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Spiritual significance of the sacrament of anointing of the sich in hospital pastoral care
No full textDiplomski rad analizira suvremenu situaciju i izazove s kojima se susreću bolesnici i djelatnici na pastoralnom području bolničkog dušobrižništva iz teološko-pastoralne, a napose filozofsko-teodicejske perspektive nastojeći pronaći sofrologijski smisao patnje i boli.
Pritom rad ukazuje na važnost sakramenta bolesničkog pomazanja te govori o nerijetko povijesno pogrešno interpretiranom tumačenju samog sakramenta koji je iznimno važan u kontekstu bolničkog dušobrižništva, palijativne skrbi i hospicijskog pokreta.
Diplomski rad želi ukazati na poteškoće u samom pastoralu bolesnika jer nerijetko ni sami bolesnici u strahu od neminovno nadolazeće smrti ne žele primiti sakramente ispovijedi i bolesničkog pomazanja, dok se s druge strane događa da nemaju ni pravodobne mogućnosti, ako bolnički kapelan obavlja još neke druge službe te se ne može potpuno posvetiti bolnici ili hospicijima te na taj način biti nada i utjeha u trenutcima umiranja.This graduate thesis analyzes the current situation and challenges faced by patients and staff in the field of hospital pastoral care from a theological-pastoral, and especially philosophical-theodical perspective, trying to find a sophrological meaning of suffering and pain.
The paper points out the importance of the sacrament of anointing of the sick and speaks of the not infrequently historically misinterpreted explication of the sacrament itself, the one sacrament that is extremely important in the context of hospital pastoral care, palliative care and the hospice movement.
The thesis wants to point out the difficulties in the pastoral care of patients, because often the patients themselves, in fear of inevitable death, do not want to receive the sacraments of confession and anointing of the sick, while on the other hand it may occur that they do not have timely opportunities if the hospital chaplain also has some other duties and is not able to fully dedicate himself to the hospital or hospices and thus be a hope and consolation in moments of dying
UNDERSTANDING GOD AS A PERSON WITH REGARD TO EVIL AND SUFFERING: PHILOSOPHIES AND WORLDVIEWS DERIVED FROM THE INTERPRETATION OF THAT RELATIONSHIP
No full textCilj je diplomskog rada bio promišljanje o stvarnosti Boga s obzirom na svevremenski i
sveprisutni problem zla i patnje. Postoji li dobri i svemogući Bog unatoč svekolikoj patnji kojom
smo oduvijek okruženi? Ako postoji, zašto smo suočeni s paradoksom patnje? Krenuli smo od
samih pojmova zla i patnje, zatim ih provukli kroz filozofski i teološki ključ te izdvojili
najvažnije filozofije i svjetonazore koji su proizašli iz tumačenja odnosa između Boga i zla.
Nakon toga ponudili smo nacrt mogućeg kršćanskoga odgovora kako poimati Boga kao osobu
uz stvarnost zla i patnje kroz prizmu vjere, Kristova primjera, žrtve, nade i eshatologije.
