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Kompleksi poli(etilenimina) i poli(natrijevog 4-stirensulfonata): karakterizacija i primjena kao membrane
No full textPolyelectrolyte complex formation was studied on the example of the complexation between branched poly(ethyleneimine) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). Casting solutions containing these polyelectrolytes were examined using dynamic light scattering measurements. Polyelectrolyte complex membranes were successfully prepared from casting solutions using the aqueous phase separation method. The top surface and cross-section morphology of the membranes was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Membranes exhibited asymmetric morphology with dense top layers, followed by porous substructures. Pure water permeability tests offered insights into membranes’ porosity and substructure. By adding lysozyme in casting solution, biocatalytic membrane was created. Lysozyme- containing membrane showed enzymatic activity upon increasing the temperature. Polyelectrolyte complexation was studied at the surface, as well. Compact polyelectrolyte multilayers were prepared on silicon wafer using layer-by-layer method and characterized using ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. Based on the obtained results, it could be concluded that poly(ethyleneimine)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) complexes were found to be promising candidates for application as membranes.Nastajanje polielektrolitnih kompleksa proučavano je na primjeru kompleksiranja razgranatog poli(etilenimina) i poli(natrijevog 4-stirensulfonata). Vodene otopine polielektrolita analizirane su dinamičkim raspršenjem svjetlosti. Membrane na bazi polielektrolitnih kompleksa uspješno su priređene iz spomenutih otopina polielektrolita uporabom metode vodene fazne separacije. Morfologija membrana definirana je analizom površine i središnjeg presjeka, metodom pretražne elektronske mikroskopije. Ustanovljeno je kako sve membrane posjeduju asimetričnu morfologiju s gustim površinskim slojem popraćenim poroznom podstrukturom. Ispitivanje permeabilnosti za čistu vodu pružilo je informacije o poroznosti i podstrukturi membrana. Dodatak otopine lizozima rezultirao je formiranjem biokatalitičke membrane čija je enzimska aktivnost opažena uslijed povišenja temperature. Kompleksiranje polielektrolita istraženo je i na površini. Kompaktni polielektrolitni višeslojevi pripravljeni su na silicijevom supstratu metodom sloj-po-sloj, a karakterizacija je provedena upotrebom elipsometrije i mikroskopije atomskih sila. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti kako su kompleksi poli(etilenimina) i poli(natrijevog 4-stirensulfonata) obećavajući kandidati za primjenu kao membrane
Protection of endangered species of freshwater fish of Croatia within Natura 2000 ecological network
No full textCilj ovog istraţivanja bio je uvidjeti uĉestalost odreĊenog stupnja ugroţenosti slatkovodnih riba
na odreĊenom Natura 2000 podruĉju Hrvatske i odrediti koje se mjere primjenjuju za pojedinu
ciljnu vrstu u okviru Natura 2000 ekološke mreţe. Istraţivanje je pokazalo da se na 60 razliĉitih
stanišnih tipova koji su dio ekološke mreţe Natura 2000 nalazi 35 vrsta slatkovodnih riba koje su
takoĊer na Crvenom popisu ugroţenih vrsta. Prema rezultatima analize vidljivo je kako se vrste
ĉešće javljaju na nekim podruĉjima poput Delte Neretve i Srednjeg toka Drave, dok se na
biološki specifiĉnim podruĉjima (primjerice solane) ne javljaju toliko ĉesto. S obzirom na
zabiljeţenost pojedine ciljne vrste na odreĊenom podruĉju ne moţe se reći da nuţno vrstama
bogatije podruĉje ima više vrsta koje su više kategorije ugroţenosti prema IUCN-u. Javne
ustanove koje su nadleţne za upravljanje nad zaštićenim podruĉjima donose javno dostupni Plan
upravljanja kojime se odreĊuju aktivne mjere zaštite ugroţenih vrsta. Većina Javnih ustanova
prema do sada donesenim Planovima upravljanja provode sve preporuĉene mjere zaštite, neke
provode dio, dok su neke uvele dodatne mjere zaštite. Analizom je dokazano da broj aktivnih
