offered. Many activities, their expected outcomes and potential student difficulties are described, and a more challenging version is listed for each one, for students who master the initial ones quickly
Plan upravljanja podacima za projekt "Otkrivanje regulatorne mreže gena za glikozilaciju imunoglobulina G upotrebom molekularnih alata CRISPR/dCas9 (igGeneNET)"
No full textPlan upravljanja podacima za projekt "Otkrivanje regulatorne mreže gena za glikozilaciju imunoglobulina G upotrebom molekularnih alata CRISPR/dCas9 (igGeneNET)