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    Diversity of soil invertebrates and space syntax measures as indicators of anthropogenic impact in urban parks

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    Progresivna urbanizacija i prostorno širenje gradova rezultiraju degradacijom prirodnih staništa, čime se značajno ugrožava bioraznolikost unutar urbanih ekosustava. Gradski parkovi imaju važnu ulogu u očuvanju bioraznolikosti unutar urbanih područja, jer osiguravaju mikroklimatske uvjete i resurse neophodne za opstanak mnogih organizama, uključujući beskralježnjake tla. Ciljevi ovog rada su: istražiti utjecaj glavnih okolišnih čimbenika (temperature i fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava tla) na strukturu zajednica beskralježnjaka tla; analizirati njihove zajednice na različitim udaljenostima od pješačkih koridora; usporediti zastupljenost porodica s parametrima sintakse prostora koji ukazuju na stupanj urbanizacije; te procijeniti njihovu upotrebu kao indikatora antropogenog utjecaja na urbane ekosustave. Uzorkovanje je provedeno na po dvije postaje u gradskim parkovima Maksimir i Jarun pomoću Barbierovih lovnih posuda. Na svakoj od postaja odabrana su po tri mikrostaništa na različitim udaljenostima od glavnih koridora (aleja). Prikupljeni uzorci tla analizirani su radi utvrđivanja okolišnih parametara, dok je sintaksa prostora korištena za procjenu prostorne povezanosti i integracije parkova. Rezultati su pokazali da svojstva staništa (temperatura, kiselost i udio humusa u tlu) značajno utječu na zajednice beskralježnjaka, s većom brojnošću na mikrostaništima udaljenijim od glavnih koridora. Parametri sintakse prostora korelirali su s brojnošću organizama različitih porodica, potvrđujući potencijal mjera raznolikosti beskralješnjaka tla i sintakse prostora kao učinkovitih pokazatelja antropogenog utjecaja u gradskim parkovima.Progressive urbanization and spatial expansion of cities result in the degradation of natural habitats, significantly threatening biodiversity within urban ecosystems. Urban parks play an important role in preserving biodiversity within urban areas, as they provide microclimatic conditions and resources essential for the survival of many organisms, including soil invertebrates. The objectives of this study are to: investigate the impact of key environmental factors (temperature and physico-chemical properties of the soil) on the structure of soil invertebrate communities; analyze communities at different distances from pedestrian corridors; compare the representation of invertebrate families with space syntax parameters indicating the degree of urbanization; and assess their use as indicators of anthropogenic impacts on urban ecosystems. Sampling was conducted at two sites in each of the city parks – Maksimir and Jarun – using Barber pitfall traps. At each site, three microhabitats at different distances from the main corridors (allée) were sampled. Collected soil samples were analyzed to determine environmental parameters, while space syntax was used to assess the spatial connectivity and integration of the parks. The results showed that habitat properties (soil temperature, acidity and humus content) significantly influence invertebrate communities, with greater abundance observed in microhabitats more distant from the main corridors. Space syntax parameters showed a correlation with the abundance of organisms from various families, highlighting the potential of soil invertebrate diversity and spatial syntax metrics as effective indicators of anthropogenic impact in urban parks

    Effect of mannose and galactose on myoblast gene expression, kinetics and proliferation in congenital muscular dystrophy patients