mjera zaštite nije u korelaciji s brojem ugroţenih vrsta na odreĊenom Natura 2000 zaštićenom
podruĉju.The aim of this study was to see the frequency of a certain degree of endangerment of freshwater
fish in a certain Natura 2000 area of Croatia and to determine which measures are applied to a
particular target species within the Natura 2000 ecological network. Research has shown that
there are 35 species of freshwater fish that are also on the Red List of Endangered Species on 60
different habitat types that are part of the Natura 2000 ecological network. According to the
results of the analysis, it is evident that species occur more frequently in some areas such as the
Delta Neretva and the Middle Stream of the Drava, while in biologically specific areas (
examples of solana) do not occur so often. Given the recording of an individual target species in a
given area, it cannot be said that necessarily the species of the richer area has several species that
are higher categories of vulnerability according to IUCN. Public institutions responsible for the
management of protected areas shall adopt a publicly available Management Plan setting out
active measures for the protection of endangered species. Most Public Institutions, according to
the management plans adopted so far, implement all recommended protection measures, some
implement part, while some have introduced additional protection measures. The analysis
showed that the number of active protection measures does not correlate with the number of
endangered species on a particular Natura 2000 protected area
Population size and activity of the wild cat (Felis silvestris) in the area of Gorski kotar and Lika
No full textEuropska divlja mačka (Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777) zaštićena je vrsta u Hrvatskoj i većini
Europe. Fragmentirane populacije pod ugrozom su gubitka staništa, hibridizacije i stradanja od
čovjeka. Poznavanje aktivnosti i brojnosti vrste bitno je radi kvalitetnog planiranja i primjena
mjera zaštite. U ovom radu istražena je rasprostranjenost, trend populacije te sezonska i dnevna
aktivnost vrste na području Gorskog kotara i Like. Kroz šest godina istraživanja metodom
fotozamki, prikupljen je 581 nalaz vrste. Glavni rezultati ukazuju na rasprostranjenost vrste u
većem dijelu istraživanog područja te trend populacije koji je u laganom porastu. Na dnevnoj razini
vrsta je najaktivnija noću, a zatim u sumrak. Kroz godinu najaktivnija je u razdoblju proljeća dok
je najmanje aktivna zimi.The European wildcat (Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777) is a protected species in Croatia and most
of Europe. Fragmented populations are threatened by habitat loss, hybridization, and humaninduced
mortality. Understanding the activity patterns and population size of the species is
essential for effective planning and application of protection measures. This study investigated the
distribution, population trend, seasonal and daily activity of the species in the regions of Gorski
Kotar and Lika. During six years of research using camera traps, 581 records of the species were
collected. The main results indicate that the species is distributed across most of the study area,
with a slightly increasing population trend. On a daily scale, the species is most active at night,
followed by dusk. Throughout the year, it is most active in spring and least active in winter
Investigation of Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) as a potential causal agent of orange fruit creasing
