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a case study of Batticaloa town in Sri Lanka from 1979 to 2021
No full textRapid and haphazard urbanization has disastrous environmental and socio-economic consequences. The
increase of unofficial habitation characterizes urbanization in Batticaloa town. Urban land use and cover
changes require research to plan and ensure long-term growth. This study employed geographic information
systems and Landsat imagery from 1979, 2000, and 2021 to look at regional and temporal variations in
Batticaloa's land use cover. A support vector machine and supervised classification constructed the land use
cover maps. The transition matrices produced from the classified map were further investigated to find the
essential change processes for prioritizing planning, and during the 42 years investigated, built-up, including
residential, commercial, and public facilities, increased in a similar vein (i.e., mangroves, paddyland,
vegetation-covered areas, and shrubs). Land use cover modifications happened more quickly between 2000
and 2021 than between 1979 and 2000. The analysis found that only one land-use category, net built-up
area changes, grew by 8.2%, and the average yearly change was 0.22%. By 21.9%, paddy land area
substantially increased. Bare lands rose 4.45%, and thick woods fell 21.37%. These data show built-up
areas frequently targeted bare terrain. This research laid the groundwork for long-term urban planning and
development in Batticaloa Town
Dengue disease prediction using rainfall variation in the Colombo district, Sri Lanka
Get PDFDengue is a rapidly emerging pandemic disease in many of the tropical
countries in the world. Dengue mosquito emergence highly impacts dengue disease
transmission in the human community. Since mosquito emergence is affected by
environmental factors the study of environmental impact on dengue emergence within
a community is crucial. Dengue disease is serologically confirmed in Sri Lanka since
1960 and annually over 50,000 dengue infections are reported all around the country.
The highest number of dengue cases are reported in the Colombo District throughout
the year. Sri Lanka being a tropical country, the governing and most favorable
environmental factor for dengue disease emergence is rainfall. The South- West
monsoon and Northeast monsoon bring a seasonal variation to rainfall on the island.
The reported dengue cases also show seasonal variation and thus the main aim of this
study is to capture the seasonality of dengue disease emergence by quantifying the
per capita vector density by means of rainfall variation
The effect of degree of financial leverage on firm profitability: special reference to standard and poor’s Sri Lanka (S&P SL) companies
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to empirically examine the effect of Degree of Financial Leverage on firm
profitability of twenty Standard and Poor’s Sri Lanka (S&P SL) companies listed on the Colombo Stock
Exchange (CSE) in Sri Lanka. This study used as the sample data for the period of six years from 2015 to 2020.
The study was selected ROA (Return on Assets), TOBIN’S Q and EVA (Economic Value Added) to measure the
firm’s profitability which were used as dependent variable. The independent variable was DFL (Degree of
Financial Leverage). The random effect penal regression model was selected to examine the effect of Degree of
Financial Leverage on firm profitability. DFL has statistically significant and positive relationship with ROA.
DFL has inverse significant relationship with TOBIN’S Q but inverse and non-significant relationship between
Degree of Financial Leverage and EVA. The result of this study had revealed that Degree of Financial Leverage
has sufficient significant impact on financial performance of S&P SL. From the findings of the study it had
recommended that the managers of firms should control the fixed cost and focus to increase the revenue of
firms
Dietary habits of urban vulnerable late adolescents in three selected grama niladhari divisions of Jaffna municipality
Get PDFAdolescence is a period of rapid growth and
development. Dietary habits of adolescents are in
limelight as they are in the period between childhood
and adult. Healthy eating habits during adolescent
period promote healthy ageing. Overcrowding and
limited infrastructure facilities at urban underserved
settlements of the Jaffna Municipality of Sri Lanka are
crucial for the health of the residents. The study aimed
at finding food consumption patterns and factors that
influencing the limited nutritional food intake by late
adolescents from three selected Grama Niladhari
divisions (Reclamation East, Reclamation West and
Moor Street North) of Jaffna Municipality. Data
collection was made by visiting households,
interviewing the participants, administrating a
questionnaire added with food frequency table, 24 hour
dietary recall and collecting a week’s food diary from
the participants, observing cooking facility at
households and availability of food items nearby
environment of study areas. The findings highlighted
that underconsumption of fruit, vegetables and dairy
products and overconsumption of nutritionally poor
foods and carbonated beverages among the sample of
adolescents residing in crowded divisions of Jaffna
Municipality. Higher prices of food commodities,
limited infrastructure facilities and knowledge on
nutritional food intake were identified as barriers for
limited nutritional food intake. Such nutritional
unhealthy dietary habits may lead to nutritional
problems among adolescents and they have to be
moved towards a healthy way of life in order to build
up a healthy and disease-free society in the future. The
findings of the study could be a revelation for the
relevant authorities to support a correct national
intervention programme
Sequence analysis of prion protein gene in bhagnari cattle breed from the hottest region of sibi, balochistan, Pakistan
Get PDFPrion diseases are a type of neurodegenerative disorder caused by the transmission of specific pathogens containing prion proteins. Due to the unique structural characteristics of Prion proteins (PrP), which differ from other
types of proteins, the extended incubation period observed in the transmission of specific Prions can be attributed
to these differences, at least in part. Prions are found in several other mammals and animals. Prions are unique
among false protein folding abnormalities because these are infections and contain various strains of contagious
agents associated with a unique in vivo phenotype. They can be acquired either by inheritance or sporadically.