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    Distroglikanopatija je tip kongenitalne mišićne distrofije uzrokovan gubitkom funkcije α- distroglikana zbog nepravilne glikozilacije. Jedan od podtipova ove bolesti povezan je s mutacijama u genu za enzim POMT2, ključnom za prijenos manoze na glikanski lanac α- distroglikana. Prijašnja istraživanja pokazala su kako terapija određenim monosaharidima može obnoviti glikozilaciju kod nekih tipova distroglikanopatija. Ovo istraživanje fokusiralo se na učinke manoze i galaktoze na ekspresiju gena, kinetiku i proliferaciju mioblasta izoliranih iz pacijenata s mutacijama u genu POMT2. Cilj istraživanja bio je na staničnoj kulturi mioblasta izoliranih iz pacijenata s i bez mišićne distrofije provjeriti ima li tretman manozom i galaktozom utjecaj na poboljšanje genske ekspresije α-distroglikana i smanjenje upalnog procesa mišićnih vlakana te kinetiku, proliferaciju i vijabilnost mioblasta. Rezultati pokazuju kako su morfološke karakteristike mioblasta od pacijenata s kongenitalnom mišićnom distrofijom te obrasci ekspresije gena u njima značajno različite u usporedbi s kontrolnim mioblastima. Tretmani manozom i galaktozom nisu doveli do značajnih promjena u ekspresiji gena. Praćenjem kinetike i proliferacije mioblasta metodom fazno holografske mikroskopije utvrđen je smanjen proliferacijski kapacitet i veća brzina kretanja mioblasta od pacijenata s kongenitalnom mišićnom distrofijom u odnosu na kontrolne mioblaste, a tretmani šećerima djelomično su modificirali ovaj učinak. Ovo istraživanje pruža uvide u kompleksnu prirodu distroglikanopatija i potencijal monosaharida u budućim terapijskim pristupima.Dystroglycanopathy is a type of congenital muscular dystrophy caused by the loss of function of α-dystroglycan due to impaired glycosylation. One subtype of this disease is linked to mutations in the POMT2 enzyme, which plays a crucial role in transferring mannose onto the glycan chain of α-dystroglycan. Previous studies have shown that monosaccharide-based therapies can restore glycosylation in certain types of dystroglycanopathies. This study evaluates effects of mannose and galactose on gene expression, kinetics, and proliferation of myoblasts derived from patients with POMT2 mutations. The aim of this research is to examine whether treatment with mannose and galactose can enhance α-dystroglycan gene expression, reduce inflammation in muscle fibers, and improve the kinetics, proliferation, and viability of myoblasts in cell cultures from patients with and without muscular dystrophy. The results revealed significant morphological differences and altered gene expression patterns in myoblasts from patients with congenital muscular dystrophy compared to controls. Treatment with mannose and galactose did not significantly affect gene expression. Digital holographic microscopy analysis of cell kinetics and proliferation demonstrated reduced proliferation rates and increased cell motility in congenital muscular dystrophy derived myoblasts, with monosaccharide treatments partially modifying this effect. This research offers insights into the complex nature of dystroglycanopathies and highlights the potential role of monosaccharides in future therapeutic approaches

    The problem of time in canonical quantum gravity

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    U ovom diplomskom radu će se u detalje istražiti kanonska formulacija opće relativnosti i pokušat će se odgovoriti na pitanje što je to problem vremena u kvantnoj gravitaciji. Kroz razradu formalizma kanonske opće relativnosti vidjet će se da postoje jednadžbe evolucije, no ne onakve kakve zadovoljavaju potrebe kvantne teorije. Pogledat će se pristup rješavanju problema vremena koji je objašnjen u [K.V. Kuchař, Time and interpretations of quantum gravity, Int. J. Mod.Phys. D 20, Suppl. 1 (2011) 3-86.]. U drugom poglavlju će se otprilike pokušati objasniti što je to problem vremena. Kasnije kada razradimo formalizam (3+1) opće relativnosti krenut će se na detaljnu analizu ograničenja superhamiltonijana i superimpulsa te kako bi se mogli svesti u kvantnu formu. Pri tome će doći do mnogih problema koji će se probati ilustrativno riješiti na nekim sustavima jednostavnijim od pune geometrodinamike. Proći će se kroz sustave koji se mogu svesti na tzv. višeprstnu Schrödingerovu jednadžbu.In this thesis we will in detail explore canonical formulation of general relativity and we will try to answer the question what is the problem of time in quantum gravity. While working out the formalism of general relativity we will see that there exist equations of evolution, but not the ones suitable for the needs of quantum theory. We will take a look at the approach that's explained in [K.V. Kuchař, Time and interpretations of quantum gravity, Int. J. Mod.Phys. D 20, Suppl. 1 (2011) 3-86.]. In second paragraph problem of time will be explained on a simple system. Later when the formalism of (3+1) general relativity is worked out we will in detail explore super-Hamiltonian and super momentum constraints and how to quantize them. In these attempts at quantization there will be many problems that will be solved on simpler systems than full geometrodynamics. We will go through systems that can be cast into so called many fingered Schrödinger equation