No full textVirus pjegavosti lista citrusa (eng. Citrus leaf blotch virus, CLBV) je (+)RNA-virus filamentozne građe sa širokim krugom biljnih domaćina. Početkom 2023. g. analizom viroma naboranih plodova slatke naranče (Citrus sinensis 'Washington Navel') prvi puta je u Hrvatskoj zabilježen CLBV, zajedno s viroidom patuljavosti citrusa (eng. Citrus dwarfing viroid, CDVd). Iz uzoraka simptomatičnog i okolnih asimptomatičnih stabala naranče provedena je ekstrakcija ukupnih nukleinskih kiselina metodom CTAB (eng. cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) radi potvrde prisutnosti virusa. CLBV je dokazan putem reverzne transkripcije i lančane reakcije polimeraze (RT-PCR) te Sangerovim sekvenciranjem amplikona. Time su potvrđeni rezultati metagenomske analize za CLBV. U potrazi za metodom koja bi osigurala transport biljnog materijala na velike udaljenosti bez hlađenja, otiskivanje biljnog tkiva na FTA® (Flinders Technology Associates) -kartice pokazalo se brzim i jednostavnim rješenjem. Otisci kolumele iz ploda naranče te reakcijski volumen od 30 μL za RT-PCR s obrađenim isječcima FTA-kartica polučili su najbolje rezultate. Budući da je u simptomatičnom stablu potvrđen CLBV i CDVd, a u asimptomatičnim stablima samo CDVd, infekciju ovim virusom, ili međudjelovanje virusa i viroida, trebalo bi istražiti kao čimbenike u razvoju bolesti naboranih plodova citrusa.Citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV) is a filamentous (+)RNA virus with a wide range of plant hosts. In early 2023, CLBV was first recorded in Croatia, along with Citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd), through analysis of the virome of creased sweet orange fruits (Citrus sinensis 'Washington Navel'). Total nucleic acid extraction was performed from samples of symptomatic and surrounding asymptomatic orange trees using the CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) method to confirm the presence of the CLBV. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing of the amplicon confirmed the results of the metagenomic analysis for CLBV. In the search for a method that would ensure the transport of plant material over long distances without refrigeration, printing plant tissue onto FTA® (Flinders Technology Associates) -cards proved to be a quick and simple solution. Columella prints from orange fruit and a reaction volume of 30 μL for RT-PCR with FTA-card sections yielded the best results. Since CLBV and CDVd were confirmed in the samples from the symptomatic tree, and only CDVd in the asymptomatic trees, infection with this virus, or the interaction of the virus and the viroid, should be investigated as factors in the development of citrus creased disease
Geological factors of salt marsh development along the Karin Sea and its recent characteristics
No full textU ovom radu istraživani su sedimenti slane močvare na ušću rijeke Karišnice i Bijele u Karinsko more. Analizirano je 20 uzoraka iz 6 sedimentnih jezgara te su na njima provedene granulometrijska i mikropaleontološka analiza, određen je udio karbonata te mineralni sastav. Sediment je dominantno muljevit i relativno loše sortiran. Svi uzorci pokazuju osrednji udio karbonata, dok su rendgenskom difrakcijom kalcit i kvarc određeni kao najzastupljeniji, uz prisutnost minerala glina. Utvrđeno je nekoliko rodova foraminifera, od kojih je najzastupljeniji rod Ammonia. Pronađeni su fragmenti ljuštura školjaka, kućice gastropoda i karapaksi ostrakoda, što potvrđuje dvojnost porijekla sedimenta. Kontinuiran, ali ne prevelik donos materijala rijekama pokazao se kao važan čimbenik u razvoju ove močvare. Prevladavajući sitno-zrnasti sediment upućuje na općenito nisko-energetski okoliš, dok mala raznolikost mikrofosila i prevladavajući rod Ammonia ukazuju na karakteristični prijelazni okoliš. Ovakvi rezultati ukazuju na dvojno porijeklo sedimenta i taloženje u mirnom okolišu bez promjena tijekom vremena.This paper investigated the sediments of the salt marsh at the confluence of the Karišnica and Bijela rivers into the Karin Sea. A total of 20 samples from 6 sediment cores were analysed: granulometric and micropaleontological analyses were performed, and the carbonate content and mineral composition were determined. The sediment is predominantly muddy and relatively poorly sorted. All samples showed a moderate carbonate content, while calcite and quartz were determined as the most abundant by X-ray diffraction, with the presence of clay minerals. Several foraminifera genera were identified, of which the genus Ammonia was the most abundant. Fragments of mussel shells, gastropod shells and ostracod carapaces were found, which confirms the dual origin of the sediment. Continuous, but not excessive sediment input by rivers proved to be an important factor in the development of this marsh. The predominant fine-grained sediment indicates a generally low-energy environment, while the small diversity of microfossils and the predominant genus Ammonia indicate a characteristic transitional environment. These results indicate a dual origin of the sediment and deposition in a calm environment without changes over time
