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    Robusnost i višekriterijska optimizacija

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    Ovaj rad istražuje koncepte robusnosti i višekriterijske optimizacije, analizirajući njihove teorijske osnove, međusobne relacije te primjenu u stvarnim sustavima. Robusnost omogućuje otpornost na nesigurnosti i promjene u sustavima, dok višekriterijska optimizacija omogućuje donošenje odluka uzimajući u obzir više ciljeva. Kroz definirane koncepte robusnosti naglašena je važnost otpornosti sustava na neizvjesnosti i promjene, dok su višekriterijske metode omogućile učinkovito rješavanje složenih problema s više ciljeva, često pod međusobno sukobljenim zahtjevima. Kombinacija ovih pristupa pokazala se kao ključna u postizanju stabilnih i optimalnih rješenja koja su prilagođena različitim uvjetima i ograničenjima. Kroz analizu različitih pristupa i primjera iz prakse, prikazane su prednosti i izazovi integracije ovih metoda. Dobiveni rezultati potvrđuju važnost balansiranja robusnosti i optimizacije za postizanje stabilnih i učinkovitih rješenja u dinamičnim okruženjima.This paper explores the concepts of robustness and multi-objective optimization, analyzing their theoretical foundations, interrelations, and applications in real-world systems. Robustness ensures resilience against uncertainties and changes in systems, while multi-objective optimization enables decision-making by considering multiple objectives. Through the defined concepts of robustness, the importance of system resilience to uncertainties and variations is emphasized, while multi-objective methods provide effective solutions to complex problems involving multiple, often conflicting, objectives. The combination of these approaches has proven to be crucial in achieving stable and optimal solutions tailored to various conditions and constraints. Through the analysis of different approaches and practical examples, the advantages and challenges of integrating these methods are highlighted. The obtained results confirm the importance of balancing robustness and optimization to achieve stable and efficient solutions in dynamic environments

    Numerical comparison of drug concentrations in different drug eluting stent designs using 2D models

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    In this thesis, we develop a mathematical model for drug diffusion/dissolution in the coating of drug eluting stent (DES) and drug transport from DES into artery wall. We approximate parameters of the model for sirolimus eluting stent, combining the data for Cypher sirolimus eluting stent from in vivo and in vitro studies. We perform numerical simulations for 3 different drug eluting stent geometries, on a single cell, for a span of 7 days. All 3 cells feature geometries that differ in shape of stent scaffold, but with constant thickness of stent strut, and same initial concentration of same solid drug in the same durable polymer coating. We compare concentrations of dissolved drug and free receptors in the artery wall, and concentrations of solid and dissolved drug in the coating trough time, for different geometries. We conclude that geometry has major effect on distribution of concentration of drug in the artery wall and consequently important effect in distribution of concentration of free/bound receptors in the artery wall. We also notice differences in cumulative amount of solid drug that dissolved and cumulative amount of free and bound drug in the artery wall for different stent geometries. We posit that the effect stent geometry has on distribution of dissolved drug in the artery wall influences elution of drug from DES, resulting in differing elution profiles and length of drug elution from DES

    Military-geographical analysis of the Dubrovnik battlefield during in the Homeland War