    KNJIGA SAŽETAKA 2. Znanstvenog skupa Bio-fizikalni procesi u Jadranskom moru : Upravljanje zaštićenim područjima – dijalog znanosti i struke

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    U organizaciji Znanstvenog vijeća za prirodoznanstvena istraživanja Jadrana, Razreda za prirodne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti 6. i 7. veljače 2025. u Knjižnici HAZU održan je 2. znanstveni skup “Bio-fizikalni procesi u Jadranskom moru.” Skup se sastojao od 14 pozvanih predavanja te okruglog stola, a pozvani predavači i sudionici obuhvaćali su znanstvenike i stručnjake iz Zavoda za zaštitu prirode Ministarstva zaštite okoliša i zelene tranzicije, Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Odjela za ekologiju, agronomiju i akvakulturu Sveučilišta u Zadru, Fakultet prirodnih znanosti Sveučilišta u Puli, Prirodoslovno-matematičkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu, Instituta Ruđer Bošković, Građevinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Društvo istraživača mora – 20000 milja i Javne ustanove nacionalnog parka Brijuni

    Impact of the Jadral alumina factory (Obrovac) on the geochemical characteristics of the surrounding soils

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    Tijekom procesa proizvodnje glinice jedan od najopasnijih nusprodukata jest crveni mulj. Velike količine crvenog mulja odlažu se u sklopu tvornica na otvorenom u velikim, plitkim bazenima što u kontaktu s okolinom, čak i desetljećima nakon njihovog zatvaranja, može imati vrlo negativne posljedice zbog visoke alkalnosti te prisutnosti raznih (teških) metala u njegovom sastavu. Nekadašnja tvornica glinice Jadral nalazi se na obrovačkom području u čijoj geološkoj građi prevladavaju mezozojske i paleogneske sedimentne stijene dok se u neposrednoj blizini nalazi estuarij rijeke Zrmanje, a cijelo područje izloženo je jakim vjetrovima. Primjenom kiselog reagensa (pH=2,87) na uzorcima tla uzorkovanih na području tvornice simulirana je pojava kiselijeg ispiranja u okolišu te su određene ukupne koncentracije metala u tlima i pridruženim eluatima u četiri veličinske frakcije (<0,45μm, <0,2μm, <0,1μm, <0,008μm). Rezultati pokazuju kako sama tla imaju puferirajući učinak, a mobilnost metala varira u ovisnosti o kationskom/anionskom karakteru te o njihovoj prisutnosti u pojedinim mineralima. Smjer prijenosa metala definiran je dominantnim vjetrom koji prevladava - bura. U kiselim uvjetima najmobilniji su elementi s kationskim karakterom vezani za karbonate (Sr, Mn, Cd), dok elementi s anionskim karakterom u kiselom mediju nisu značajno mobilni.During the alumina production process, one of the most dangerous by-products is red sludge. Large amounts of red sludge are disposed of in factories outdoors in large, shallow pools, which in contact with the environment, even decades after their closure, can have very negative consequences due to the high alkalinity and the presence of various (heavy) metals in its composition. The former Jadral alumina factory is located in the Obrovac area, whose geological structure is dominated by Mesozoic and Paleogene sedimentary rocks. The estuary of the Zrmanja river is located in the immediate vicinity and the entire area is exposed to strong winds. By applying an acidic reagent (pH=2.87) to soil samples sampled in the factory area, the occurrence of acidic leaching in the environment was simulated, and the total concentrations of metals in soils and associated eluates were determined in four size fractions (<0.45μm, <0.2μm, <0.1μm, <0.008μm). The results show that the soils have a buffering effect and the mobility of metals varies depending on the cationic/anionic character and their presence in certain minerals. The direction of metal transfer is defined by the prevailing wind - bora. In acidic conditions, the most mobile elements are ones with a cationic character and bound to carbonates (Sr, Mn, Cd), while the elements with an anionic character are not significantly mobile in an acidic medium