There are two types: classical and typical BSP. The objective of this study was to observe the Bhagnari cattle
breed of Balochistan, Pakistan and compare the PrP gene sequence of the Bhagnari with other reported sequences
from Pakistan and other parts of the world. This research collected 40 Bhagnari cattle blood samples from Tali,
Bhag Nari, and Sibi district areas. DNA extraction of each sample was performed by inorganic method, and then
DNA amplification and sequencing of PRNP Gene was performed. The results of this research work showed
different polymorphic variations (SNPs) in 16 samples. In this study, while mutations causing prion diseases in
cattle were detected in Italian and German breeds, none were identified in the PRNP gene of the cattle population
investigated, despite its association with neurological disorders
Synthesis and biological evaluation of Qallic acid esters as phagocyte oxidative burst inhibitors
No full textSeveral degenerative diseases, including cancer, are caused by oxidative stress, which is caused by the overproduction and accumulation of free radicals. The purpose of the study was to synthesize Gallic acid (GA or 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) esters and evaluate their anti-inflammatory potential through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The compounds methyl gallate (2), sec-butyl gallate (3), ethyl gallate (4), isopropyl gallate (5), 2-methoxyethyl gallate (6), 4-methoxybutyl gallate (7), 2-methylbutyl gallate (8) and pentan-3-yl gallate (9) were synthesized. 1H NMR, MS and IR data are reported for compounds 2-9, and 13C NMR data for compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6. The molecular formulae of compounds 3 and 7-9 were established by HREI-MS spectroscopic data. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities by chemiluminescence and MTT cytotoxicity assay respectively. The results revealed the anti-inflammatory potential of compounds 2-8 with an IC50 range between (13.3 – 54.3 µM) as compared to the standard anti-inflammatory drug, Ibuprofen (IC50 = 54.3 ± 9.2 μM). The most potent inhibitors were found to be compound 3 (ROS IC50 = 15.0 ± 6.6 µM) and compound 7 (ROS IC50 = 13.3 ± 0.8 µM). All compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic in the NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell line. Compounds 3, 7- 9 were identified as new compounds
தீவகத்தில் மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்ட தொல்லியல் ஆய்வுகள் - சாட்டி பிரதேசத்தினை அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட ஆய்வு
No full textஆசியாவில் நீண்ட கால பாரம்பரிய வரலாற்றுத்தொன்மை மற்றும்
