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    Modeling electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction on transition metal oxides

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    The main target of this thesis is to use density functional theory (DFT)-based simulations to study electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RR) on transition metal oxides (TMOs) employing thermochemical model and computational hydrogen electrode. We utilize models of rutile oxide (110) surfaces to investigate trends and limitations of CO2RR on those TMOs. We construct scaling law based thermodynamic volcano relation for CO2RR. Accordingly, we propose guidelines for hydrogen and OH binding free energy range where low overpotentials and high selectivity are predicted for CO2RR using certain oxides. Therefore, this provides guidance to future development of oxide catalysts for CO2RR. First, we investigate the effect of solvent on the stability of intermediates in CO2RR toward methanol and formic acid formation and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). To study the solvent effect, one monolayer of water is included in the free energy calculations of adsorbates in CO2RR and HER and compared with the results when water is absent. The emphasis is on the catalytic trends where limiting potential volcano plots for the products are obtained through the scaling relations of adsorbates. We find that the presence of cooperative adsorbed (co-adsorbed) water alters the interaction between each CO2RR intermediate and TMO surfaces, resulting in a change in overpotentials for the formation of formic acid and methanol, ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 V while the potential determining steps remain unaltered. In addition, our research reveals that when water is co-adsorbed, it destabilizes HCOOH on surfaces which is significant because HCOOH is a crucial component for CO2RR to advance toward methanol production. Consequently, this destabilization alters the selectivity of methanol formation. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive study to investigate oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen affinities for TMOs and their roles in catalyst’s activity and selectivity. Our results are in good agreement with a recent experimental finding on RuO2-based catalysts where both CO and formate products are detected with quite low efficiencies and HER is reported to be dominant. Our detailed investigation shows that the CO coverage has a considerable influence on the selectivity. For all TMOs in this investigation, moderate CO coverage is desirable for both formic acid and methanol synthesis. Additionally, MoO2 and HfO2 are predicted to convert CO2 to methanol at lower overpotentials with moderate or high CO coverage than low coverage. Moreover, our data indicate that increased CO coverage on TMOs can lower HER somewhat. The research also highlights the significance of understanding the multiple adsorption sites and their correlation with active and selective catalysts for the synthesis of methanol from CO2RR using the proper screening criteria for the adsorption energy of the key intermediates. The outcome of these investigations has led us to our final work where we analyze and identify the active sites for CO2RR towards CO and formic acid on TiO2/RuO2 and SnO2/RuO2 alloys using DFT. To determine experimental trends and to gain insights into the catalytic active sites, Ru atoms are substituted in varying ratios and compositions for Ti and Sn atoms in TiO2 and SnO2 respectively. We found that alternate Ru-Ti binding sites for COOH/OCHO intermediates have higher overpotentials than the reference RuO2 surface, while active sites with Ru-Ru or Ti-Ti exhibit lower overpotentials for CO formation. For formic acid formation, Ru-Ru sites have the lowest overpotentials, whereas Ti-Ti binding sites result in large overpotentials. We also discovered that replacing one Ru atom with Cu in a RuO2 overlayer on TiO2 reduces the overpotential for both formic acid and CO formation. Additionally, substituting Sn with Ru in coordinatively unsaturated sites of SnO2/RuO2 alloys decreases the overpotential due to electronic effects. These findings are useful for designing active sites for CO2RR, improving selectivity while decreasing the required overpotential.Megin markmið doktorsritgerðarinnar er að nota tölvureikninga byggða á þéttnifellafræði til að rannsaka CO2 afoxun á málmoxíðum með varmafræðilegu líkani sem og líkani fyrir vetnis hálfskaut. Yfirborðin eru með rutile oxíð (110) byggingu og eru notuð til að rannsaka hneigð og tamkarkandi þætti fyrir CO2 afoxun. Varmafræðilegar eldfjallamyndir eru búnar til frá línulegum samböndum á milli bindiorka milliástanda í CO2 hvarfinu. Með þessari aðferð leggjum við til leiðarvísa fyrir bindingu á vetnisatómi og OH sameindum þar sem lág yfirspenna og há nýtni er spáð fyrir CO2 afoxun á ákveðnum oxíðum. Þetta gerir okkur kleift að þróa betri efnahvata byggða á málmoxíðum fyrir CO2 afoxun. Fyrst eru áhrif frá vatnssameindum rannsökuð fyrir stöðugleika milliástanda í CO2 afoxun í metanól og maurasýru sem og fyrir samkeppnishvarfið að mynda vetnisgas. Til að rannsaka áhrif vatns sem leysis er eitt mónólag af vatnssameindum notað í fríorkureikningum á milliástöndum í CO2 afoxun og H2 myndun og borið saman við niðurstöður þegar vatn er ekki til staðar. Við einblínum á hneigð í efnahvötun með hliðsjón af eldfjallamyndum fyrir myndefnin. Við sjáum að vatnsameindirnar sem eru bundnar við yfirborðið geta breytt yfirspennunni í maurasýru og metanól frá 0,2 og upp í 0,5 V en hins vegar breytist ekki hvaða skref er spennutakmarkandi. Niðurstöðurnar gefa til kynna að vatnssameindirnar minnki bindingu HCOOH á yfirborðunum sem hefur mikil áhrif þar sem HCOOH er lykilskref í CO2 afoxun í metanól. Þá rannsökum við sækni súrefnis-, kolefnis- og vetnisatóma á málmoxíðunum og hlutverk þeirra á virkni og nýtni efnahvatanna. Ítarlegar rannsóknir okkar sýna einnig að CO hula á yfirborði hefur talsverð áhrif á nýtni efnahvatanna í mismunandi myndefni. Fyrir öll málmoxíðin sem eru rannsökuð er meðal há CO hula hagstæð fyrir bæði myndun á maurasýru og á metanóli. Enn fremur er MoO2 og HfO2 spáð fyrir um að hvarfa CO2 í metanól við lága yfirspennu við miðlungs eða háa CO hulu frekar en við lága hulu. Þar að auki benda gögnin til að aukin CO hula á málmoxíðunum geti lækkað vetnismyndunina. Rannsóknirnar undirstrika enn fremur mikilvægi virkra bindistaða á yfirborðinu þegar CO2 er afoxað í metanól og að nota hentuga vísa af ásogsorku fyrir lykilmilliefni. Þessar niðurstöður eru notaðar í loka verkefni þessarar ritgerðar þar sem við rannsökum virka staði í CO2 afoxun í CO og maurasýru á TiO2/RuO2 og SnO2/RuO2 blöndum. Til að skilja niðurstöður tilrauna og spá fyrir um virka hvarfstaði eru Ru atóm skipt út fyrir Ti eða Sn atóm í TiO2 og SnO2 með mismunandi hlutföllum og samsetningum. Við sjáum að þegar bindistaðirnir fyrir COOH/OCHO milliefnin eru Ru-Ti er yfirspennan fyrir CO myndun hærri en fyrir RuO2 yfirborðið, en þegar bindistaðirnir eru Ru-Ru eða Ti-Ti er yfirspennan lægri. Hins vegar fyrir myndun á maurasýru eru Ru-Ru bindistaðir með lægstu yfirspennuna á meðan Ti-Ti bindistaðir eru með hæstu yfirspennuna. Við sjáum einnig að þegar Ru atómi er skipt út fyrir Cu atóm þegar eitt lag af RuO2 er á TiO2 yfirborði að yfirspennan lækkar töluvert fyrir bæði myndun á maurasýru og CO. Þá sýna niðurstöður okkar að þegar Sn atómi er skipt út fyrir Ru atóm á ákveðnum stöðum á SnO2 yfirborðinu að yfirspennan minnkar vegna áhrifa á rafeindabyggingu yfirborðsins. Þessar niðurstöður er hægt að nýta til að hanna virka staði fyrir CO2 afoxun og þar með hækka nýtni og lækka yfirspennuna sem þarf að leggja á kerfið.Icelandic Research Fund (grant no. 196437-051), the Research Fund of the University of Iceland