    Detection of protein interactions of the MIU domain of SPRTN due to DNA damage

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    Nesmetano odvijanje osnovnih procesa poput replikacije, transkripcije te popravka DNA esencijalni su za opstanak stanice. Prisustvo specifičnog tipa oštećenja pod nazivom kovalentno vezanje proteina na DNA (engl. DNA-protein crosslink, DPC) onemogućava odvijanje osnovnih staničnih procesa, čime se narušava stanična homeostaza. Zato što akumulacija DPC u stanici doprinosi razvoju tumora te starenju, humana proteaza SPRTN, koja je usko vezana uz proteolitički popravak DPC, predmet je brojnih istraživanja. U ovom radu pozornost je stavljena na nekarakteriziranu domenu MIU proteina SPRTN. Testirali smo interakcijske partnere domene MIU, te time pokušali predvidjeti njenu funkciju koju obavlja za vrijeme proteolitičkog uklanjanja DPC. Tumorske stanične linije HeLa i HepG2 su tretirane formaldehidom i UV-zračenjem u svrhu indukcije DPC. Korištenjem metode pulldown ispitali smo interakciju domene MIU s proteinima XRCC1, CHK1, PMS2, GAPDH, MLH1 te proteinima koji su obilježeni s ubikvitinom ili SUMO-2/3 posttranslacijskom modifikacijom. Interakcija proteina je provjerena metodom Western blot. Domena MIU nije vezala ni jedan testirani protein. Protein XRCC1 te PMS2 su definirani kao novi C-terminalni interaktori proteina SPRTN dok je za CHK1 ustanovljeno da se veže za N-terminalni dio proteina SPRTN.The unobstructed performance of basic processes, such as DNA replication, transcription and repaire, is essential for cell survival. The presence of a specific type of damage called DNAprotein crosslink (DPC) prevents the execution of basic cellular processes, thereby disrupting cellular homeostasis. Due to the fact that an accumulation of DPC in cells contributes to tumor development and aging, a human protease SPRTN, closely related to the proteolytic repair of DPC, is the subject of numerous studies. This study focuses on the MIU domain, an uncharacterized domain of SPRTN protein. We tested interaction partners of the MIU domain, and thereby tried to predict its function during the proteolytic removal of DPC. For the purpose of DPC induction, tumor cell lines HeLa and HepG2 were treated with formaldehyde and UV radiation. Using the pulldown method, we examined interactions of the MIU domain with XRCC1, CHK1, PMS2, GAPDH, MLH1 and proteins labeled with ubiquitin or SUMO-2/3 post-translational modification. Protein interactions were verified by a Western blot method. The MIU domain did not bind any tested protein. The XRCC1 and PMS2 proteins were defined as new C-terminal interactors of SPRTN protein, while CHK1 was found to bind the N-terminal part of SPRTN protein

    The role of protein ITIH5 in resistance to vemurafenib targeted therapy, proliferation and activity of major signaling pathways in human melanoma cell lines

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    Vemurafenib je selektivni inhibitor mutiranog proteina BRAF V600E koji se javlja u 60% melanoma. Unatoč početnim obećavajućim rezultatima, ubrzo nakon liječenja vemurafenibom dolazi do pojave stečene otpornosti stanica melanoma na ovaj lijek. Stečena otpornost često je posljedica reaktivacije signalnog puta MAPK (engl. mitogen activated protein kinase) ili aktivacije alternativnog signalnog puta PI3K/AKT (engl. phosphoinositide3-kinase/Akt). U mnogim je tumorima, uključujući melanom, uočena smanjena ekspresija gena ITIH5. Unatoč tome, njegova uloga u stečenoj otpornosti stanica melanoma na vemurafenib još nije istražena. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je istražiti učinak utišavanja ovoga gena na otpornost na vemurafenib, na signalne puteve MAPK i PI3K/AKT te na proliferaciju staničnih linija melanoma čovjeka WM793B i A375M. Utišavanje gena ITIH5 provedeno je prolaznom transfekcijom stanica malim interferirajućim RNA koje ciljaju ITIH5 koristeći kalcijev fosfat. Provjera ekspresije i uspješnosti utišavanja provedena je kvantitativnom polimeraznom lančanom reakcijom (qPCR). Nakon utišavanja ITIH5 provjerena je vijabilnost i proliferacija stanica metodom MTT te razina biljega aktivnosti istraživanih signalnih puteva i proliferacije metodom Western blot. Navedene su analize pokazale da tretman vemurafenibom znatno snižava ekspresiju gena ITIH5 te da snižena ekspresija ITIH5 povećava proliferaciju u navedenim staničnim linijama melanoma čovjeka.Vemurafenib is a selective inhibitor of the mutated protein BRAF V600E, which occurs in 60% of melanomas. Despite initial promising results, shortly after treatment with vemurafenib, acquired resistance of melanoma cells develops. Acquired resistance is often the result of the reactivation of the MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) signaling pathway or the activation of the alternative PI3K/AKT (phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt) signaling pathway. Decreased expression of the ITIH5 gene has been observed in many tumors, including melanoma. However, its role in the acquired resistance of melanoma cells to vemurafenib has not yet been investigated. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of ITIH5 silencing on the resistance to vemurafenib, on the activity of MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, and on the proliferation of human melanoma cell lines WM793B and A375M. ITIH5 silencing was performed by transfecting cells with small interfering RNA targeting ITIH5 using calcium phosphate. Verification of expression and success of silencing was performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). After the silencing of ITIH5, cell viability and proliferation were checked using the MTT test, while the levels of specific markers that represent the activity of signaling pathways or the proliferation was checked using the Western blot method. The results showed that the reduced expression of the ITIH5 increases the proliferation of the human melanoma cell lines and is a consequence of vemurafenib treatment