Središnja je teza tog dijela rada da konkretna vjera kao vjernost i predanost Bogu u realnost
patnje i zla donosi smisao i to ne tako što odgovara „zašto“ patnja nego „kako“ proći kroz
patnju. Problem zla jedan je od najvažnijih argumenata za nijekanje dobroga i svemogućega
Boga u različitim oblicima ateističkih filozofskih sustava, dok je u suvremenom
prevladavajućem vjerskom indiferentizmu taj problem potisnut, jer u općoj ravnodušnosti
prema transcendentnom više nema mjesta ni za Boga, ali ni za razlikovanje dobra i zla. U
postmodernizmu kao „stanju“ i kao razdoblju od druge polovice 20. stoljeća Bog je isključen
kao nepotrebna i beskorisna „hipoteza“, a transhumanizam kao njegov „logičan“ nastavak
isključuje i ideju čovjeka. Pred kršćanstvom tako stoje veliki izazovi. Da bismo na njih bili kadri
autentično odgovoriti potrebno je vjerom odgovoriti na realnost zla i patnje. Patnja u
kršćanskom horizontu nije samo ispit vjere „u dobru i u zlu“, nego ponajprije „čvor“ ili ključ
vjere, jer radikalnost patnje i zla otvara prostor za čisto iskustvo vjere kada ostaje samo
alternativa „Bog ili ništa“. Otajstvo Kristova otkupiteljskoga križa od svakoga zla i patnje
razotkrit će se u punini tek u eshatološkoj perspektivi, ali već sada znamo da je Kristova muka
odgovor na pitanje kako se nositi s patnjom, a njegovo uskrsnuće nada da patnja ima smisaoThe aim of this thesis was to reflect on the reality of God with regard to the timeless and
ubiquitous problem of evil and suffering. Is there a good and almighty God in spite of all the
suffering we have always been surrounded by? If there is, why are we faced with the paradox
of suffering? We began from the notions of evil and suffering, then viewed them through a
philosophical and theological lens and singled out the most important philosophies and
worldviews that emerged from the interpretation of the relationship between God and evil. We
then offered a draft of a possible Christian response on how to conceive God as a person with
the reality of evil and suffering through the prism of faith, Christ’s example, sacrifice, hope,
and eschatology. The central premise of this part of the paper is that actual faith as fidelity and
devotion to God in the reality of suffering and evil brings meaning, not by answering "why"
suffering but "how" to go through suffering. The problem of evil is one of the most important
arguments for denying the good and almighty God in various forms of atheistic philosophical
systems, while in the modern and prevailing religious indifferentism this problem is suppressed,
because in the general indifference to the transcendent there is no longer a place for God nor
for distinguishing good and evil. In postmodernism as a "state" and as a period from the second
half of the 20th century, God is excluded as an unnecessary and useless "hypothesis", and
transhumanism as its "logical" continuation excludes the idea of man. Thus, Christianity faces
great challenges. In order to be able to respond to them authentically, it is necessary to respond
with faith to the reality of evil and suffering. Suffering on the Christian horizon is not just a test
of faith "in good and evil", but above all a "knot" or key to faith, because the radicalism of
suffering and evil opens space for a pure experience of faith when the only remaining
alternative is "God or nothing". The mystery of redemption in the cross of Christ from all evil
and suffering will be revealed in its fullness only in an eschatological perspective, but we
already know that Christ's passion is the answer to the question of how to deal with suffering,
and his resurrection a hope that suffering has a meaning
SPIRITUALITY OF PALLIATIVE PATIENTS
No full textDuhovnost igra veliku ulogu u svim životnim događajima, a napose u borbi s bolešću i njenom ne/mogućnošću ozdravljenja kod terminalnih, palijativnih bolesnika.
Značajniju provedbu pozitivnih religioznih iskustava koja čovjeku mogu olakšati stanje egzistencijalne patnje, tjelesne boli i psiholoških previranja, postižu ljudi sa zrelim duhovnim iskustvima i ispravnim slikama religioznih zahtjeva i očekivanja. Nasuprot njima, postoje iracionalna religiozna očekivanja koje čovjeku mogu stvoriti iskrivljenu sliku religioznosti, sumnji u vjeri ili otklona od slike milosrdnog Boga.
Suočavajući se u pastoralnom radu i bolničkom dušobrižništvu s važnošću ispravnih religioznih postavki u trenucima čovjekove egzistencijalne patnje i stanju totalne boli, središnja tema ovog diplomskog rada jest upravo odnos vjere i čovjeka u stanju terminalne bolesti. Da bi utemeljili ispravan pastoralan pristup, rad predstavlja bio-psiho-socijalni model i duhovne potrebe terminalnih bolesnika, za čiju su provedbu odgovorni brojni akteri interdisciplinarnog palijativnog tima u bolničkom okruženju, hospicijima i kućnoj skrbi terminalnih bolesnika.Spirituality plays a major role in all life events, and especially in the fight against the disease and its inability to heal, of terminal, palliative patients.