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    Ovaj rad bavi se vojno-geografskom analizom prostora Dubrovačkog bojišta za vrijeme vojne agresije na Dubrovnik i okolicu krajem 1991. godine, kao i akcija oslobađanja okupiranog teritorija tijekom 1992. godine u sklopu operacije Deblokade Dubrovnika. Južno ili Dubrovačko bojište obuhvaća gradsko područje Dubrovnika, područja Rijeke i Župe dubrovačke, mikroregiju Konavala, prostor Dubrovačkog primorja s početnim dijelom poluotoka Pelješca te Elafitsko otočje. U radu će se koristiti standardna vojna procedura analize terena OAKOC, dok će se kao glavni ulazni podatak za analizu upotrijebiti digitalni model reljefa. Za provedbu potrebnih analiza te izradu kartografskih prikaza bit će korišten računalni GIS softver ESRI ArcGIS.This paper deals with military-geographical analysis of the Dubrovnik battlefield area during the military aggression against the city of Dubrovnik and its surroundings at the end of 1991, as well as the actions of liberating the occupied territory in 1992 as part of the main operation to break the military blockade of Dubrovnik. The Southern or The Dubrovnik front includes the city area of Dubrovnik, the areas of Župa and Rijeka Dubrovačka, Konavle microregion, Dubrovačko primorje region with the beginning of the Pelješac peninsula, and the Elaphite islands. The standard military procedure of OAKOC terrain analysis will be used in the thesis, while the digital relief model will be used as the main input data for the analysis. The ESRI ArcGIS computer GIS software will be used for analysis and creation of cartographic representations

    Detection of the early neuropathological changes in mice Niemann-Pick type C disease carriers

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    Bolest Niemann-Pick tipa C (NPC) je monogenska, autosomno recesivna, smrtonosna neurodegenerativna bolest, uzrokovana mutacijama u genima NPC1 ili NPC2 koji kodiraju za transportere kolesterola iz kasnih endosoma/lizosoma. Smatralo se da su prenositelji bolesti NPC, koji imaju mutaciju u jednom alelu gena NPC1/2, potpuno zdravi, dok se nisu primijetile određene neuropsihijatrijske promjene u starijoj dobi. Također, istraživanja na mišjem modelu NPC1 heterozigota (NPC1-het) ukazuju na pojavu neurodegeneracije i neuroinflamacije u starijoj dobi. Cilj diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi najranije neuropatološke promjene u prenositelja bolesti NPC, tj. u kori velikog mozga, hipokampusu i malom mozgu 20 i 40 tjedana starih miševa NPC1-het u odnosu na miševe divljeg tipa (WT) iste starosti. Rezultati imunohistokemijske analize hipokampusa pokazuju pojavu aktivacije astrocita (biljeg GFAP) u miševa NPC1-het starih 20 tjedana. Otkriveno je i povećano bojanje lizosoma (biljeg Lamp1) te nakupljanje kolesterola (bojanje filipinom) u miševa NPC1-het starih 20 i 40 tjedana u svim analiziranim moždanim regijama u odnosu na uzorke WT. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da bi prenositelji bolesti NPC mogli pokazivati ključne neuropatološke karaktersitike bolesti NPC, uključujući nakupljanje kolesterola, disfunkciju lizosoma i neuroinflamaciju. Daljnja istraživanja su neophodna kako bi se dodatno razjasnile uočene promjene na mišjem kao i na humanom modelu prenositelja bolesti NPC.Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a monogenic, autosomal recessive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder, caused by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 genes that code for cholesterol transport proteins from late endosomes/lysosomes. Carriers of NPC disease, who have a mutation in only one allele of the NPC1/2 genes, were considered healthy, until certain neuropsychiatric changes were recently observed in their old age. Moreover, studies of the aged brains of NPC1 heterozygous mice (NPC1-het) indicated neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the earliest neuropathological changes in carriers of the NPC disease, i.e. in the cerebral cortices, hippocampi and cerebella of 20 and 40-weeks-old NPC1-het mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice of the same age. Immunohistochemical analysis of the hippocampi identified activation of astrocytes (marker GFAP) in 20-weeks-old NPC1-het mice. Increased lysosomal staining (Lamp1 marker) and cholesterol accumulation (filipin staining) were also detected in all analyzed brain regions of 20 and 40-weeks-old NPC1-het mice vs. WT samples. The obtained results indicate that carriers of NPC disease may exert key neuropathological features of NPC disease, including cholesterol accumulation, lysosomal dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the observed changes in the mouse model as well as the human model of the NPC disease carriers

    Molecular dynamics simulations of selected homocyclopeptides with chloride, bromide and iodide anions