    Machine learning methods in determining the market value of football players

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    Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se predviđanjem tržišne vrijednosti nogometaša koristeći metode statističkog učenja. Na početku rada podsjetili smo se linearnog regresijskog modela i najpoznatije metode njegove prilagodbe - metode najmanjih kvadrata. U nastavku definiramo osnovne pojmove statističkog učenja, te uvodimo metode odabira prediktora u linearnim modelima i metode regularizacije (ridge i lasso regresija). Svaku od metoda smo primijenili na podatke o nogometašima. Rezultati ukazuju na postojanje određene linearne veze između prediktora i varijable odziva uz očite znakove potrebe za povećanjem kompleksnosti modela. Iako sve metode dovode do približno sličnih rezultata, kao najpouzdanija metoda pokazala se ridge regresija s obzirom da je njena pripadna testna greška najmanja.The main goal of this thesis is to predict the market value of football players using methods of statistical learning. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce the linear regression model and the least squares method. Furthermore, we defined the basic concepts of statistical learning and introduced methods for predictor selection in linear models and regularization methods (ridge and lasso regression). Each of these methods was applied to football player data. The results indicate the existence of a certain linear relationship between predictors and the response variable with obvious signs of the need to increase the model's complexity. Although all methods lead to approximately similar results, ridge regression proved to be the most reliable method since its corresponding test error is the lowest

    Mechanochemical synthesis and characterization of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex with loratadine

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    Loratadin (LOR) je antihistaminik niske topljivosti. Međutim, poznato je da mu se topljivost povećava kompleksiranjem s ciklodekstrinima.U ovom radu ispitana je mogućnost priprave inkluzijskog kompleksa loratadina i (2-hidroksipropil)-β-ciklodekstrina mljevenjem u mlinu bez i uz dodatak male količine organskog otapala, te u različitim stehiometrijskim omjerima loratadina i ciklodekstrina. Pripremljeni uzorci analizirani su infracrvenom spektroskopijom, razlikovnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom i difrakcijom rendgenskog zračenja na praškastom uzorku. Dobivenim produktima i čistom loratadinu određena je topljivost u vodi i biorelevantnim medijima (pH 4,5 i 6,8) UV/VIS spektroskopijom i tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti.Loratadine (LOR) is a low-solubility antihistamine. However, it is known that its solubility increases through complexation with cyclodextrins. In this study, the possibility of preparing an inclusion complex of loratadine and (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin was examined by grinding in a mill with and without the addition of a small amount of organic solvent, and in various stoichiometric ratios of loratadine and cyclodextrin. The prepared samples were analysed by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray powder diffraction. The solubility of the obtained products and pure loratadine was determined in water and biorelevant media (pH 4.5 and 6.8) using UV/VIS spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography

