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Assessing the comprehensiveness of the land policy toolbox: An analytical framework
No full textSustainable and socially just land use requires effective and legitimate land policies. One potential obstacle to the design of such policies is the lack of appropriate land policy instruments. Currently, we have an incomplete system-level understanding of the critical elements in the repertory of land policy instruments available to local governments (i.e., the land policy toolbox) for purposes of furthering their land policy goals. In this article, we develop an analytical framework for assessing the comprehensiveness of the land policy toolbox. We root the framework in theoretical insights from policy design and land policy literatures and propose that the land policy toolbox should enable the formulation of effective land policy responses to diverse conflicts of interest in varying circumstances. The framework consists of three dimensions: the 1) conflict-solving ability, 2) range, and 3) applicability of land policy instruments. Drawing evidence from 30 Finnish municipalities, we apply the framework to the land policy toolbox in the context of housing densification. Our system-level analysis identified several shortcomings, such as a lack of an applicable instrument allowing coordinated development of adjacent sites and areas for development in the densification toolbox in Finland. The framework contributes to understanding of land policy design, and tool-oriented approach in public policy
Identification of terpenes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: comparison of liquid injection and headspace methods
No full textUAVs unveil the role of small scale vegetation structure on wader nest survival
No full textSeveral ground-nesting wader species rely on Baltic coastal meadows for breeding. Drastic reduction in the area of the habitat at the end of the 20th century has been followed by habitat restoration activities over the last 20 years. However, wader populations are not responding as hoped to the current conservation effort. Therefore, identifying which grassland characteristics are essential for waders to select their nesting location and which ones enhance their clutch survival probability is vital to implementing efficient conservation plans. However, many vegetation structural characteristics, such as sward height or heterogeneity, can be logistically complex to measure using traditional methods in relatively large areas, especially considering the highly accurate resolution needed. Here, we assessed several sward characteristics together with other key landscape features by combining very high-resolution images from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys with nest survival monitoring, in five key Estonian coastal grasslands for waders. We found that the main four wader species, Northern Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), Common Redshank (Tringa totanus), Common Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula) and the Baltic Dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii), do not significantly differ in their nest-site selection in terms of vegetation height, growth rates, or sward heterogeneity. Yet, we found that vegetation sward height and heterogeneity surrounding the nest sites within a 2-meter buffer positively increased the daily nest survival probability from 0.883 to 0.979 along the gradients observed. Additionally, the distance between the nest location and flooded areas (≥20m2) was negatively correlated, and all variables affected the wader community similarly. Our results signal the need for a higher diversity of sward structures and the importance of constantly flooded areas in Estonian coastal meadows. Moreover, our study highlights the importance of integrating UAV remote sensing techniques within the animal conservation research field to unveil ecological patterns that may remain hidden using more traditional methods
Puheen ymmärtämisen ja tuottamisen vaikeuksien yhteys käyttäytymisoireisiin 2–6-vuotiailla lapsilla kehityksellisessä kielihäiriössä
No full textThe reception of the depiction of God in Elizabeth Johnson’s She who is and Quest for the living God between years 1992 and 2011
No full textVoiko mihinkään enää luottaa - Kuinka Euroopan unioni pyrkii ratkaisemaan syväväärennösten yhteiskunnalliset ja eettiset ongelmat?
No full textPrimary School Teachers’ Experiences of Making Child Welfare Notifications and Collaborating with Child Welfare Services
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