    Hybrid non-invasive characterization of soil strata at sites with and without embedded lava rock layers in the South Iceland Seismic Zone

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    The geological setting of Iceland is unusual, with highly jointed rock mass, loose sediments created in glacial outburst floods and eruptions, and layers of lava-rock embedded in or overlying soft sediments. This study aims to assess the feasibility of a composite analysis of dispersion and ellipticity curves for characterization of two of the primary classes of soil sites in the South Iceland Seismic Zone. Specifically, it seeks to develop a cost-effective workflow to identify and characterize sites where a layer of lava-rock is embedded in the sedimentary stratum at shallow depth, along with deep soil site characterization. Microtremor HVSR (horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio) is found to be efficient to distinguish between sedimentary sites with and without an embedded lava-rock layer. The results further demonstrate the effectiveness of hybrid ellipticity and dispersion curve inversion to characterize soil sites with an embedded layer of lava-rock, which results in a strong velocity reversal with depth. Consistent with previous studies, the hybrid dispersion-ellipticity inversion is also found efficient for characterization of sites with a simpler structure.This work was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund (grant numbers 206793-053, 218149-051); the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration; and the Energy Research Fund of the National Power Company of Iceland.Accepted manuscript (post-print

    Additive cellular automata graded-monadically

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    Cellular automata are an archetypical comonadic notion of computation in that computation happens in the coKleisli category of a comonad. In this paper, we show that they can also be viewed as graded comonadic—a perspective that turns out to be both more informative and also more basic. We also discuss additive cellular automata to show that they admit both a graded comonadic and a graded monadic view. That these two perspectives are simultaneously available in this special case arises from a graded version of an observation by Kleiner about adjoint comonad-monad pairs.This work was supported by the Estonian Research Council team grant no. PRG1210 and by the Icelandic Research Fund project 228684-051.Peer Reviewe