Positive religious experiences can alleviate a person's state of existential suffering, physical pain and psychological turmoil, by people with mature spiritual experiences and correct images of religious requirements and expectations. In contrast, there could be confronted negative religious experiences that create a distorted image of religiosity, doubt in faith, or deviation from the image of a merciful God.
In pastoral work and hospital pastoral care we are facing the importance of correct religious settings in moments of human existential suffering and state of total pain. That way, the central theme of this thesis is to point out the relationship between faith of a man in a state of terminal illness. In order to establish a correct pastoral approach, the thesis presents a bio-psycho-social model and points out to the spiritual needs of terminal patients, for the implementation of correct approach of the responsibility of the whole interdisciplinary palliative team in the hospital setting, hospices, and home care of terminal patients
WOUNDED FREEDOM AND A MERCIFUL EMBRACE. Exegetical-theological analysis Lk 15, 11-32 in a communicative perspective
No full textDiplomski rad pod naslovom »Ranjena sloboda i milosrdni zagrljaj. Egzegetsko-teološka analiza Lk 15, 11-32«, kako sam naslov govori, posvećen je interpretaciji Lukine prispodobe o milosrdnom ocu. Cilj rada je egzegetsko-teološki prikaz Božjega lica. Naime, tijekom povijesti u govoru i prikazu Boga ponekad se, naglašavajući Božje pravedno djelovanje posebice u odnosu prema zlu i grijehu, nedovoljno ukazivalo na njegovo milosrđe i ljubav prema čovjeku. Stoga je primarni cilj rada prikazati, u svjetlu Lk 15, 11-32, dvije temeljne značajke Božjega lica: pravednost i milosrđe. Prvi dio rada posvećen je općim značajkama i teologiji Lukina evanđelja. Drugi dio donosi neke od primarnih teoloških naglasaka Lk 15, 11-32 kao što su: milost, milosrđe, pravednost i obraćenje. Treći i najznačajniji dio obuhvaća egzegetsko-teološku analizu Lk 15, 11-32 s posebnim osvrtom na milosrđe i pravednost. U četvrtom dijelu, posvećenu aktualizaciji teksta i učincima koje pobuđuje u čitateljima, pokušali smo definirati ulogu i značenje prispodobe o milosrdnom ocu za današnjeg čovjeka, te zadaću i poslanje Crkve u suvremenom svijetu.Graduation thesis entitled »Wounded Freedom and Merciful Embrace. The Exegetical-Theological Analysis of Luke 15: 11-32, as the title itself says, is dedicated to the interpretation of Luke's parable of the merciful father. The aim of the paper is an exegetical-theological presentation of the face of God. Namely, throughout history, in the speech and presentation of God, sometimes, emphasizing God's righteous action, especially concerning evil and sin, his mercy and love for man have been insufficiently pointed out. Therefore, the primary goal of the paper is to present, in the light of Lk 15: 11-32, two fundamental features of the face of God: righteousness and mercy. The first part of the paper is devoted to the general features and theology of Luke's Gospel. The second part brings some of the primary theological emphases of Luke 15: 11-32 such as grace, mercy, righteousness, and conversion. The third and most significant part includes an exegetical-theological analysis of Luke 15: 11-32 with special reference to mercy and justice. In the fourth part, dedicated to the actualization of the text and the effects it evokes in readers, we tried to define the role and meaning of the parable of the merciful father for today's man, and the task and mission of the Church in the modern world
The influence of faith and religiosity on a persons depression
