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    Co-Movement, Factors, and Forecasting: Data-Driven and Neural Network Advances in Financial Equity Market Analysis

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    In recent decades, data-driven and neural network methods have gained significant attention among academics and financial practitioners in equity market research. This thesis comprises four quantitative studies introducing innovative, data-driven approaches to measuring and predicting key financial variables in equity markets. First, we analyze global equity market co-movement over 25 years using a dynamic spatial model, focusing on major financial crises. Second, we employ neural networks to forecast downside deviation for investment factor timing and evaluate the results through an investment strategy. Third, we develop a neural network-based approach to predict daily realized volatility by transforming intraday data into images and using them as predictors. Finally, building on these insights, we propose a mixed-input, mixed-frequency neural network for next-day volatility forecasting, integrating intraday images, heteroscedastic autoregressive regressors, and market data. Given equity markets' increasing complexity and rapid evolution, this dissertation contributes to equity market research by advancing measurement and forecasting modeling techniques. This contribution is further reinforced by the publication of two of the four studies in international peer-reviewed journals: Dirkx and Heil (2022) in Expert Systems with Applications and Heil et al. (2022) in the Journal of International Money and Finance

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