    Perinatal and maternal outcomes of migrant women in Iceland and their experience of care

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    Markmið: Meginmarkmið rannsóknarinnar var að skapa þekkingu um hvort og þá hvar þarf að bæta starfshætti innan íslensku barneignarþjónustunnar og hvernig hægt er að tryggja velferð og heilsu kvenna af erlendum uppruna í barneignarferlinu og nýbura þeirra. Markmið fyrsta hluta rannsóknarinnar var að kanna fæðingarútkomu meðal kvenna af erlendum uppruna á Íslandi. Markmið annars hluta rannsóknarinnar var að kanna notkun kvenna af erlendum uppruna á verkjameðferðum við fæðingu og fá þannig innsýn í gæði ljósmóðurþjónustu í fæðingu. Markmið þriðja hluta rannsóknarinnar var að lýsa þörfum, væntingum og upplifun kvenna af erlendum uppruna af umönnun ljósmæðra í fæðingu á Íslandi. Saman munu þessir þrír hlutar rannsóknarinnar gera okkur kleift að öðlast dýpri þekkingu í útkomu þeirra, fá innsýn í umönnunarþarfir þeirra og hvort þær hafi upplifað þarfir sínar í fæðingu uppfylltar. Bakgrunnur: Nýlegar rannsóknir benda til misræmis í fæðingarútkomum þegar kemur að konum af erlendum uppruna sem búa í hátekjulöndum samanborið við konur með uppruna í landinu. Innflytjendum fjölgar hratt hér á landi en 13,6% þjóðarinnar voru með erlent ríkisfang árið 2020. Samt sem áður er takmörkuð þekking fyrir hendi um heilsufar kvenna af erlendum uppruna á barneignaraldri á Íslandi og aðgengi þeirra að heilbrigðiskerfinu og reynslu af barneignarþjónustu í landinu. Aðferð: Notast var við tvær lýðgrundaðar ferilrannsóknir auk eigindlegrar rannsóknar þar sem notast var við ígrundaða þemagreiningu með langtímasniði á viðtölum, tekin annars vegar á meðgöngu og hins vegar eftir fæðingu. Í rannsókn I og II voru konur af erlendum uppruna skilgreindar sem konur með annað ríkisfang en íslenskt, þar á meðal flóttamenn og hælisleitendur. Þær voru einnig flokkaðar í þrjá hópa, byggt á mannþróunarvísitölu ríkisfangslands þeirra (Human Development Index (HDI)) og áhrif ríkisfangs áætluð. Rannsókn I var söguleg lýðgrunduð ferilrannsókn og náði til kvenna sem fæddu einbura á Íslandi á árunum 1997 til 2018, samtals 92.403 fæðingar. Helstu útkomubreytur voru upphaf fæðingar, örvun, utanbastsdeyfing, spangarstuðningur, spangarskurður, fæðingaraðferð, fæðingaráverki í endaþarms hringvöðva, blæðing eftir fæðingu, fyrirburafæðing, fimm mínútna Apgar <7, innlögn á gjörgæsludeild nýbura, Vökudeild og burðarmálsdauði. Leiðrétt gagnlíkindahlutföll (aORs) og 95% öryggisbil (CIs) fyrir fæðingarútkomur voru reiknuð út með því að nota aðhvarfsgreiningu. Rannsókn II var einnig söguleg lýðgrunduð ferilrannsókn sem náði til allra kvenna sem fæddu einbura á Íslandi á árunum 2007 til 2018, alls 48.173 fæðingar. Eins og í rannsókn I, voru kerfisbundnar aðhvarfsgreiningar með OR og 95% CI notaðar til að kanna tengslin milli ríkisfangs og notkun verkjameðferðar við fæðingu. Helstu útkomubreytur voru notkun verkjameðferðar með og án lyfja. Rannsókn III var eigindleg langtímarannsókn með hálfstöðluðum einstaklingsviðtölum sem tekin voru í desember 2021 til maí 2022. Átta konur með pólskan ríkisborgararétt tóku þátt í tveimur viðtölum, á meðgöngu og eftir fæðingu. Viðtölin voru greind með ígrundaðri þemagreiningu. Niðurstöður: Í rannsókn I fæddu samtals 8.158 konur af erlendum uppruna á rannsóknartímabilinu: 4.401 frumbyrjur og 3.757 fjölbyrjur. Þegar á heildina er litið voru konur af erlendum uppruna með hærri leiðrétt gagnlíkindahlutfall (aORs) fyrir spangarskurði (frumbyrjur: aOR 1,43; 95% CI 1,26-1,61, fjölbyrjur: 1,39 [1,21-1,60]) og áhaldafæðingar (frumbyrjur: 1,14 [1,02-1,27], fjölbyrjur: 1,41 [1,16-1,72]) og lægri aORs fyrir framköllun fæðingar (frumbyrjur: 0,88 [0,79-0,98], fjölbyrjur: 0,74 [0,66-0,83]), samanborið við íslenskar konur. Konur frá löndum með háa mannþróunarvísitölu (HDI ≥ 0,900) höfðu svipaða eða betri útkomu en íslenskar konur, á meðan konur frá löndum með lægri HDI en Ísland (HDI <0,900) höfðu að auki auknar líkur á fylgikvillum fæðinga á móður og barni auk inngripa í fæðingaferlið, svo sem bráðakeisara og blæðinga eftir fæðingu. Í rannsókn II var notast við gögn frá 6.097 konum af erlendum uppruna. Konur af erlendum uppruna voru með hærra aOR að nota engar verkjameðferðir í fæðingu (1,23 [1,12-1,34]), samanborið við íslenskar konur. Konur af erlendum uppruna höfðu einnig lægra aOR fyrir notkun nálastungumeðferða (0,73 [0,64-0,83]), raftaugaörvun yfir húð (TENS) (0,92 [0,01-0,67]), sturtu/baðkars (0,73 [0,66-0,82]), ilmkjarnaolíumeðferða (0,59 [0,44-0,78]) og innöndun nituroxíðs (0,89 [0,83-0,96]). Mannþróunarvísitala (HDI<0,900) ríkisfangslands kvennanna tengdist lægri aORs fyrir notkun ýmissa verkjameðferða í fæðingu. Í rannsókn III var eitt þema myndað úr viðtölum sem tekin voru á meðgöngu: (1) Að finnast þú ekki njóta skilnings, vera ein og hrædd. Tvö þemu voru mynduð úr viðtölum sem tekin voru eftir fæðingu: (1) Að hafa einhvern sem leiðbeinir þér og er með þér í gegnum meðgöngu og fæðingu; og (2) mikilvægi þess að hafa rödd. Tvö þemu voru mynduð í langtímarannsókn á viðtölum sem tekin voru á meðgöngu og eftir fæðingu: (1) Virðingarfull einstaklingsmiðuð umönnun; og (2) mikilvægi þess að deila upplýsingum og fá svör við spurningum þínum. Ályktun: Niðurstöður rannsóknanna benda til þess að ríkisfang kvenna og HDI ríkisfangslands þeirra er tengt fjölda fylgikvilla móður og fæðingarinngripa, svo sem spangarskurð og áhaldafæðingu. Ennfremur er það að vera af erlendum uppruna á Íslandi mikilvægur þáttur sem gæti takmarkað notkun verkjameðferða án lyfja í fæðingu, sérstaklega á meðal kvenna með ríkisfang frá löndum með HDI <0,900. Niðurstöður okkar benda til þess að umönnunarþarfir kvenna af erlendum uppruna í nýju landi tengjast góðum samskiptum og tengslum við aðra. Óöryggi var tilfinning sem margar konur létu í ljós í rannsókninni í tengslum við verkjastillingu í fæðingu en einnig í tengslum við samskipti við ljósmóður. Góð samskipti auk þess að koma á tengingu við ljósmóður í fæðingu var þörf allra kvennanna.Aims: The overall aim of this thesis was to create a body of knowledge that highlights which practices, if