No full textU ovom radu pod naslovom Utjecaj vjere i religioznosti na depresivnost osoba osvrnut ćemo se na temu o depresiji, koja je sve prisutnija bolest u današnjem društvu. Cilj ovog rada je da prikažemo na koji način utječe duhovnost na osobe koje boluju od depresivnog poremećaja, te na koji način holistički pristup može pomoći u liječenje depresije. Rad se sastoji od tri dijela. U prvom poglavlju rada, kako bi bolje razumjeli depresivni poremećaj, govorit ćemo općenito o depresiji, o vrstama depresije i njezinim simptomima te na koji način depresija utječe na čovjekov život. U drugom poglavlju rada govorit ćemo o utjecaju vjere i religioznosti na depresivnost osoba, o njezinom pozitivnom i negativnom utjecaju na depresiju. Također, ćemo govoriti o pozitivnom utjecaju duhovnosti i na koji način duhovnost može pomoći u prevenciji i liječenju depresije. Zatim ćemo govoriti i o pastoralnoj skrbi za osobe oboljele od depresije. U trećem poglavlju govorit ćemo o duhovnim terapijama i holističkom pristupu depresiji. Posebice ćemo se osvrnuti na logoterapiju i hagioterapiju, koje naglašavaju duhovnu dimenziju čovjeka i istaknuti pozitivno djelovanje duhovnosti i religioznosti te na koji način ona pomaže osobama koje su oboljele od depresije. Depresija je ozbiljna bolest s kojom se ljudi susreću svaki dan. Naš je cilj ukazati na smisao života i da centar života nije bolest, već vjera i religioznost koje doprinose smislu života osoba. Čovjek koji se okreće Božjoj ljubavi i koji na nju ljubavlju odgovara, postaje spašen i zdraviji.In this thesis The influence of faith and religiosity on a person’s depression, we will adress the topic of depression, which is an ever-present disease in today’s society. The aim of this paper is to show how spirituality affects people with depressive disorder, and how a holistic approach can help to treat depression. The paper consists of three parts. In the first chapter of the paper, in order to understand depressive disorder, we will talk in general about depression, the types of depression and its symptoms, and how depression affects a person's life. In the second chapter, we will talk about the influence of faith and religiosity on a person’s depression, and about its positive and negative influence. We will also talk about the positive impact of spirituality and how spirituality can help to prevent and cure depression. Then we will talk about pastoral care for people with depression. In the third chapter, we will talk about spiritual therapies and about the holistic approach to depression. Especially, we will focus on logotherapy and hagiotherapy, which emphasize the spiritual dimension of a person and highlight the positive effects of spirituality and religiosity and how it helps people suffering from depression. Depression is a serious illness that people face every day. Our goal is to point out the meaning of life and that the center of life is not the illness, but faith and religiosity that contribute to the meaning of a person’s life. A man who turns to God's love and responds to it with love becomes saved and healthier
The Blessing of Water and the Blessing of the Family in Roman and Own Rites
No full textNaslov teme ovog diplomskog rada glasi Blagoslov vode i blagoslov obitelji u Rimskim i vlastitim obrednicima. Rad se sastoji od tri dijela. Prvi dio bavi se općenito blagoslovima u bogoslužju Crkve gdje ćemo se dotaknuti “silaznog” i “uzlaznog” blagoslova te zazivanja Božjeg blagoslova. Drugi dio govorit će o blagoslovu vode o Bogojavljenju gdje ćemo proći razvoj blagoslova vode od Kašićevog obrednika pa sve do novijeg Obrednika iz 2007. godine. U trećem dijelu govorit ćemo o blagoslovu obitelji. Prvo ćemo nešto reći o blagoslovu obitelji općenito, a zatim ćemo proći kroz blagoslove obitelji prema starijim vlastitim obrednicima. Tu ćemo spomenuti Obrednike iz 1933. i 2007. godine.The title of the topic of this thesis is The Blessing of Water and the Blessing of the Family in Roman and Own Rites. The paper consists of three parts. The first part deals with the blessings in general in the worship of the Church, where we will touch on the "descending" and "ascending" blessing and invoking God's blessing. The second part will talk about the blessing of water on the Epiphany, where we will go through the development of the blessing of water from Kašić's ritual to the newer Rite from 2008. In the third part, we will talk about the blessing of the family. We will first say something about the blessing of the family in general, and then we will go through the blessings of the family according to the elders of our own rites. Here we will mention the Rites of 1933 and 2007