பல்லிணப்பண்பாட்டு அம்சங்கள் கொண்ட நாடாக இலங்கை
அடையாளப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளது. இலங்கையின் வடபகுதி தற்போதைய யாழ்ப்பாணம்,
மன்னார், வவுனியா, கிளிநொச்சி, முல்லைத்தீவு ஆகிய நிர்வாக மாவட்டங்களை
குறிப்பதாகும். யாழ்ப்பாணத்தில் தீவகப்பிரதேசமானது தனித்துவமாக
விளங்குகின்றது. வட இலங்கையை பொறுத்த வரையில் கி.பி 14ம் நூற்றாண்டின்
முன்னரான வரலாறு புகைப்படிந்ததாகவே காணப்பட்டது. தொடர்ச்சியான
வரலாறுகள் தெளிவு இன்மையாலும் இலக்கியங்களில் வரலாறுகள் மறைமுகமாக
கூறப்பட்டமையாலும் வடஇலங்கை வரலாறு பற்றி அறிய முடியவில்லை. ஆனால்
பிற்காலத்தில் வளர்ச்சி அடைந்த தொல்லியல் துறையினால் புதுவெளிச்சம்
அடைந்தது. இவ் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வுகள் தீவகத்தின் சாட்டி பிரதேசத்தில் 2005ம்
ஆண்டு மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்டது. இவ் ஆய்வானது வடஇலங்கைக்கு புதுவெளிச்சம்
ஊட்டியது எனலாம். தீவக வரலாறானது தொன்மையானது என்பதனை அங்கு
கிடைக்கப்பெற்ற தொல்லியல் எச்சங்கள் உறுதிசெய்கின்றன. அவ் ஆய்வில்
ஈமச்சின்னங்கள், சுடுமண்கிணறுகள், பாவனைப்பொருட்கள், சீன,அராபிய
மட்பாண்டங்கள், நாணயங்கள் போன்ற பல சான்றுகள் கிடைக்கப்பட்டது. இங்கு
கிடைக்கப்பட்ட மட்பாண்டங்கள் கறுப்பு சிவப்பு மட்பாண்டங்கள் ஆகும். இவை
பெருங்கற்கால பண்பாட்டை பிரதிபலிக்கின்றது. பெருங்கற்காலம் என்பது பெரிய
பெரிய கற்களைக் கொண்டு இறந்தவர்களுக்கு ஈமச்சின்னங்களை அமைத்ததினால்
இக் காலம் சிறப்பாக பெருங்கற்காலம் என அழைக்கப்பட்டது.ஏறக்குறைய 1000 ஆம்
ஆண்டு தொன்மையானது. இப்பிரதேச ஆய்வில் குடைக்கல், குழியடக்க
ஈமச்சின்னங்கள் கிடைக்கப்பெற்றது. இதன் தொன்மையினை சங்ககால புறநானுறு ,
குறுந்தொகை, நற்றிணை, மலைபடுகடாம் போன்ற இலக்கியங்கள் அதன்
தொன்மையினை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றது. இது தீவக வரலாற்றுக்கு மட்டுமின்றி
வடஇலங்கை வரலாற்றுக்கு புதுவெளிச்சம் ஊட்டியது எனலாம்.
இவ்ஈமச்சின்ங்களுடன் சில வகை மிருகங்கள், பறவைகள், கடல் உயிரினங்கள்
எலும்புகளின் தடயங்கள் இப்பிரதேமானது பெருங்கற்கால பண்பாட்டு வழிவந்த
சமுதாயத்தின் மூலமாக ஒரு நிலையான ஒரு சமூகம், குடியிருப்பு, பொருளாதாரம்,
சமயம், கலை அம்சங்கள் இருந்துள்ளதை உறுதிப்படுத்துகின்றது. இதன் ஊடாக
சாட்டி பிரதேச பண்டைய மக்களின் வாழ்க்கை முறையினை கண்டறிதல் பிரதான
நோக்கமாக உள்ளது. அதனோடு இப்பிரதேச தொல்லியல் ஆய்வுகளின்
முக்கியத்துவத்தை கண்டறிவதுடன் அப்பிரதேசத்தில் அகழ்வாய்வுகள்
மேற்கொள்ளப்பட வேண்டும் என்ற தேவையை வெளிப்படுத்துதல் நோக்கமாகும்.
இவ்வாய்வினை நிறைவு செய்யும் பொருட்டு ஆய்விற்கான முதன்மைத்தரவுகள், கள
ஆய்வுகளின் அடிப்படையில் திரட்டப்பட்டவையாகும். அத்துடன் இவ் ஆய்வினை
எழுதவதற்கு இரண்டாம் நிலைத்தரவுகளாக நூல்கள், கட்டுரைகள், சஞ்சிகைகள்
என்பனவும் உதவியுள்ளன. எனவே சாட்டி பிரதேசத்தில் கிடைக்கப்பெற்ற
தொல்லியல் சான்றுகள் அப்பிரதேச தொன்மையையும் பண்பாட்டு சமய
நம்பிக்கைகள், வாணிபம், நினைவுக்கல் அமைக்கும் முறை போன்றவற்றை
அறிவதோடு தொடர்ச்சியான தொன்மையான வரலாற்றை அறிய முடிகின்றது.