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    Ciklopeptidi su makrociklički spojevi sa izraženim ion-receptorskim svojstvima. Okosnica takvih molekula je zbog cikličke strukture sterički ograničena u odnosu na linearne peptide. Pogodni su za dizajn anionskih receptora strukturiranog veznog mjesta u kojem se anion koordinira atomima vodika amidnih skupina okosnice peptida. Pritom najčešće nastaju kompleksi stehiometrije 1:1 (receptor:anion), gdje uslijed uređenosti strukture veznog mjesta postoji mogućnost specifičnog vezanja pojedinih aniona. U ovom je radu razvijena metodologija istraživanja termodinamičke stabilnosti anionskih kompleksa ciklopeptida korištenjem simulacija molekulske dinamike uz alkemijske transformacije iona i bočnih ogranaka ciklopeptida. Izračunate su standardne Gibbsove energije za supstitucije aniona, disocijacije anionskih kompleksa te mutacije bočnih ogranaka u dva otapala, acetonitrilu i metanolu. U simulacijama su korištena dva popularna polja sila (OPLS-AA i CHARMM36). U slučaju kompleksa čija je termodinamička stabilnost eksperimentalno određena, računalni rezultati uspoređeni s literaturnim vrijednostima.Cyclopeptides are macrocyclic compounds with prominent ion-receptive properties. Cyclic structure sterically restricts the backbone of such compounds compared to their linear counterparts. The well structured anion binding site of cyclopeptides makes them a suitable target for anion receptor design. The formed anion complexes usually have 1:1 stoichiometry but the structure of the binding site occasionally allows for binding of additional anions. This thesis develops a methodology for the study of thermodynamic stability of cyclopeptide-anion complexes using molecular dynamics in conjuction with alchemical transformations of ions and cyclopeptide side chains in acetonitrile and methanol. Standard Gibbs energies for anion substitution, complex dissociation and side chain mutations are calculated using two popular force fields (OPLS-AA and CHARMM36). These results are compared with the experimentally obtained values where data is available

    The impact of ochratoxin A and patulin on the metabolis of human breast cancer cells

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    Mikotoksini, sekundarni metaboliti plijesni, često su prisutni u hrani biljnog i životinjskog podrijetla. Izloženost mikotoksinima predstavlja globalni problem te ovisno o trajanju izloženosti i koncentraciji pojedinog mikotoksina mogu imati različite negativne učinke po zdravlje čovjeka, uključujući i razvoj raka. Učestalost okratoksina A (OTA) i patulina (PAT) iznimno je visoka u hrani, a pretpostavke su da OTA i PAT utječu na staničnu redoks homeostazu te dovode do metaboličkog reprogramiranja stanica, što spada u neka od osnovnih obilježja raka. Ovim istraživanjem određen je učinak biološki relevantnih koncentracija OTA i PAT na staničnu redoks homeostazu te promjene u metabolizmu staničnih linija raka dojke čovjeka MCF7, koje imaju receptore steroidnih hormona i SUM159, koje nemaju receptore estrogena i progesterona te receptor humanog epidermalnog čimbenika rasta 2. Stanična redoks homeostaza praćena je stvaranjem reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta te određivanjem aktivnosti staničnog antioksidansa katalaze. Praćenjem migracije stanica određen je mogući učinak na metastaziranje stanica raka dojke. Mjerenjem potrošnje kisika određen je učinak na funkciju i učinkovitost mitohondrija, a promjene inducirane izlaganjem stanica OTA-u i PAT-u na metabolički profil određene su masenom spektrometrijom. Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je da OTA i PAT dovode do promjena u metabolizmu stanica raka dojke pokazujući uključenost oksidacijskog stresa kao mogućeg mehanizma toksičnosti koji može dovesti do progresije ove bolesti.Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites of molds, are often found in foods of plant and animal origin. Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide problem and their adverse effects on human health, including the development of cancer, can vary depending on the duration of exposure and the concentration of the individual mycotoxin. The incidence of ochratoxin A (OTA) and patulin (PAT) in food is extremely high, and OTA and PAT are thought to disrupt cellular redox homeostasis and lead to metabolic reprogramming of cells, which are among the hallmarks of cancer. In this study, the effect of biologically relevant concentrations of OTA and PAT on cellular redox homeostasis and metabolic changes in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 (expressing steroid receptors) and SUM159 (without expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, estrogen and progesterone receptors) was investigated. The influence on cellular redox homeostasis is determined by monitoring the formation of reactive oxygen species and by determining the activity of the cellular antioxidant catalase. The metastatic potential of breast cancer cells was determined by studying cell migration. Measurements of oxygen consumption were used to assess the impact on mitochondrial function and efficiency, while mass spectrometry was used to identify the changes in metabolic profile induced by OTA and PAT. The results of this study show that OTA and PAT alter the metabolism of breast cancer cells, indicating the potential role of oxidative stress as a mechanism that may promote tumorigenesis