Rights and obligations of parents and children civil and canon law
No full textU ovom radu prikazat ćemo prava i obveze roditelja i djece u civilnom i kanonskom zakonodavstvu. Rad se sastoji od tri poglavlja. Prvo poglavlje donosi kronološki pregled razvoja dječjih prava u međunarodnim dokumentima i dokumentima Vijeća Europe. Najveći naglasak je na prvoj Deklaraciji o dječjim pravima donesenoj u Ženevi 1924. godine zbog njezinog doprinosa u donošenju svih dokumenata do današnjeg dana i na Konvenciji o pravima djeteta donesenoj 1989. godine zbog njezinog značenje za društveni i pravni položaj djece u svijetu. U drugom poglavlju prikazana su prava i obveze roditelja i djece koja su uzeta iz Obiteljskog zakona Republike Hrvatske koji je stupio na snagu 2015. godine. Tu će biti riječi o osobnim pravima djeteta, kao što su pravo na život i zdravlje, pravo na život s roditeljima, pravo na odgoj i obrazovanje i mnoga druga prava djeteta koja su neophodna za njegov daljnji rast i razvoj. U trećem poglavlju prikazana su prava i obveze roditelja i djece uzeta iz Zakonika kanonskog prava iz 1983. godine. On govori o važnosti poziva koji je upućen vjernicima laicima, da kroz obitelj izgrađuju narod Božji. Na koncu trećeg poglavlja prikazana su zauzimanja Katoličke Crkve na području ljudskih prava i zaštite djece, osobito kroz apostolsko djelovanje velikoga sveca Ivana Pavla II.This paperwork will present the rights and obligations of parents and children
in civil and canon law. The paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter provides
a chronological overview of the development of children's rights in international and Council of Europe documents. The main emphasis is on the first Declaration of the Rights of the Child, adopted in Geneva in 1924, for its contribution to the adoption of all future documents until today. Also, in this chapter will be shown the Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1989, because of its significance for the social and legal status of children in the world. The second chapter presents the rights and obligations of parents and children taken from the Family Law of the Republic of Croatia, which entered into force in 2015. There will be shown personal rights of the child, such as the right to life and health, the right to live with parents, the right to upbringing and education, and many other rights of the child that are necessary for its further growth and development. The third chapter presents the rights and obligations of parents and children taken from the 1983 Code of Canon Law. There is shown the importance of the call made to the lay faithful to build the People of God through the family. The end of the third chapter will present the activities of the Catholic Church in the field of human rights and the protection of children, especially through the apostolic work of the great Saint John Paul II
Ecumenical endeavours of bishop Cyril Kos
No full textRad se bavi istraživanjem ekumenskog djelovanja đakovačkoga biskupa Ćirila Kosa (1919.-2003.) te se u tom smislu predstavlja njegova biografija i okolnosti u kojima je Kos postao biskup i u kojima je djelovao. Naglasak se, dakako, stavlja na njegova ekumenska nastojanja što se iščitava i dolazi do izražaja ponajprije kroz njegove propovijedi i pozdrave koje je održavao na susretima sa predstavnicima drugih kršćanskih Crkava i crkvenih zajednica, na molitvenim osminama te drugim bitnim ekumenskim događajima koji su se zbili u vrijeme njegovog biskupskog djelovanja.