FREQUENCY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Campylobacter jejuni AND C. lari IN YELLOW-LEGGED GULLS, Larus michahellis, (Naumann, 1840) IN CROATIA
No full textBakterije roda Campylobacter su jedni od najčešćih zoonotskih patogena u ljudi, a ptice
se smatraju važnim rezervoarom. Ova disertacija istražuje prevalenciju i genetičku raznolikost
C. jejuni i C. lari u galebova klaukavaca koji gnijezde na jadranskim otocima i krovovima
zgrada u gradovima. Uzorci kloake prikupljeni su od odraslih ptica i mladunaca u prirodnim i
urbanim kolonijama te na odlagalištima otpada zimi. Zbog svoje bliske povezanosti s ljudima i
pokretljivosti, galebovi mogu širiti bakterije roda Campylobacter. Za proučavanje korištenja
urbanih staništa, korišteni su GPS-GSM uređaji za praćenje kretanja galebova koji se hrane na
moru, u gradovima, na poljoprivrednim površinama i na odlagalištima otpada. Bakterije roda
Campylobacter su pronađene u galebova iz prirodnih kolonija i u galebovima koji se hrane na
odlagalištima. Zabilježena je velika genetička raznolikost C. jejuni i C. lari, što pokazuje da su
ove bakterije još uvijek nedovoljno neistražene. Galebovi klaukavci imaju uglavnom genotipove
specifične za galebove, što ukazuje na nizak rizik od širenja bakterija roda Campylobacter na
čovjeka.Species of the genus Campylobacter are among the most common zoonotic pathogens
in humans, and birds are considered an important reservoir. This dissertation
investigates the prevalence and genetic diversity of C. jejuni and C. lari in Yellowlegged
Gulls breeding on Adriatic islands and urban rooftops. Cloacal swabs were
collected from adults and nestlings in natural and urban colonies and on landfills in
winter. Due to their close association with humans and their mobility, gulls can spread
Campylobacter bacteria. To study the use of urban habitats, GPS-GSM devices were
used to track the movements of gulls foraging at sea, in cities, on farmland and in
landfills. Campylobacter bacteria were found in gulls breeding in natural colonies and
in wintering gulls feeding on landfills. A high genetic diversity of C. jejuni and C. lari
was found, indicating that these bacteria are still largely unexplored. The Yellow-legged
Gulls have mainly gull-specific genotypes, indicating a low risk for the spread of the
Campylobacter pathogen
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CHIMERIC VIRUSES BASED ON MUMPS VIRUS WITH INSERTED GENES FOR SURFACE PROTEINS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS
No full textRekombinantni virusi bazirani na atenuiranim sojevima virusa zaušnjaka jedna su od bioloških platformi
za vektorska cjepiva. Tijekom njihova razvoja nužno je istražiti gensku stabilnost proizvedenih kimernih
virusa jer mutacije i promjene u strukturi virusne kvazivrste mogu utjecati na atenuacijski i imunosni profil
cijepnog soja. U ovom istraživanju su dizajnirana i proizvedena dva kimerna virusa temeljena na konsenzus
sekvenciji soja L-Zagreb s ugrađenim genima za površinske proteine virusa hepatitisa C (HCV). Virusi su
dobiveni u visokom titru, no tijekom kultivacije na dvije vrste stanica za proizvodnju cjepiva uočene su
genske promjene koje su uzrokovale smanjenje ekspresije gena HCV-a. Za virus koji je imao veću gensku
stabilnost su ispitane imunogeničnost i neškodljivost u animalnim modelima. Rezultati su pokazali da virus
nije dovoljno neuroatenuiran i da ne inducira snažne imunosne odgovore na HCV. Istraživanje naglašava
potrebu za strogom kontrolom genske stabilnosti tijekom razvoja cjepiva.Recombinant viruses based on attenuated mumps strains are one of biological platforms for vector vaccines.