    Koordinacijski polimeri: sinteza, struktura i primjena

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    Posljednjih par desetljeća razvio se veliki interes prema novim materijalima poznatim kao koordinacijski polimeri. Građeni su od ponavljajućih jedinica – koordinacijskih spojeva, koji u prostoru tvore jednodimenzijske lance, dvodimenzijske i trodimenzijske mreže. Najznačajnije i najistaknutije jesu trodimenzijske metalo-organske mreže (MOF-ovi) koje posjeduju različita magnetska, električna, katalitička i porozna svojstva, a njihova potencijalna primjena u energetici može dovesti do 8 % uštede ukupne svjetske potrošne energije. U okviru ovog završnog rada dan je pregled struktura, metoda sinteze i analize te same primjene koordinacijskih polimera. Težište je stavljeno na odabir pogodnih reaktanata (metalnog iona i liganda), otapala te sintetskih metoda za dobivanje produkta željenih fizikalnih i kemijskih svojstava. Radi jednostavnosti sve sintetske metode pojašnjene su na jednom primjeru metalo-organske mreže – HKUST-1. Načinjen je od dinuklearnog bakrovog klastera koordiniranog četirima molekulama benzen-1,3,5-karboksilata. To je jedan od najistraživanijih i među prvim poznatim poroznim koordinacijskim polimerima

    Preparation of molybdenum(VI) complexes with acetic acid hydrazide derivatives

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    Kompleksni spojevi molibdena(VI) i hidrazonskih liganada su vrlo dobar modelni sustav za proučavanje enzimske aktivnosti molibdena u biološkim sustavima te se također koriste i kao katalizatori mnogobrojnih reakcija. U sklopu ovog rada pripremljena su dva hidrazonska liganda, derivati hidrazida octene kiseline i 2-hidroksibenzaldehida (H2L 1 ), odnosno 2-hidroksi5-nitrobenzaldehida (H2L 2 ). Reakcijama dioksobis(pentan-2,4-dionato)molibdena(VI) i odgovarajućeg hidrazonskog liganda uz zagrijavanje pripravljeni su kompleksni spojevi molibdena(VI). Mononuklearni kompleksni spojevi molibdena(VI), [MoO2(L)(D)] (L2– =deprotonirani ligand, D=molekula otapala), sintetizirani su reakcijama u metanolu, etanolu i acetonitrilu, a polinukleani kompleksni spojevi molibdena(VI), [MoO2(L)]n, dobiveni su zagrijavanjem mononuklearnih spojeva na odgovarajuću temperaturu. Dobiveni hidrazonski ligandi i kompleksni spojevi molibdena(VI) identificirani su i analizirani metodama infracrvene spektroskopije, razlikovne pretražne kalorimetrije i termogravimetrijske analize. Kristalne i molekulske strukture mononuklearnih kompleksa [MoO2(L1 )(MeOH)], [MoO2(L2 )(MeOH)], [MoO2(L1 )(H2O)] i [MoO2(L2 )(EtOH)] određene su difrakcijom rentgenskih zraka na jediničnom kristalu.Molybdenum(VI) complexes with hydrazone ligands are an excellent model system for studying the enzymatic activity of molybdenum in biological systems, also, they are used as catalysts of many reactions. As a part of this thesis, two hydrazone ligands, derivatives of acetic acid hydrazide and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (H2L 1 ) or 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde (H2L 2 ) were prepared. By reacting dioxobis(pentane-2,4-dionato)molybdenum(VI) and a corresponding hydrazone ligand under high-temperature conditions, molybdenum(VI) complexes were prepared. Mononuclear complexes of molybdenum(VI), [MoO2(L)(D)] (L2– =deprotonated ligand, D=solvent molecule) were synthesized by reactions in methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile, while the polynuclear complexes of molybdenum(VI), [MoO2(L)]n were obtained by heating the mononuclear complexes to an appropriate temperature. Obtained hydrazone ligands and molybdenum(VI) complexes were identified and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry. Crystal and molecular structures of mononuclear complexes [MoO2(L1 )(MeOH)], [MoO2(L2 )(MeOH)], [MoO2(L1 )(H2O)] and [MoO2(L2 )(EtOH)] were determined by using single crystal X-ray diffraction