any, need to be improved within the Icelandic maternity care system and how the welfare and health of migrant women and their new-borns´ can be ensured. The aim of Study I was to explore maternal and perinatal outcomes of migrant women in Iceland. The aim of Study II was to explore the use of pain relief methods during childbirth by migrant women and thus get some insight on the quality of intrapartum midwifery care. The aim of Study III was to describe migrant women´s needs, expectations, and experience of midwifery care during childbirth in Iceland. Together, these three studies will contribute to a deeper knowledge of migrant women's care outcomes and give us insight into their care needs and whether these needs were fulfilled in intrapartum midwifery care. Background: Recent studies indicate disparities in perinatal outcomes when it comes to migrant women living in high-income countries. Immigration is rapidly increasing in Iceland with 13.6% of the population holding foreign citizenship in 2020. However, limited knowledge exists regarding the health status of migrant childbearing women in Iceland, their access to and use of the healthcare system and their experiences of maternity care in the country. Method: Two population-based cohort studies and a longitudinal qualitative study were conducted. In studies I and II, migrant women were defined as women with citizenship other than an Icelandic one, including refugees and asylum seekers. They were categorised into three groups, based on the human development index (HDI) score of their country of citizenship, to estimate the effect of country of citizenship on maternal and perinatal outcomes and use of care. Study I was a prospective population-based cohort study which included women who gave birth to a singleton in Iceland between 1997 and 2018, i.e. a total of 92,403 births. The main outcome measures were onset of labour, augmentation, epidural, perineum support, episiotomy, mode of birth, obstetric anal sphincter injury, postpartum haemorrhage, preterm birth, a five-minute Apgar <7, neonatal intensive care unit admission and perinatal mortality. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for maternal and perinatal outcomes were calculated using logistic regression models. Study II was also a prospective population-based cohort study which included all women who had a singleton birth in Iceland between 2007 and 2018, i.e. a total of 48,173 births. As in study I, logistic regression analyses, with ORs and 95% CIs, were used to investigate the relationship between migrant backgrounds and the use of pain management during birth. The main outcome measures were the use of non-pharmacological and pharmacological pain management methods. Study III was a longitudinal, qualitative study involving individual semi-structured interviews conducted from December 2021 to May 2022. Eight women with a Polish citizenship participated in two interviews during pregnancy and after birth. The interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: In study I, a total of 8,158 migrant women gave birth during the study period, 4.401 of them primiparous and 3,757 of them multiparous. Overall, migrant women had higher aORs for episiotomy (primiparas: aOR 1.43; 95% CI 1.26 - 1.61, multiparas: 1.39 [1.21-1.60]) and instrumental births (primiparas: 1.14 [1.02-1.27], multiparas: 1.41 [1.16-1.72]) and lower aORs for induction of labour (primiparas: 0.88 [0.79-0.98], multiparas: 0.74 [0.66-0.83]) compared to Icelandic women. Migrant women from countries with a high HDI score (≥0.900) had similar or better outcomes than Icelandic women, whilst migrant women from countries with a lower HDI score than that of Iceland (<0.900) had high aORs for maternal and perinatal complications and interventions, such as emergency caesarean and postpartum haemorrhage. In study II, the data from 6,097 migrant women were included. Overall, migrant women had higher aORs for no use of pain management (1.23 [1.12-1.34]), when compared to Icelandic women. Migrant women also had lower aORs for the use of acupuncture (0.73 [0.64-0.83]), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) (0.92 [0.01-0.67]), shower/bath (0.73 [0.66-0.82]), aromatherapy (0.59 [0.44-0.78]), and nitrous oxide inhalation (0.89 [0.83-0.96]) than Icelandic women. Women from countries with a HDI score <0.900 had lower aORs for the use of various pain management methods. In study III, one theme was generated from all the interviews conducted during pregnancy: Feeling not understood, alone and scared. Two themes were generated from the interviews conducted after birth: (1) having someone who guides and accompanies you through pregnancy and birth; and (2) the importance of having a voice. Two themes were generated from the longitudinal analysis of the interviews conducted during pregnancy and after birth: (1) respectful individualized care; and (2) importance of sharing information and getting answers to your questions. Conclusion: The studies´ findings indicate that women’s citizenship and the HDI score of their country of citizenship are significantly associated with a range of maternal and perinatal complications and interventions, such as episiotomy and instrumental birth. Furthermore, being a migrant in Iceland is an important factor that could limit the use of non-pharmacological pain management, especially for migrant women with citizenship from countries with a HDI score <0.900. Our results suggest that migrant women´s care in a new country is related to good communication and connection with others. Insecurity was a feeling expressed by many of the women in our study, especially regarding pain relief in labour and communication. Ensuring good communication as well as establishing a connection to the midwife was an overall need among all the women in our study. These findings necessitate a further look into inequality in healthcare in Iceland. By acknowledging migrant women´s diversity in experiences of security, knowledge and personal values, we can implement policies that will help us take better care of migrant women in maternity care

