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Parallel programming in Qt library
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu obrađen je Qt framework za izradu grafičkih korisničkih sučelja i aplikacija na više platformi. Opisane su neke od njegovih karakteristika i funkcionalnosti, kao što je mehanizam signala i utora koji služi za komunikaciju između različitih grafičkih komponenti. Glavni dio rada fokusiran je na podršku za paralelno programiranje s programskim nitima u Qt-u. Qt sadrži brojne klase i mehanizme za rad s programskih nitima. U ovom radu također je opisan sustav za paralelno programiranje u standardnoj C++ biblioteci i uspoređen sa sustavom za paralelno programiranje u Qt-u. Glavna razlika je u tome što Qt ima mehanizam signala i utora koji može koristiti za komunikaciju između različitih programskih niti. Na primjeru iscrtavanja Mandelbrotovog fraktala s mogućnošću zumiranja i pomicanja, prikazano je kako se može implementirati aplikacija sa programskim nitima u Qt-u. Glavna programska nit služi samo za prikaz grafičkog korisničkog sučelja, dok sporedne programske niti vrše izračunavanje Mandelbrotovog fraktala kako bi se izbjeglo blokiranje korisničkog sučelja aplikacije.This thesis describes Qt framework for creating graphical user interfaces and cross-platform applications. Some of its described characteristics and functionalities include signals and slots mechanism used for communication between different graphical components. The main part of the thesis focuses on support for parallel programming in Qt. Qt consists of many classes and mechanisms for working with multiple threads. The thesis also describes parallel programming system in the standard C++ library and compares it to parallel programming system in Qt. The main difference is that Qt contains signals and slots mechanism which can be used for communication between different threads. The example of rendering the Mandelbrot fractal with zoom and scroll functionality demonstrates how an application with threads can be implemented in Qt. The main thread is used only for displaying the graphical user interface, while the secondary threads perform the calculation of the Mandelbrot fractal to avoid blocking the application's user interface
Višeparametarska linearna regresija te povezanost zakona o prekidu trudnoće i stope kriminaliteta u SAD
No full textOvaj diplomski rad istražuje primjenu višeparametarske linearne regresije u analizi povezanosti zakona o prekidu trudnoće sa stopama kriminaliteta u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Rad se temelji na utjecajnom članku The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime over the Last Two Decades [13] iz 2020. autora Donohuea i Levitta. Uvodna poglavlja pružaju uvid u osnovne pojmove iz vjerojatnosti i statistike, nakon čega slijedi detaljna analiza modela višeparametarske linearne regresije, uključujući točkovnu i intervalnu procjenu parametara te testiranje hipoteza o modelu. Na temelju ovih teorijskih spoznaja, rad primjenjuje regresijski model za proučavanje dugoročnih učinaka legalizacije pobačaja na stope nasilnog i imovinskog kriminala. Analizom podataka koji obuhvaćaju nekoliko desetljeća, studija pokazuje kako je legalizacija pobačaja značajno doprinijela smanjenju kriminaliteta u SAD-u, posebice kroz smanjenje broja neželjenih trudnoća. Analiza uključuje detaljne procjene utjecaja pobačaja na nasilne zločine, imovinske zločine i ubojstva, uz kontrolu za druge utjecajne čimbenike. Rezultati analize su relativno jak statistički argument u korist hipoteze da je legalizacija pobačaja bila ključni čimbenik u smanjenju kriminaliteta, u skladu s nalazima Donohuea i Levitta. Osim toga, rad naglašava šire implikacije politika planiranja obitelji na društvene ishode, ističući kako poboljšani pristup reproduktivnoj zdravstvenoj skrbi može pozitivno utjecati na opće društveno blagostanje.This thesis explores the application of multivariate linear regression in analyzing the relationship between abortion legislation and crime rates in the United States. The work is based on the influential article The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime over the Last Two Decades [13] from 2020, by Donohue and Levitt. The introductory chapters provide a foundation in probability and statistical concepts, followed by an in-depth examination of multivariate linear