    Impact of singrin glucosinolate on the regulators of lipid metabolism in the liver of Swiss mice

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    Glukozinolati prisutni u porodici Brassicaceae uzimaju veliku pozornost istraživačima zbog pozitivnih svojstva koja služe prevenciji i izlječenju bolesti uzrokovanih današnjim načinom prehrane i stilom života. Cilj je ovoga rada ispitati promjenu antioksidacijskog sastava i transkripcijskih faktora uključenih u mehanizam kontrole metabolizma lipida u sisavaca pod utjecajem komercijalnog sinigrina. Istraživanje je provedeno na 6 muških i 6 ženskih jedinki miševa soja Swiss albino kojima je svakodnevno davano po 0,3 mL odnosno 10 mg sinigrina Sigma Aldrich po gramu miša u razdoblju od 28 dana. Kontrolna je skupina sadržavala jednak broj miševa koji su dobivali 0,3 mL fiziološke otopine. Dan nakon zadnje primjene priređeni su homogenati tkiva jetre kojima su izmjerene antioksidacijske razine (glutation, malondialdehid, superoksid dismutaza, katalaza) i transkripcijski faktori (PPARα, PPARγ, PGC‒1α i ACOX) zaduženi za metabolizam lipida. Rezultati prikazuju kako se u jetri muških jedinki događaju promjene povezane s antioksidacijskim odgovorom i u pogledu metabolizma lipida statistički značajnim (ANOVA, p< 0,05) povećanjem malondialdehida i katalaze te statistički značajnim smanjenjem PPARγ, PGC‒1α i ACOX1. U ženkama nigdje ne dolazi do statističke značajnosti osim u smanjenim razinama malondialdehida. Točni razlozi odstupanja nisu poznati, ali sigurno je kako glukozinolati odnosno njihovi produkti imaju utjecaj na antioksidacijske i metaboličke procese u živim bićima.Glucosinolate that are present in the Brassicaceae family are receiving a lot of attention from researchers because of their positive properties that prevent, and cure diseases caused by today's diet and lifestyle. The aim of this work is to examine the change in the antioxidant composition and transcription factors involved in the control mechanism of lipid metabolism in mammals under the influence of commercial sinigrin. The research was conducted on 6 male and 6 female mice of the Swiss albino strain, which were given 0.3 mL or 10 mg of Sinigrin Sigma Aldrich per gram of mouse daily for a period of 28 days. The control group contained the same number of mice that received 0.3 mL of saline. One day after the last application, homogenates of liver tissue were prepared and antioxidant levels (glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase) and transcription factors (PPARα, PPARγ, PGC‒1α and ACOX) responsible for lipid metabolism were measured. The results show that changes related to the antioxidant response and lipid metabolism occur in the liver of male individuals with a statistically significant (ANOVA, p < 0.05) increase in malondialdehyde and catalase and a statistically significant decrease in PPARγ, PGC‒1α and ACOX1. In females, statistical significance does not occur anywhere except in the reduced levels of malondialdehyde. The exact reasons for the deviation are not known, but it is certain that glucosinolates or their products have an impact on antioxidant and metabolic processes in living beings