Najvećim dijelom rad je rađen na temelju još neobjavljenih izvora iz Nadbiskupijskog arhiva u Đakovu te su u tom smislu istraženi razni i brojni izvori kao što je dnevnici biskupa Kosa, njegove propovijedi, pisma, čestitke kao i mnogi drugi službeni spisi. Sve je to pomoglo u slaganju ekumenskog mozaika i boljem shvaćanju ekumenskoga nastojanja biskupa Kosa. Osim toga, njegovu biskupsku službu snažno je obilježilo i vrijeme Domovinskog rata što se svakako odrazilo i na njegovo ekumensko djelovanje, a što je također prikazano u ovome radu.This study talks about the ecumenical impact of Croatian bishop Cyril Kos from Đakovo (1919 – 2003), and represents his biography and the circumstances in which he became, and acted as a bishop. The emphasis of the study is on his ecumenical endeavours, which can be read and seen through many of his sermons and receptions, that he held on gatherings and meetings with representatives of other Christian Churches and church communities, Octave of Prayer for Christian Unity, and other important ecumenical events, which happened in time of his episcopal impact.
The greatest part of this study is based on unpublished sources of the Archdiocesan Archives in Đakovo. This means that numerous different sources, like bishop Kos’s diaries, his sermons, letters, felicitations, and many other official files were researched. They all helped in creating an ecumenical mosaic for better understanding of bishop Kos’s ecumenical endeavour. On the other hand, his episcopal service was strongly marked by the Croatian War of Independence. The influence of War on his ecumenical impact is also presented in this study
Augustines conception of Gods mercy
No full textOvaj diplomski rad opisuje lik i djelo svetog Augustina te njegovo poimanje milosrđa koje je teško razumjeti izvan konteksta njegova života, vremena u kojem je živio i njegovih vlastitih teoloških obuzetosti. Rad istražuje pojam milosrđa, onako kako ga Augustin doživljava, zatim, ističu se Augustinovi protivnici i njihovo poimanje Božjega milosrđa. Rad sadržava samu srž i korijen Augustinovih misli, a gradacijski se tekst nadopunjuje kako bi se što zornije prikazao njegov stav o Božjem milosrđu.
Prvo poglavlje govori o Augustinovu životu, tu se opisuje njegov put grijeha i milosti. Zahvaljujući njegovom životopisu jasno nam je zašto zauzima takav stav o milosrđu. Sam je doživio Božje milosrđe u svome životu i ispravno ga shvatio.
Drugo poglavlje je glavni dio rada u kojem se opisuje Augustinovo poimanje Božjega milosrđa. Iznesena je Augustinova definicija milosrđa i ukratko je objašnjen pojam koji je usko vezan, a to je milost. Prikazano je kako je naučavao o Božjem milosrđu i kako je tema Božjeg milosrđa Augustina obilježila za cijeli život.
Treće poglavlje govori o važnosti milosrđa za današnje vrijeme i Crkvu općenito, odnosno odjek Augustinove borbe za milosrđe danas. Uvid u ovu problematiku nalazi se u mnoštvu djela, a ističe se enciklika Dives in misericordia pape Ivana Pavla II. i bula Misericordiae vultus pape Franje.This graduation work describes the character and work of St. Augustine and his understanding of mercy, which is difficult to understand outside the context of his life, the time in which he lived and his own theological abstentions. The work explores the concept of mercy, as Augustine perceives it, then the opponents of Augustine and their perception of God's mercy are emphasized. The work contains the very core and roots of Augustine's thoughts, and the construction text is being supplemented in order to show his opinion of God's mercy as vividly as possiblele.
The first chapter deals with Augustine's life, where his way of sin and grace is described. Thanks to his biography, we understand why he takes such a stance on mercy. He himself experienced God's mercy in his life and understood it correctly.
The second chapter is the main part of the paper describing Augustine's perception of God's mercy. Augustine's definition of mercy is presented, and the term, which is closely tied, is briefly explained. It was shown that he learned about God's mercy and that the theme of God's mercy was marked by Augustine for the rest of his life.