regression, including point and interval estimation of parameters and hypothesis testing about the model. Building on these theoretical insights, the thesis applies the regression model to study the long-term effects of legalized abortion on violent and property crime rates. By analyzing data spanning multiple decades, the study demonstrates how the legalization of abortion has contributed significantly to the decline in crime rates in the U.S., particularly by reducing unwanted births. The analysis incorporates detailed regression estimates to evaluate the specific impact of abortion on violent crimes, property crimes, and homicides, while controlling for other influential factors. The results of the analysis provide a relatively strong statistical argument in favor of the hypothesis that the legalization of abortion was a key factor in the reduction of crime, consistent with the findings of Donohue and Levitt. Furthermore, the paper highlights the broader implications of family planning policies on societal outcomes, emphasizing how improved access to reproductive healthcare can positively influence overall social well-being
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING REMOTE SENSING EXPLORATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES IN THE KARST DINARIDES
No full textProvedeno istraživanje je na primjeru testnog područja Bribirskih Mostina razmotrilo mogućnost korištenja daljinskih istraživanja u svrhu poboljšanja interpretiranih geoloških granica i rasjeda, budući da ponovno kartiranje cjelokupnog područja u skorije vrijeme nije izgledno. Drugo područje istraživanja je Vrličko polje, unutar kojeg se analizirala primjenjivost daljinskih istraživanja u identifikaciji i izdvajanju gipseva. Metode istraživanja uključile su digitalnu obradu postojećih analognih geoloških podataka, digitalnu obradu dostupnih satelitskih i zračnih snimaka, strojno učenje, statističke metode i terenski rad. Razvijena je metodologija koja unaprjeđuje prvu fazu u istraživanju mineralnih sirovina te omogućuje poboljšanje preciznosti postojećih geoloških karata, ali i razvoj novih, digitalnih i georeferenciranih podataka. Integracija daljinskih istraživanja s terenskom i laboratorijskom verifikacijom te primjena naprednih metoda analize predstavlja znanstveni doprinos važan za buduće istraživačke projekte u sličnim geološkim okruženjima.Within this research, at Bribirske Mostine test site the possibility of using remote sensing methods in the existing geological boundaries and fault systems improvement was considered, as re-mapping of the entire area is unlikely in the foreseeable future. At the second study area, located in the Vrlika karst polje, the applicability of remote sensing was tested in the identification and delineation of gypsum occurrences. Research methods included digital processing of analog geological maps, available satellite and aerial images, machine learning, statistics and field work. A methodology has been developed that improves the first phase of mineral resource exploration and enables the enhancement of the precision of existing geological maps, as well as the development of new, digital georeferenced data. The integration of remote sensing with field and laboratory verification and the application of advanced analytical methods represents a significant scientific contribution for future research projects in similar geological settings
Micropaleontological and lithofacies characteristics of the Sakarun cove deposits, Dugi otok
No full textDugi Otok kao dio Jadranske karbonatne platforme (AdCP) tijekom mlađe krede, sve do mlađeg santona, bio je mjesto taloženja dubokomorskih naslaga. Uvala Sakarun pripada sjeverozapadnom dijelu Dugog Otoka. Ona je jedan od tipova džepnih plaža koje nastaju iz prethodno oslabjelih stijena tektonikom i podložne su djelovanju energije valova. Oblikovana je od vapnenaca formacije Veli Rat čiji su slojevi vertikalnog ili subvertikalnog položaja te je karakteriziraju u donjem dijelu biokalkareniti i biokalkruditi s fragmentima rudista, foraminifera (planktonskih i manjim dijelom bentičkih) i drugih bioklasta. U slijedu naslaga prepoznati su i tanko uslojeni laminirani sitnozrnasti biokalkareniti. Karakteristike Veli Rat formacije ukazuju na taloženje turbiditnim strujama u dubokomorskom okolišu. U ovom radu napravljena je analiza mikroskopskih preparata gornjokredne starosti