    Morfološke značajke dijatomeja roda Pseudo-nitzschia na području srednjeg i južnog Jadranskog mora

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    Potentially toxic diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia are present in the phytoplankton community of the Adriatic Sea throughout the year, but in the majority of studies identified only to the genus level. The goals of this study was to determine the species composition and morphometric characteristics of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia in the area of Mali Ston Bay (southern Adriatic) from September to December 2022 using scanning electron microscope, and to describe, determine and compare the morphological characteristics of Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated in laboratory cultures from different aquaculture areas of the central and southern Adriatic by light and scanning electron microscopy. A total of 24 laboratory monocultures were analyzed and seven species were determined: Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha, P. cf. delicatissima, P. galaxiae, P. mannii, P. multistriata, P. pseudodelicatissima/cuspidata, and P. subfraudulenta. The analysis of field samples in the Mali Ston Bay revealed seven toxic species P. calliantha, P. cf. delicatissima, P. galaxiae, P. lundholmiae, P. mannii, P. pseudodelicatissima/cuspidata, and P. subfraudulenta. During the study, a change in the species composition of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia was recorded. The species P. pseudodelicatissima/cuspidata predominated in September and October, P. galaxiae in November, while P. subfraudulenta in December 2022. The results of this study represent the first data on the composition of Pseudo-nitzchia in the Maloston Bay.Potencijalno toksične dijatomeje roda Pseudo-nitzschia zastupljene su u fitoplanktonskoj zajednici Jadranskog mora tokom cijele godine, ali u većini istraživanja identificirane su do razine roda. Ciljevi ovog rada su odrediti sastav vrsta i morfometrijske karakteristike roda Pseudo-nitzschia na području Malostonskog zaljeva (južni Jadran) od rujna do prosinca 2022. pomoću pretražnosg elektronskog mikroskopa, te opisati, odrediti i usporediti morfološke karakteristike vrsta Pseudonitzschia izoliranih u laboratorijskim kulturama iz različitih akvakulturnih područja srednjeg i južnog Jadrana svjetlosnim i skenirajućim elektronskim mikroskopom. S područja Malostonskog zaljeva i laboratorijskih monokultura s četiri područja duž srednjeg i južnog Jadrana u razdoblju od rujna do prosinca 2022 napravljena je morfološka analiza stanica vrsta roda Pseudo-nitzchia. Ukupno su analizirane 24 laboratorijske kulture te je određeno sedam vrsta: Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha, P. cf. delicatissima, P. galaxiae, P. mannii, P. multistriata, P. pseudodelicatissima/cuspidata, i P. subfraudulenta. Analizom okolišnih uzoraka na području Malostonskog zaljeva određeno je sedam vrsta P. calliantha, P. cf. delicatissima, P. galaxiae, P. lundholmiae, P. mannii, P. pseudodelicatissima/cuspidata, i P. subfraudulenta. Tijekom istraživanja zabilježena je promjena sastava vrsta roda Pseudo-nitzschia. Vrsta P. pseudodelicatissima/cuspidata prevladavala je u rujnu i listopadu, P. galaxiae u studenom, dok je P. subfraudulenta prevladavala u prosincu 2022. Rezultati ovog istraživanja predstavljaju prve podatke o sastavu roda Pseudo-nitzchia na području Malostonskog zaljeva

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