During their development, it is necessary to investigate the genetic stability of produced chimeric viruses
because mutations and changes in viral quasispecies structure can influence attenuation and immune profile
of vaccine strain. In this study, two chimeric viruses were designed and produced using consensus sequence
of L-Zagreb, with genes encoding hepatitis C virus (HCV) surface proteins inserted. Viruses were obtained
in high titers; however, genetic changes leading to reduced HCV gene expression were observed during
cultivation in two cell types suitable for vaccine production. The virus showing higher genetic stability was
evaluated for immunogenicity and safety in animal models. It was insufficiently neuroatenuated and failed
to induce strong immune responses to HCV. This study highlights the need for strict control of genetic
stability during vaccine development
Fluorescent calixarene derivatives: synthesis and thermodynamics of complexation reactions with metal cations
No full textIstražen je afinitet četiriju derivata kaliksarena prema kationima alkalijskih metala u nekoliko organskih otapala pri 25 °C spektrofotometrijskim, fluorimetrijskim i mikrokalorimetrijskim titracijama te simulacijama molekulske dinamike i kvantno-kemijskim računima. Uvođenjem fenantridinskih podjedinica na donji obod makrocikla sintetizirani su novi fluorescentni derivati kaliks[4]arena. Kako bi se poboljšala njihova receptorska svojstva, u vezno mjesto liganada uvedene su i tercijarne amidne ili esterske funkcijske skupine. Otapala (acetonitril, metanol, etanol, N-metilformamid, N,N-dimetilformamid, dimetilsulfoksid, acetonitril/diklormetan i metanol/diklormetan) odabrana su uzevši u obzir razlike u solvataciji reaktanata i produkata reakcija kompleksiranja, kao i sposobnost tvorbe inter- i intramolekulskih vodikovih veza. Određeni su i detaljno diskutirani termodinamički parametri reakcija vezanja kationa (konstante ravnoteže, standardne reakcijske Gibbsove energije, entalpije i entropije) te u nekim slučajevima termodinamičke veličine prijenosa receptora i kompleksa između otapala. Uočeno je da stabilnosti kompleksa znatno ovise o reakcijskom mediju, pri čemu važnu ulogu ima proces inkluzije molekule otapala u hidrofobnu šupljinu slobodnog i kompleksiranog liganda. Izrazit porast intenziteta fluorescencije receptora prilikom reakcija kompleksiranja čini ih vrijednim modelnim spojevima za daljnji razvoj osjetljivih luminescentnih senzora za katione.Complexation of alkali metal cations by four calixarene derivatives in various organic solvents was investigated at 25 °C experimentally (UV spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, microcalorimetry) and by means of classical molecular dynamics and DFT calculations. By introducing phenanthridine moieties at the lower macrocycle rim, novel fluorescent calix[4]arene derivatives were synthesized. To enhance cation-binding ability of the ligands, tertiary-amide or ester functionalities were also introduced in the cation-binding site. The solvents (acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, N-methylformamide, N,N- dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile/dichloromethane, and methanol/dichloromethane) were chosen considering their solvation and inter- and intramolecular hydrogen-bonding abilities. The thermodynamic parameters (equilibrium constants, standard reaction Gibbs energies, enthalpies, and entropies) of the cation complexation reactions were determined and discussed in detail, as were in some cases the thermodynamic quantities related to the transfer of the reactants and their complexes between the solvents. Stabilities of the complexes were quite solvent dependent, whereby the process of solvent molecule inclusion in the hydrophobic cavity of the free and complexed ligand forms plays an important role. A considerable increase in the fluorescence intensity of the receptors upon cation binding makes them valuable scaffolds for the further development of luminescent cation sensors
Innovative Designs of Ecological in silico Experiments Based on Artifcial Intelligence
No full textOvom doktorskom disertacijom primjenom tradicionalnih metoda modeliranja i metoda neuronskih mreža razvile su se in silico metode za rješavanje složenih ekoloških
izazova. Razvijenim metodama su kroz niz in silico pokusa istraživana važna ekološka
pitanja podijeljena u pet tematskih cjelina: (i) razumijevanje dinamike populacija gujavica, (ii) predvidanje populacije komaraca kao funkcije okolišnih uvjeta, (iii) predvi ¯ danje ¯
dinamike rasta ribe, (iv) utjecaji na prostorno-vremenske distribucije komaraca, te (v)
kartiranje morskih staništa.
Istraživanje dokazuje da integracija klasicnih pristupa s umjetnom intelignecijom una- ˇ
prjeduje ekološko modeliranje, nude ¯ ci brže i preciznije alate za razumijevanje ekosustava ´
i održivo upravljanje. Rezultati daju smjernice za adaptaciju na klimatske promjene, optimizaciju poljoprivrednih praksi i ocuvanje morskih resursa. Razvijene metode primje- ˇ
njive su i na brojne druge ekološke kontekste, pa se disertacijom dopridonosi i razumijevanju i rješavanju globalnih ekoloških izazova.This doctoral dissertation explores the application of artifcial intelligence (AI) and in
silico methods to address complex ecological challenges, such as population dynamics,
climate change, and natural resource management. Through fve thematic studies, innovative models were developed to simulate earthworm and mosquito populations, gilthead
seabream growth, and marine habitat mapping. The integration of mathematical models
(e.g., matrix population models, dynamic energy budget theory) with AI techniques (neural networks, optimization algorithms) enabled the prediction of temperature impacts,
pest control management, and the analysis of spatial ecosystem dynamics.