na uzorcima uvale Sakarun i određeno je četiri litofacijesna tipa te je prepoznata mikropaleontološka zajednica koja ukazuje na mlađu krednu starost uz fragmente rudista, bodljikaša i druge bioklaste.Dugi Otok, as part of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP) during the Late Cretaceous, until the Late Santonian, was the place of deposition in deep-marine enviroments. Sakarun Cove belongs to the northwestern part of Dugi Otok. It is one of the types of pocket beaches that are formed from previously weakened rocks by tectonics and are prone to the wave action. It is formed from limestones of the Veli Rat formation, the layers of which are vertical or subvertical and characterized in the basal part by biocalcarenites and biocalcrudites with fragments of rudists, foraminifera (planktonic and to a lesser extent benthic) and other bioclasts. In the depositional sequence, thinly-bedded laminated fine-grained biocalcarenites were also recognized. The characteristics of the Veli Rat formation indicate deposition by turbiditic currents in a deep-marine environment. In this paper, an analysis of microscopic thin-sections of Late Cretaceous age was made on samples from Sakarun Cove and five lithofacies types were determined, and a micropaleontological assemblages (planktonic foraminifera) was recognized that indicates a younger Cretaceous age with rudist fragments, echinoderms and other bioclasts
Chemically activated fragmentation of proteins and peptides labeled with 4-formylbenzensulfonic acid
No full textProvedeno je istraživanje induciranja usmjerenog fragmentiranja peptida i proteina tandemnom spektrometrijom masa uz pomoć 4-formilbenzensulfonske kiseline (FBSA) i 4'-formilbenzo-18-kruna-6-etera (4fb18C6). Preduvjet postizanja usmjerene fragmentacije je kovalentno obilježavanje N-kraja peptida. Analiza nastalih produkata i fragmentnih iona provedena je vezanim sustavom nanotekućinske kromatografije i tandemne spektrometrije masa uz ionizaciju elektroraspršenjem. Reakcije derivatizacije, tj. reduktivne aminacije, provedene su u vodenom mediju pri pH 6 uz pomoć mikrovalnog zračenja. Selektivnim obilježavanjem N-kraja peptida s FBSA omogućena je kemijski aktivirana fragmentacija u pozitivnom i negativnom načinu rada spektrometra masa uz primjenu uvjeta za redukciju naboja. Stopa neželjenih reakcija je gotovo zanemariva, a dobiveni skup podataka osigurao je pouzdano sekvenciranje peptida de novo. S druge strane, obilježavanjem peptida 4fb18C6 reagensom i preklapanjem fragmentnih iona dobivenih tandemnom spektrometrijom masa istovjetnih intaktnih i derivatiziranih peptida omogućena je redukcija kemijskog šuma, te identifikacija proteina pomoću algoritma BLASTp pretragom NCBInr i UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot baza podataka. Razvijena metodologija derivatizacije uz sekvenciranje peptida de novo pouzdana je metoda za točno određivanje primarnog slijeda aminokiselina u peptidima i predstavlja novi alat u identifikaciji vrsta pretragom slovnih baza podataka.A research was conducted to on the induction of directed fragmentation of peptides and proteins by tandem mass spectrometry using 4-formylbenzenesulfonic acid (FBSA) and 4'-formylbenzo-18-crown-6-ether (4fb18C6). A prerequisite for achieving directed fragmentation is the covalent labeling of the N-terminus of the peptide. The analysis of the resulting products and fragment ions was carried out using a coupled system of nanoliquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. The derivatization reactions, i.e. reductive amination, were carried out in an aqueous medium at pH 6 under microwave irradiation. Selective labeling of the N-terminus of peptides with FBSA enabled chemically activated fragmentation in both positive and negative modes of the mass spectrometer under charge reduction conditions. The rate of side reactions is almost negligible and the resulting data set ensured reliable de novo peptide sequencing. On the other hand, the labeling of peptides with the reagent 4fb18C6 and the overlap of fragment ions obtained from identical intact and derivatized peptides in tandem mass spectrometry allowed the reduction of chemical noise and the identification of proteins using the BLASTp algorithm by searching the NCBInr and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot databases. The developed derivatization method with de novo peptide sequencing is a reliable method for the accurate determination of the primary amino acid sequence in peptides and represents a new tool for the identification of species by searching sequence databases