    ‘How Did This Happen?’: Making Retrospective, Present and Prospective Sense of Intimate Relationships Where Men Have Been Violent

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    In seeking to explain intimate partner violence (IPV), feminist research has shifted its focus from individual explanations to the social contexts of such violence. Adopting such a perspective, we explore the narratives of three men who identify as perpetrators of violence and three women who identify as victims/survivors of IPV. Our analyses focus on how the participants present their relationships, employing the notion of affective – discursive practices as informing, at times constituting, the participants’ experiences. Their stories are characterised by a chronological line – retrospective, present and prospective. Their understandings change in framing their experiences, with the relationships themselves becoming affective–discursive practices, albeit figuring differently in the participants’ stories across time. Our findings also underline the significance of shame as a regulatory mechanism sustaining heteronormative practices.This work was supported by the Icelandic Centre for Research and the University of Iceland (grant: Gender Equality Fund and Eimskip Fund).Peer Reviewe

    Notkun upplýsingatæki í vendinámi í lífrænni efnafræði: Upplifun kennara og kennaranema í þremur háskólum í Ghana

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    Student-centred models based on active learning have aroused interest among teachers and students. At the same time policymakers encourage the use of information and communication technologies in education. Research on active learning and flipped classrooms took an upward turn in quality and magnitude with the advent of COVID-19. The research proposal was developed just prior to the pandemic and was altered to deal with the new situation. This research has contributed to the research generated by the pandemic. This cover study incorporates the data and analysis from four published articles. The purpose of this research was to develop a classroom intervention in organic chemistry using ICT and assess the perspectives of three classes of student-teachers and their chemistry teachers (“the threesome”) on their experience. The data were gathered on-site in Ghana by the threesome and with online questionnaires for both educators and student-teachers, online interviews, and a focus group. The threesome and the researcher met regularly online before and during the COVID-19 period of restrictions on school attendance. The main aim was to understand the extent to which teacher educators and student- teachers could use ICT to adopt flipped classrooms as a pedagogical approach while teaching organic chemistry. Four weeks of instruction in the traditional format of classroom lectures and written homework were replaced by a flipped mode of instruction in which students studied organic chemistry in school and in out-of-school settings. No changes were made regarding the content as prescribed in the national curriculum for tertiary education. The same topics from organic chemistry were introduced in all three colleges at the same time, using the flipped, active learning and incorporating extensive use of ICT. The educators found it difficult to shift their pedagogical practice and adopt online teaching. ICT skills were weak as was the ICT infrastructure in the colleges. Some ICT resources in the form of data bundles were provided to all the student-teachers and the threesome and mobile Wi-Fi equipment to one educator. Some student-teachers who could not access the internet at home used these resources for their pre-class activities. On reflection, the threesome believed that integrating flipped classrooms could provide opportunities for student-teachers to develop their skills and change their pedagogical practices. The threesome had some ICT knowledge, but there were weaknesses in the colleges in using and integrating it into the teaching. One of the reasons was that participants had not received professional ICT training that would enable them to be competent in delivering or receiving technology-enhanced lessons. The threesome indicated further that even for those who had received some ICT training, it was not effectively organized or enough to enable teachers to put integration into practice. ICT-focused workshops were one-time only and too short and rushed to be beneficial. The student-teachers perceived that the flipped classroom approach would enable them to take a more active role and responsibility for their learning because of the flexibility of the approach. Student-teachers felt they could interact with their teachers and collaborate with their peers through the flipped approach. Further, they believed that the flipped classroom activities enhanced conceptual understanding and