    Modifications of graphene and gallium nitride by swift heavy ions

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    Istraživanje interakcija između ionskih snopova i čvrste tvari bogato je i rastuće područje u fizici materijala. Ono doprinosi poznavanju temeljnih značajki spomenute interakcije i svojstava materijala u ekstremnim uvjetima zračenja, no, ozračivanje materijala ionskim snopovima također je svestrani alat za modifikaciju i nanostrukturiranje materijala putem uvođenja defekata. Parametri snopa pri ozračivanju, kao što su vrsta iona, energija, doza, kut ozračivanja i nabojno stanje iona mogu se varirati pa se u velikoj mjeri može istraživati i, u konačnici, upravljati efektima ozračivanja. Korištenje snopova iona visokih energija (~MeV-GeV), koji se često nazivaju brzim teškim ionima, (eng. swift heavy ions, SHI) pruža različite mogućnosti za nanostruktruriranje materijala. Svojom pravocrtnom trajektorijom i dugim dosegom u materijalu mogu stvoriti trajno cilindrično oštećenje, tzv. ionski trag (eng. ion track). Osim mogućnosti za stvaranje nanostruktura u samom volumenu materijala, ionima ove vrste mogu se stvarati jedinstvene strukture i na površini materijala, te u 2D materijalima. Kako bi se procesi proizvodnje ovako nanostrukturiranih defekata mogli predvidjeti i kontrolirati, nužno je razumijevanje procesa nastanka defekata pri ozračivanju. U tu svrhu, u ovoj tezi predstavljene su interakcije ionskih snopova s dva materijala: grafenom i galijevim nitridom. Prvi dio istraživanja fokusiran je na interakciju dvodimenzionalnog materijala, samostojećeg grafena i grafena na podlozi s ionskim snopovima energija u rasponu 1-23 MeV. Opisana je morfologija defekata u grafenu i povezana je s parametrima ozračivanja. Također je dano objašnjenje podrijetla tih defekata, odnosno određen je doprinos dvaju glavnih kanala depozicije energije snopa u materijal, te je istražen utjecaj podloge. Drugi dio istraživanja tiče se galijevog nitrida koji, kao materijal otporan na efekte zračenja, karakterizira visoki prag za nastanak ionskog traga. Opisani su uvjeti potrebni za uvođenje defekata i nastanak tragova, u prvom koraku snopovima energija u rasponu od 2-900 MeV, a na temelju sekvencijalnog ozračivanja dvama snopovima, opisana su dva oprečna efekta: povećanje i smanjenje broja postojećih defekata, te su također opisani uvjeti u kojima ih je moguće ostvariti. Također je kvantificirana količina defekata prisutna u materijalu po završetku ozračivanja.The interaction of ion beams and solids is a rich and growing field in materials physics. By delving deeper into some of its traits and peculiarities, we can contribute to the current understanding of a material’s behavior under irradiation. Moreover, ion beams are also a versatile tool for materials modification and nanostructuring. Ion beam parameters like ion species, ion charge states, beam energy (velocity), fluence, and angle of irradiation can be controlled, consequently opening the possibility of defects engineering. Using high-energy ion beams in the ~MeV-GeV range, often called swift heavy ions (SHI), offers additional opportunities for materials nanostructuring. With its linear trajectories and long ranges, SHI can create permanent cylindrical damage around the trajectory, called an ion track. Besides the possibility of damage creation in the bulk of the material, SHI can also create unique structures on the materials’ surfaces and in 2D materials. To predict and control the production of nanostructures this way, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the processes of defect creation during ion beam irradiation. For this purpose, in this thesis, we explore the interactions of various ion beams with two materials: graphene and gallium nitride. The first part of our research focuses on the interaction of a 2D material, graphene (suspended and supported) with ion beams in the energy ranges from 1-23 MeV. We describe the morphology of defects and connect it to the beam parameters. We explain the origin of defects by deconvoluting the contribution of the ion beam's two main energy deposition channels to the material and discuss the role of the substrate. The other part of our research presented here pertains to gallium nitride, a bulk material characterized by its radiation hardness, represented by the high energy threshold for the ion track formation. We describe the conditions for the introduction of defects despite this threshold, irradiating this material by ion beams in the energy range of 2-900 MeV. In the second step, we turn to sequential irradiation using two beams, finally reaching two contrary effects: an increase and a decrease in the number of previously introduced defects. We describe the conditions where these effects are reachable, and for all the above cases, we quantify the number of defects that are permanently present in the material after the irradiations

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