The third chapter deals with the importance of mercy for today and the Church in general, that is, the echo of Augustine's struggle for mercy today. Insight into this problem can be seen in many works, and the encyclic of Dives in Misericordia, Pope John Paul II and bull Misericordiae vultus, Pope Francis, are highlighted
Kršćanstvo u misli Jacoba Taubesa
No full textOvaj je rad podijeljen u dva dijela. Prvi se dio bavi Taubesovim promišljanjima o zapadnoj eshatologiji. Taubes promišlja o biti povijesti i zaključuje da se ista može dostatno promišljati samo ako uzmemo u obzir eshaton. Bit povijesti je sloboda, a elementi povijesti su vrijeme, vječnost i sloboda. Za Taubesa je židovska revolucionarna apokaliptika temelj zapadne eshatologije. U ovom dijelu ujedno pratimo povijest eshatologije - od Isusa, kojeg Taubes izuzima iz okvira Novog zavjeta. Ranokršćanska apokaliptika doživjela je svoju transformaciju s Augustinom, kada je iz opće, prešla u institucionalnu. Dolaskom Joakima, događa se revolucija unutar eshatologije. Institucionalnoj eshatologiji crkve suprotstavlja se ecclesia spiritualis. Taubes smatra da se kršćanska eshatologija privodi kraju pojavom reformacije i anabaptista. Slom anabaptizma je i slom kršćanske eshatologije, pa nastupa razdoblje filozofske eshatologije: s Hegelom na jednoj strani, te Marxom i Kierkegaardom na drugoj, krug ovih studija nije slučajno završen, nego u bitnome zatvoren.
Drugi dio rada bavi se Taubesovim tumačenjem Pavlove poslanice Rimljanima. Njegova osnovna teza je: Poslanica Rimljanima je politička teologija, politička objava rata carevima. Nadalje, bavimo se temama kao što su: legitimitet Pavlovog poslanja, legitimizacija Novog naroda, odnos zakona i opravdanja, odnos Mojsija i Pavla, pitanje kršćanskog antisemitizma... Kroz Pavla, Taubes donosi detaljan mesijanski prikaz dvaju glavnih problema postmodernog doba: kraj povijesti i kraj suvereniteta. Po njegovom mišljenju, idući Benjaminovim stopama, Pavlov mesijanizam proizveo je potres političke teologije i radikalno preispitivanje povijesti filozofije.This paper is divided in two parts. The first part deals with reflections by Taubes on Western eschatology. Taubes ponders the essence of history and concludes that it can be sufficiently thought only if we consider the eschaton. The essence of history is freedom, and the elements of history are time, eternity, and freedom. For Taubes, the Jewish revolutionary apocalyptic is the foundation of Western eschatology. In this section we also follow the history of eschatology - from Jesus, which Taubes excludes from the framework of the New Testament. The early Christian apocalyptic underwent its transformation with Augustine, when it passed from the general to the institutional. With the arrival of Joachim, a revolution takes place within eschatology. The institutional eschatology of the church is opposed by ecclesia spiritualis. Taubes believes that Christian eschatology is coming to an end with the emergence of the Reformation and the Anabaptists. The collapse of Anabaptism is also the collapse of Christian eschatology, and the period of philosophical eschatology begins: Hegel on the one hand, and Marx and Kierkegaard on the other, the circle of these studies is not accidentally completed, but essentially closed.
The second part of the paper deals with interpretation by Taubes, of Paul's Epistle to the Romans. His basic thesis is: The Epistle to the Romans is political theology, the political declaration of war on emperors. Furthermore, we deal with topics such as: the legitimacy of Paul's mission, the legitimacy of the New People, the relationship of law and justification, the relationship of Moses and Paul, the issue of Christian anti-Semitism... Through Paul, Taubes provides a detailed messianic account of the two main problems of the postmodern age: the end of history and the end of sovereignty. In his view, following in Benjamin’s footsteps, Paul’s messianism produced a shock to political theology and a radical re-examination of the history of philosophy