இதனால் இவ் பெருங்கற்கால மையமாக சாட்டி விளங்குவதால் இவ்ஆய்வு
முக்கியத்துவம் பெறுகின்றது
A study on the application of accounting techniques and practices and its effect on the sustainability of small and medium enterprises in Ampara district
No full textAccounting techniques and practices play a vital role in evaluating the performance of small businesses.
However, many small businesses face challenges including insufficient working capital, poor
management skills, and a lack of effective accounting techniques. These challenges hinder their ability
to sustain themselves and accurately assess performance. Without professional accounting support,
small businesses often have limited access to information, which is solely based on managerial demand,
thus affecting their long-term viability. The study aimed to evaluate how accounting techniques and
practices impact the sustainability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Ampara District.
The dependent variable of the study was the sustainability of SMEs. To measure accounting techniques
and practices, the study focused on cost systems, budgeting systems, and record-keeping systems. The
researchers collected primary data by administering a questionnaire to a sample of 50 SMEs in the
Ampara District using the random sampling technique. The sample included SMEs from various
industries and sectors, providing a diverse representation of small businesses in the Ampara District.
According to the analysis, the costing system and budgeting system have an insignificant relationship
with the sustainability level but there is a significant relationship between the record-keeping system
and the sustainability level. Most of the SMEs have not given much attention to bookkeeping in their
business transaction, despite its importance in the success of the business. This could be a lack of sound
knowledge of bookkeeping practices by owners or respective managers. It was hard to determine to
what extent know adherence to laid down the accounting procedure constituted the wheel of
implementing a good accounting system. The study reveals a significant correlation between
accounting techniques and practices and sustainability, particularly among individuals involved in
SMEs who actively participate in costing and budgeting. However, there is a lack of awareness
regarding the importance of maintaining proper records within many SMEs, which greatly affects their
sustainability. Thus, implementing effective accounting techniques and practices plays a crucial role in
SMEs. It also suggests that exploring new avenues to enhance these techniques and practices can lead
to improved performance and sustainability for firms
The demand of women activists for enactment of post-divorce maintenance in the MMDA of Sri Lanka: an Islamic perspective
Get PDFIslam explicitly emphasizes the post-divorce maintenance for divorced women. Nevertheless,
the MMDA (Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act) does not have any provision to provide the post-divorce
maintenance. Consequently, the Qāḍīs face difficulties in defining the period and quantity of divorced
women’s maintenance. Therefore, the women activists in Sri Lanka under the patronage of the MWRAF
(Muslim Women Research and Action Forum) lobby for enacting the provision of post-divorce
maintenance (mutʿah) in section 97 of the MMDA to be provided to the divorced wife whether the
divorce is initiated by the husband or wife if there is no marital fault on the wife. Hence, this study aims
to analyse the demand of the women activists in Sri Lanka drawing on the secondary data such as the
Qur’an, the Hadith, the literatures of the prominent jurists and the books written by the women activists
in Sri Lanka. The findings of this study reveal that the post-divorce maintenance is a marital right of
women emphasized by the Holy texts. Accordingly, this study recommends the relevant authorities to
enact the post-divorce maintenance in the MMDA. However, the women activists’ demand “to pay the
mutʿah to wives even though the divorce was initiated by wives” is intricate as it is unviable and
contradictory to the opinions of the jurists
Polygamy in Islamic perspective
Get PDFPolygamy means "when a man legally has more than one wife at the same time."
The claim that Islam introduced polygamy is inaccurate in world history. Instead,
Islam regulated and controlled the practice of polygamy, which existed before. For
example, Kailan ibn Salama had ten wives before Islam. Upon embracing Islam, the
Prophet (peace be upon him) asked all but four of them to divorce. In Islamic
jurisprudence, a second marriage is not obligatory but permissible. Fair treatment
between wives is a primary requirement for polygamy. Islamic scholars also
emphasize the importance of being able to meet the emotional and physical needs of
each wife and having the economic resources to support them as significant
qualifications for polygamy