Genetic background of adaptive divergence of select amethyst meadow squill Chouardia litardierei (Hyacinthaceae) populations from Croatia
No full textLivadni procjepak Chouardia litardierei (Breist.) Speta (Hyacinthaceae) je endemična vrsta dinarskog krša koja nastanjuje različite tipove staništa karakterizirane širokim spektrom bioklimatskih uvjeta. U ovom radu je na temelju 4421 polimorfnog lokusa analizirana populacijsko-genetička struktura deset odabranih populacija livadnog procjepka iz Hrvatske i utvrđeni su njihovi srodstveni odnosi. Nadalje, provedena je analiza genetičke osnove lokalne adaptacije pomoću komplementarnih metoda: LFMM, koja povezuje pojedine lokuse s testiranim okolišnim varijablama te PCAdapt koja omogućava prepoznavanje outlier lokusa za koje se smatra da su pod izrazitim utjecajem prirodne selekcije. Detektirana je jasna strukturiranost populacija s najjačim izdvajanjem genskog skupa u priobalju oko otoka Paga, dok su druge populacije manje međusobno diferencirane i nisu grupirane u skladu s prostornom udaljenošću. Postojanje dvaju pretpostavljenih ekotipova krških polja i priobalnih livada nije podržano jer nije prepoznata podudarnost između populacijsko-genetičke strukture populacija i tipa staništa. Nespecifičnom PCAdapt analizom je otkriveno ukupno 160 outlier lokusa, dok je LFMM analizom prepoznato njih 198. Najveći broj lokusa, njih 192, povezan je s temperaturnom sezonalnošću. Time je utvrđeno da je temperaturna sezonalnost, kao jedna od temeljnih karakteristika Mediteranske klime, bioklimatska varijabla s najjačim utjecajem na genetičku osnovu lokalne adaptacije analiziranih populacija livadnog procjepka.The amethyst meadow squill Chouardia litardierei (Breist.) Speta (Hyacinthaceae) is an endemic species of the Dinaric karst, inhabiting different habitats characterized by a broad spectrum of bioclimate conditions. In this paper, I've analyzed the population-genetic structure of ten populations of amethyst meadow squill from Croatia using 4421 polymorphic SNP loci. Furthermore, the genetic basis of local adaptation was analyzed using complementary methods: LFMM, which associates individual loci with tested environmental variables, and PCAdapt, which recognizes outlier loci under natural selection. A strong population structuring was detected, with a clearly defined genetic cluster comprising populations surrounding the island of Pag. In contrast, the other populations were less differentiated and were not grouped according to their geographical distances. The existence of two assumed ecotypes of seashore meadows and karst fields was not supported, as I did not detect congruence between population-genetic structure and habitat types these populations inhabit. Non-specific PCAdapt analysis found 160 outlier loci, while LFMM recognized 198. Most loci, 192, were associated with temperature seasonality. This finding has confirmed that temperature seasonality, a most significant trait of the Mediterranean climate, was the bioclimate variable with the most pronounced influence on the genetic basis of local adaptation of the studied amethyst meadow squill populations
Evaporative water loss and the preferred body temperature of the Italian wall lizard (Podarcis siculus) and the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) in laboratory conditions
No full textGušteri su ektotermni organizmi pa nemaju mogućnost održavanja stabilne tjelesne temperature metaboličkim procesima zbog čega njihovo preživljavanje ovisi o nizu različitih prilagodbi na okolišne uvjete. Termoregulacija i gubitak vode su za guštere iznimno važni fiziološki procesi. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi preferirane tjelesne temperature i stope gubitka vode isparavanjem kod dviju simpatričnih vrsta guštera. Primorska gušterica, Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810) rasprostranjena je na suhim i sunčanim dijelovima staništa, a zidna gušterica, Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) nastanjuje vlažnija područja unutar staništa. Rezultati ovog rada su pokazali značajno brži gubitak vode isparavanjem kao i značajno više vrijednosti preferiranih tjelesnih temperatura za vrstu P. siculus. Ovakvi rezultati ukazuju na razlike u fiziologiji koje bi mogle biti povezane s različitostima u upotrebi niše i time smanjenom kompeticijom između istraživanih vrsta.Lizards are ectothermic organisms, so they do not have the ability to maintain a stable body temperature through metabolic processes, which is why their survival depends on a series of different adaptations to environmental conditions. Thermoregulation and water loss are very important physiological processes for lizards. The aim of this research was to determine preferred body temperatures and the rate of water loss by evaporation in two sympatric species of lizards. The Italian wall lizard, Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810) is distributed in drier and sunnier parts of habitat, and the wall lizard, Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) inhabits wetter areas within the habitat. The results showed significantly faster water loss through evaporation, as well as significantly higher values of preferred body temperatures for the species P. siculus. Those results indicate differences in physiology that could be related to differences in the niche usage and the reduction of competition between the researched species
Heat stress biomarkers in wild type and potato (Solanum tuberosum) lines with disrupted jasmonic acid and salicylic acid metabolism
No full textToplinski stres negativno utječe na rast i razvoj biljaka, a zbog klimatskih promjena predstavlja sve veću prijetnju za prinos poljoprivrednih usjeva kao što je krumpir (Solanum tuberosum L.). U ovom diplomskom radu istražila sam utjecaj 24-satnih temperaturnih tretmana u rasponu od 23 °C do 42 °C na biljke krumpira divljeg tipa (WT), biljke opr3 s poremećenim metabolizmom jasmonske kiseline (A3) te biljke nahG s poremećenim metabolizmom salicilne kiseline (D2). Pokazano je da biljkama krumpira toplinski stres uzrokuju temperature od 42 °C. Spektrofotometrijski je pokazano povećano nakupljanje prolina u listovima krumpira svih linija na 42 °C. Spektrofotometrijski je pokazano i povećanje sadržaja fotosintetskih pigmenata u biljkama WT i D2 te njihovo smanjenje u biljkama A3. Mjerenjem intenziteta fluorescencije boje H2DCF-DA pokazano je da se u biljkama A3 u uvjetima toplinskog stresa pojavljuje oksidacijski stres, a u biljkama WT i D2 ta pojava nije potvrđena. Metodom qPCR istražena je promjena ekspresije gena uključenih u odgovor na toplinski stres, antioksidacijski odgovor, biosintezu i signalni odgovor jasmonske i salicilne kiseline te odgovor biljaka na patogene na 32 °C i 42 °C. Pokazano je da jasmonska kiselina ima veću ulogu od salicilne kiseline u zaštiti biljaka krumpira u uvjetima toplinskog stresa, te da su biosinteza salicilne i jasmonske kiseline toplinski osjetljive.Heat stress negatively affects plant growth and development, and due to climate change it poses an increasing threat to the yield of agricultural crops such as potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). In this thesis, I investigated the effect of 24 hour temperature treatments ranging from 23 °C to 42 °C on wild type potato plants (WT), opr3 plants with impaired jasmonic acid metabolism (A3) and nahG plants with impaired salicylic acid metabolism (D2). It has been shown that temperatures at 42 °C cause heat stress in potato plants. Spectrophotometric analysis showed an increased accumulation of proline in potato leaves of all lines at 42 °C. Spectrophotometric analysis also showed an increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments in WT and D2 plants and their decrease in A3 plants. By measuring the fluorescence intensity of the H2DCF-DA dye, it was shown that oxidative stress occurs in A3 plants under heat stress conditions, while this is not the case in WT and D2 plants. Changes in the expression of genes involved in the response to heat stress, antioxidant response, biosynthesis and signaling response of jasmonic and salicylic acid, and the response of plants to pathogens at 32 °C and 42 °C were investigated using the qPCR method. The results showed that jasmonic acid plays a greater role than salicylic acid in the heat stress response in plants and that the biosynthesis of salicylic and jasmonic acid are heat sensitive
Molecular dynamics and conformational changes of purine nucleoside phosphorylase