increased academic achievement and critical thinking skills. Both the threesome and student-teachers faced challenges implementing the national curriculum because of deficiencies in ICT infrastructure, and few opportunities to develop the relevant knowledge, skills, and competences for teaching and learning for the 21st century. The support that the researcher provided highlighted the value of teachers supporting each other when they have the same issues. In this case the context of the intervention with flipped classrooms, it is important to consider that educators with knowledge, skills, and competence in ICT could produce quality teaching and the necessary learning processes. Ongoing professional development enables educators and teachers to integrate ICT sufficiently into their teaching, for example, in chemistry. At the ed of the study, a so-called SWOT strategic analysis of innovation was carried out based on the data we had assembled before, during and after the intervention. Strengths and weaknesses of internal factors affecting the stated task of the institution, that is training teachers according to the national curriculum were identified as well as opportunities and threats to active learning found in the external environment. It is our conviction that the crucial factors for effective integration are adequate ICT knowledge and skills, functional ICT infrastructure, and regular use of ICT.Kennsluhættir sem byggja á virku námi hafa vakið áhuga meðal kennara og nemenda. Á sama tíma leggja stefnumótunaraðilar áherslu á notkun upplýsingatækni í skólastarfi. Rannsóknir á virku námi og vendinámi jukust bæði að fjölda og gæðum í COVID-19 faraldrinum. Rannsóknaráætlun var unnin og aðlöguð til að bregðast við þessum aðstæðum sem mörkuðust af breyttri viðveru. Rannsóknin er framlag til þeirrar þekkingar sem faraldurinn varð kveikjan að. Kápa þessi er byggð á gögnum og greiningu úr fjórum birtum vísindagreinum. Tilgangur þessarar rannsóknar var að framkvæma íhlutun í kennslu á lífrænni efnafræði með notkun upplýsingatækni og meta viðhorf og reynslu kennaranema sem og kennara þeirra. Gögnum var safnað í þremur kennaraháskólum í Ghana með þremur efnafræðikennurum. Spurningalistar voru lagðir fyrir breiðan hóp kennara og kennaranema, og teking vour viðtöl og rýnihópaviðtal á netinu. Kennarar og rannsakandi voru í reglulegum samskiptum fyrir og á meðan samgöngutakmarkanir vegna faraldursins áttu sér stað. Meginmarkmiðið var að komast að því að hve miklu leyti háskólakennarar og kennaranemar gætu beitt upplýsingatækni við að tileinka sér vendinám- og kennslu við kennslu á lífrænni efnafræði. Skipulögð var kennsla í fjórar vikur þar sem hefðbundin kennsla byggð á fyrirlestrum í kennslustundum og skriflegri heimavinnu var skipt út fyrir kennsluhætti vendináms. Engar breytingar voru gerðar á innihaldi kennslunnar sem var samkvæmt námskrá fyrir háskólana. Þrjú viðfangsefni úr lífrænni efnafræði voru kennd með vendinámi, virku námi og með ríkri notkun á upplýsingatækni. Kennurunum í teyminu fannst erfitt að breyta kennsluháttum sínum og taka upp kennslu á netinu. Hæfni þeirra í upplýsingatækni var ábótavant rétt eins og tækniinnviðir í skólunum. Þeir töldu það að nýta vendinám gæfi nemunum tækifæri til að efla færni sína og breyta kennsluháttum. Kennararnir höfðu nokkra þekkingu á sviði upplýsingatækni en það voru ýmsir veikleikar við notkun hennar í kennslu. Kennararnir gáfu einnig til kynna að þeir sem þó höfðu fengið þjálfun í notkun upplýsingatækni, fannst hún ekki nógu skipulögð eða nægjanleg til að geta fléttað notkun hennar í kennslu. Kennaranemarnir töldu að sveigjanleikinn sem felst í vendináminu hefði gert þeim kleift að vera virkari og að taka meiri ábyrgð á eigin námi. Þeim fannst að þeir gætu átt samskipti við kennara sína og unnið með samnemendum í vendináminu. Þeir álitu einnig að vendinámið yki hugtakaskilning þeirra, námsárangur og gagnrýna hugsun. Stuðningurinn sem kennararnir sem leiddu verkefnið veittu hver öðrum dregur fram gildi þess að kennarar styðji hvern annan, þegar þeir eiga við sömu vandamál að stríða eins og gerðist í íhlutuninni. Þegar vendikennslu er beitt er mikilvægt að hafa í huga að þekking, leikni og hæfni kennara í upplýsingatækni geta aukið gæði náms og kennslu. Stöðug starfsþróun gerir háskólakennurum og nemendum kleift að nýta upplýsingatækni í skólastarfinu, til dæmis í lífrænni efnafræði. Við lok rannsóknarinnar var gerð SVOT stefnumótandi greining á lykilþáttum íhlutunarinnar. Greindir voru innri styrkleikar og veikleikar í þeim þáttum sem áhrif höfðu á það hlutverk skólanna að mennta kennara samkvæmt námskrám. Einnig voru tækifæri og áskoranir úr ytra umhverfi varðandi virkt nám dregin fram. Lykilþættir fyrir það að upplýsingatækni sé fléttuð í skólastarfið með árangursríkum hætti eru nægjanleg þekking og færni, nothæfir tækniinnviðir og regluleg notkun upplýsingatækninnar