The research demonstrates that integrating classical approaches with AI enhances ecological modeling, providing faster and more precise tools for sustainable management.
The results emphasize the importance of adapting to climate change, optimizing agricultural practices, and preserving marine resources. These methodological frameworks
are applicable to diverse ecological contexts, contributing to scientifc understanding and
practical solutions for global ecological threats
Razvoj neutronskih senzora za nalaženje sirove nafte, metan hidrata i elemenata rijetkih zemalja
No full textThis dissertation explores the development and application of neutron-based sensors for detecting crude oil, methane hydrates, and rare earth elements (REEs), employing both experimental measurements and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The study aims to im prove and explore elemental detection techniques by utilizing the associated alpha particle (AAP) method and pulsed fast-thermal neutron activation (PFTNA), finding detection limits and optimizing background suppression. In the field of crude oil exploration, a compact neutron probe was designed and tested for carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) logging using the AAP method. Experimental results demon strated that AAP significantly reduces background noise compared to conventional fast neutron activation analysis (FNAA). The probe’s performance was tested under high temperature conditions, while its temporal and spatial resolutions were determined to be 2 ns and 10 cm, respectively. The probe was further utilized in PFTNA mode to determine the minimum detection limits (MDLs) for chlorine and water content in crude oil, yielding (62±6) mg/L and (2±2) vol.%, respectively. While the chlorine MDL was within the required export limits of 50 mg/L, the water MDL was inconclusive due to high relative uncertainties. Methane hydrate detection was conducted using the AAP technique in an experimental setup designed to simulate oceanic hydrate formations. Key components, such as compact neutron generator, detectors and powers supplies were mounted in the submarine. The MDL for methane hydrate saturation was determined to be (28±8) vol.%, which is suitable for detecting high-saturation hydrate reservoirs such as those found near Mount Elbert in Alaska. The final section of this work focuses on the detection of REEs, specifically gadolin ium and lutetium, which serve as indicators of total REE concentrations in deep-sea sediments. For gadolinium, an active neutron-based approach leveraging its high neutron capture cross-section was used, achieving an MDL of (12±1) ppm in the gamma-energy region (2.55–3.3 MeV), sufficient for detecting concentrations in both the Pacific (68±2 ppm) and Indian (39±2 ppm) oceans. Lutetium detection relied on passive gamma-ray spectroscopy with optimized lead shielding, achieving an MDL of (3.8±0.7) ppm for a 50-hour measurement, which is sufficient for Pacific Ocean sediments but would require longer integration times for Indian Ocean samples. Monte Carlo simulations were employed across all applications to validate experimen tal results, optimize detection configurations, and investigate the underlying factors con tributing to certain experimentally observed phenomena. The methodologies developed in this dissertation demonstrate the feasibility of neutron-based techniques for remote and in-situ elemental detection. Future work should focus on further optimizing neutron colli mation, improving detector resolution, and integrating neutron sensors into autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) or remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) for real-world applica tions in deep-sea exploration.Metode neutronske analize omogućuju precizno određivanje elementarnog sastava različitih materijala, čime imaju široku primjenu u industriji, geologiji i fundamentalnoj fizici. Ova disertacija istražuje primjenu triju glavnih neutronskih metoda – Fast Neutron Activation Analysis (FNAA), Associated Alpha Particle (AAP) metode i Pulsed Fast-Thermal Neutron Activation (PFTNA) – u svrhu detekcije sirove nafte, metan hidrata i elemenata rijetkih zemalja. Eksperimentalni postavi razvijeni su za specifične scenarije karakterizacije uzoraka korištenjem neutronskog zračenja, dok su Monte Carlo simulacije provedene kako bi se optimizirala geometrija eksperimenta i bolje razumjeli eksperimentalni rezultati. Ova istraživanja predstavljaju doprinos razvoju tehnika zasnovanih na neutronima za daljinsku i in-situ karakterizaciju materijala u industrijskim i prirodnim okruženjima