No full textHelicobacter pylori, bakterija odgovorna za brojne gastrointestinalne bolesti, predstavlja značajan istraživački izazov zbog svoje iznimno visoke prevalencije i sve veće otpornosti na antibiotike. Jedan od ključnih enzima u njenom metabolizmu je fosforilaza purinskih nukleozida, jer ova bakterija nema sposobnost de novo sinteze nukleotida. Eksperimentalno utvrđene strukture daju detaljan uvid u građu ovog enzima, ali razumijevanje njegovih lokalnih i globalnih konformacijskih promjena zahtijeva proučavanje njegove dinamike. Razvijena je metodologija koja omogućuje vizualizaciju lokalnih dinamičkih promjena u enzimu, i praćenje korelacija koje su omogućile uvid u sinkronizirane konformacijske prijelaze. Simulacije molekularne dinamike ponudile su detaljan prikaz dinamičkih promjena u ovom enzimu, identificirajući ključne regije kao što su središnje heksamerno područje, sučelja dimera i aktivna mjesta enzima i putove komunikacije među njima. Istraživanje također ukazuje na vezu navedenih rezultata i kretanja fosfatnih iona te otvaranja i zatvaranja aktivnog mjesta enzima, nudeći smjernice za buduća eksperimentalna istraživanja i potencijalne terapijske pristupe.Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium responsible for numerous gastrointestinal diseases, represents a significant research challenge due to its extremely high prevalence and increasing antibiotic resistance. One of the key enzymes in its metabolism is purine nucleoside phosphorylase, as this bacterium lacks the ability to synthesize new nucleotides de novo. Experimentally determined structures provide detailed insight into the structure of this enzyme, but understanding its local and global conformational changes requires studying its dynamics. A methodology has been developed that allows visualization of local dynamic changes in the enzyme, and monitoring of correlations that have provided insight into synchronized conformational transitions. Molecular dynamics simulations have provided a detailed view of the dynamic changes in this enzyme, identifying key regions such as the central hexameric region, dimer interfaces, and active sites of the enzyme and the communication pathways between them. The research also suggests a connection between the above results and the movement of phosphate molecules and the opening and closing of the active site, offering directions for future experimental studies and potential therapeutic approaches
Particle Swarm Optimization
No full textDiplomski rad bavi se algoritmom roja čestica, jednim od najpoznatijih metaheurističkih algoritama za rješavanje problema optimizacije. U prvom dijelu rada obrađena je teorijska osnova algoritma, uključujući temeljne mehanizme algoritma i osnovne parametre. Drugo poglavlje rada posvećeno je pregledavanju različitih varijanti algoritma razvijenih s ciljem poboljšanja njegove učinkovitosti. Među obrađenim pristupima nalaze se algoritmi s inercijom, susjedstvima, višestrukim rojevima, nabijenim česticama, predator-plijen algoritmom, kao i diskretna varijanta algoritma. U završnom dijelu rada implementirane su odabrane varijante algoritma i testirane na referentnim optimizacijskim funkcijama, s ciljem usporedbe njihove učinkovitosti u prostorima različite dimenzionalnosti. Time je rad dao uvid u prednosti i slabosti pojedinih pristupa te potvrdio važnost pravilne konfiguracije algoritma ovisno o prirodi problema.The thesis focuses on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, one of the most well-known metaheuristic algorithms for solving optimization problems. The first part of the thesis covers the theoretical foundations of the algorithm, including its core mechanisms and basic parameters. The second chapter is dedicated to reviewing various algorithm variants developed with the aim of improving its performance. The approaches discussed include PSO with inertia, neighborhood-based PSO, multi-swarm models, charged particle swarms, the predator-prey algorithm, as well as the discrete variant of the algorithm. In the final part of the thesis, selected algorithm variants were implemented and tested on standard benchmark optimization functions, with the goal of comparing their efficiency across search spaces of different dimensionalities. This provided insight into the strengths and weaknesses of individual approaches and confirmed the importance of proper algorithm configuration depending on the nature of the problem