    Accents and folk linguistics: A grounded-theoretical analysis of Icelanders' reactions to foreigners' use of Icelandic

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    Iceland has long been a monolingual and monoethnic society, with the Icelandic language serving as a key element in the construction and maintenance of national identity. As numbers and percentages of first-generation, L2 speakers have risen substantially in the past three decades, foreign-accented Icelandic has only recently become perceivable throughout society. However, mechanisms underlying evaluations of L2 Icelandic are not yet known. Against this background, this dissertation seeks to investigate folk ideas about the status of Icelandic in general and L2 accents in Icelandic in particular. Such ideas are considered in light of the longstanding ideological positions on L1 Icelandic, including a stable evaluation system. Drawing on concepts and methods established by research in folk linguistics, this qualitative study involved five focus group discussions with thirty-two participants, employing a semi-structured discussion guide. L1-speaker participants discussed general ideas on the Icelandic language and language variation. They were then presented with a voice-placing task using six verbal guises that had been recorded by five L2 speakers of Icelandic and one L1 speaker, each of whom read aloud the same grammatically and stylistically sound text. Subsequently, participants elaborated on their voice-placing strategies as well as different themes connected with ideas on Icelandic, including L2 and foreign-accented speech. The results of this investigation show that mechanisms underlying evaluations of the use of L1 Icelandic are well in place, with participants resorting to deep-rooted categories when referring to assessments of good and bad language. In contrast, an evaluation system for L2 Icelandic has not yet been fully formed. Nevertheless, outcomes of this study indicate that language use of L2 speakers is less harshly judged than that of L1 speakers. In addition, results suggest that perceptions of listener effort, speaker effort, and ideas about geographic/linguistic origin of a speaker influence assessment of foreign-accented speech.Oft er litið svo á að sérstakt „málloftslag“ ríki á Íslandi sem einkennist að einsleitni í máli, tiltölulega íhaldssömum viðhorfum til þess og sterkri málstefnu. Ísland var lengi eintyngt samfélag og íslenskan er oft talin vera helsta sameiningartákn Íslendinga. Á undanförnum árum hefur innflytjendum fjölgað mikið og tala sífellt fleiri íbúar hér á landi annað mál en íslensku eða íslensku með erlendum hreim. Í ljósi þess hefur þessi ritgerð það að markmiði að kanna viðhorf innfæddra Íslendinga til stöðu íslensku og erlends hreims og skoða þá þætti sem liggja á bak við þau viðhorf. Tekið er tillit til þeirra rótgrónu hugmynda sem hafa legið til grundvallar mati á máli þeirra sem hafa íslensku að móðurmáli og hafa myndað stöðugt matskerfi. Rannsókn þessi er framkvæmd með eigindlegum aðferðum og nýtir sér hugtök og aðferðir alþýðumálfræði (e. folk linguistics). Skipulögð voru fimm rýnihópaviðtöl með þrjátíu og tveimur þátttakendum þar sem stuðst var við hálfstaðlaðan spurningalista. Auk almennrar umræðu um afstöðu til íslensku og breytileika í íslensku voru sex upptökur spilaðar fyrir þátttakendurna og þeir beðnir um að meta þær. Í upptökunum voru fimm einstaklingar með íslensku sem annað mál og einn móðurmálshafi fengnir til að lesa upp sama textann, sem var stuttur og málfræðilega tækur. Auk viðtalanna var heimskort lagt fyrir þátttakendurna og þeir látnir merkja það svæði sem þeir héldu að viðkomandi væri frá. Þátttakendurnir gerðu svo ítarlega grein fyrir ákvörðunum sínum og ræddu mismunandi þemu tengd hugmyndum um íslensku, innfædda og talaða með hreim. Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar hafa leitt í ljós að kerfið sem liggur til grundvallar mati á íslensku innfæddra byggist á því að þátttakendur grípa til rótgróinna hugmynda um gott og miður gott mál. Á hinn bóginn benda niðurstöður þessarar rannsóknar til þess að ekki hafi (enn) mótast matskerfi fyrir íslensku sem annað mál, þ.m.t. íslensku með erlendum hreim. Engu að síður gefa niðurstöðurnar til kynna að málnotkun innfæddra Íslendinga sé metin harkalegar en íslenska þeirra sem hafa hana sem annað mál. Þar að auki benda niðurstöðurnar til að skynjun tiltekinna þátta á borð við skynjaðan skiljanleika (e. listener effort), viðleitni talandans og hugmyndir um uppruna talandans hafi áhrif á mat á erlendum hreim.This study was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund, grant no. 152145-051, The University of Iceland Research Fund and Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes

    Reply to comment on “Long or short silicic magma residence time beneath Hekla volcano, Iceland?”

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    We would like to thank Geist et al. (2023) for the opportunity to further discuss the arguments presented in our paper “Long or short silicic magma residence time beneath Hekla volcano, Iceland?” (Sigmarsson et al. 2022). The disagreement centres around the origin of the silicic magmas at Hekla, namely whether it is by (i) fractional crystallisation and a long crustal residence time before eruption or (ii) partial melting of altered basaltic crust and short transfer time to the surface. We disagree with the arguments presented by Geist et al. (2023) against the model for the origin of dacite at Hekla from dehydration melting of amphibolite, a model that still explains most if not all results obtained so far on the Hekla magma suite.Rannís grant #218249-052Pre-print (óritrýnt handrit

    Citizenship, character, sustainability: Differences and commonalities in three fields of education

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    An adequate response to the environmental and sustainability issues we now face cannot be limited to single perspectives, disciplines, or ways of knowing, and instead requires an interdisciplinary approach. Despite the connections between the fields of citizenship-, character- and sustainability education, they have thus far run parallel to each other, without any substantial convergence. This paper focuses on the conceptual and historical reasons for this lack of integration, exploring the tensions among them perceived by many scholars and practitioners, such as an individual vs. a social vs. a global focus, a deliberative vs. fact based pedagogic approach, and an individual vs. socio- political educational context. The paper ends by exploring different ways in which these three fields of education might be integrated.Templeton Religion TrustAuthor Manuscript Peer Reviewe

    Electronic properties of microstructured surfaces

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    Numerical simulations done at the Nanophysics Center at Reykjavík University indicate that under constant illumination from a sufficiently energetic monochromatic light source, a space-charge limited photoemission can cause current modulation in a vacuum microdiode. The period of this modulation can be tuned by the potential applied to the diode, and is comparable to the transit time of electrons across the diode gap that can be as small as hundreds of femtoseconds. This thesis presents work on gallium-arsenide-germanium photocathodes that were fabricated and tested as a possible component for such a tunable microdiode oscillator. A second topic of this thesis is the investigation of photoemission in microdiodes from laser pulses that are shorter than the characteristic transit time of the diode. This was done using a molecular dynamics code developed at RU. The transition from source-limited emission to space-charge limited emission is studied and compared to commonly used models. It is also shown how to obtain optimal brightness for such an electron pulse, an important issue for time resolved electron microscopy, free-electron lasers and other applications. Lastly, random pattern silicon nanowires were fabricated and studied with regard to piezoresistance, with pressure-sensing applications in mind. They were found to exhibit resistance-dependant behavior both under isostatic and uniaxial pressure.Icelandic Centre for Research project grant no. 174512-051 Energy research fund of Landsvirkjun no. NÝR-01-2021 Reykjavík University Doctoral fun

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