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The Role of Family Benefits in the Financial Well-being of families with many children in Estonia
No full textMagistritöö
Majandusarvestuse ja finantsjuhtimise õppekavalLasterikkad pered seisavad tihti silmitsi suuremate kulutustega ning nende rahaline heaolu sõltub oluliselt riiklikest toetustest, sealhulgas perehüvitistest, nad moodustavad olulise osa ühiskonnast, kuid samal ajal on nad sageli suurema majandusliku surve all. Riiklikud toetused mängivad nende perede rahalise heaolu kujundamisel olulist rolli, mõjutades nii sissetulekute tasakaalu kui ka perede elukvaliteeti. Varasemalt on uuritud peretoetuste eesmärgipärasusest valitud riikides ning lasterikaste perede finantspädevust ja teadlikkust peretoetustest. Magistritöö eesmärgiks on välja selgitada perehüviste roll Eesti lasterikaste perede rahalises heaolus. Magistritöö andmete kogumiseks kasutati ankeetküsimustikku, mille valimiks olid Eesti lasterikkad pered ehk pered, kus kasvamas kolm ja enam alaealist last. Ankeetküsitluse teel kogutud andmete analüüsimiseks kasutati andmetöötlus-programmi Microsoft Excel. Küsitluse analüüsimisel selgus, et vaid 2% perede esindajatest on oma rahalise olukorraga väga rahul, samas on ka vaid 3% vastajatest väga rahulolematud. Peaaegu pooled vastajatest ehk 47% ei ole rahul ega rahulolematud. Enamik peredest ehk lausa 80% säästavad mingil viisil. Lasterikka pere toetuseta oleks rahalise olukorraga rahuolematuid ja väga rahulolematuid hinnanguliselt 73% vastajatest. Lasterikka pere toetuseta oleks võimalik säästa vaid 43% peredest ehk 37% peredest on võimalik säästa lasterikka pere toetusega. Lisaks ei oleks 8% peredest, kes praegu investeerivad suutelised selleks ilma toetusteta. Perede jaoks, kellele küsitluses välja toodud toetused on ainsad sissetuleku allikad, on perehüvitiste roll eluliselt oluline ehk nende jaoks sõltub kõigi kulude katmine perehüvitistest. Neile peredele, kellel on täna võimalus tänu perehüvitistele säästa või investeerida, on perehüvitiste roll väga suur ja seda just rahalise heaolu loomisel, sest perehüvitised võimaldavad luua endale kindlustustunnet ja vähendada stressi tuleviku suhtes. Tänu perehüvitistele luuakse laste tuleviku rahalist heaolu, nii läbi säästmise kui mõnede perede puhul ka läbi võimaluse investeerida. Seega on perehüvitistel oluline roll sissetuleku osana parandamaks perede elukvaliteeti ja laste tulevikku ning andmaks võimaluse paljudele peredele luua turvatunnet tulevikuks läbi õige finantskäitumise.Families with many children often face higher expenses, and their financial well-being significantly depends on state support, including family benefits. They form an important part of society, but at the same time, they are often under greater economic pressure. State benefits play a crucial role in shaping the financial well-being of these families, affecting both income balance and quality of life. Previous studies have examined the purposefulness of family benefits in selected countries as well as the financial literacy and awareness of family benefits among large families. The aim of this master’s thesis is to determine the role of family benefits in the financial well-being of families with many children in Estonia. To collect data for the thesis, a questionnaire was used, targeting Estonian large families - defined as families with three or more minor children. The data collected through the questionnaire was analyzed using the Microsoft Excel data processing program. The analysis of the survey revealed that only 2% of family representatives are very satisfied with their financial situation, while only 3% are very dissatisfied. Nearly half of the respondents, 47%, are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. The majority of families—up to 80% - save in some way. Without the large family allowance, an estimated 73% of respondents would be dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their financial situation. Without the support, only 43% of families would be able to save, which means that 37% of families are only able to save thanks to the large family benefit. Additionally, 8% of families who are currently able to invest would not be able to do so without the financial support. For families for whom the benefits listed in the questionnaire are their only source of income, the role of family benefits is vital, as covering all expenses depends on these benefits. For those families who are currently able to save or invest thanks to family benefits, the role of these benefits is significant in creating financial well-being, as they enable a sense of security and reduce stress about the future. Family benefits thus contribute to the financial well-being of children’s futures, both through saving and, in some families, through investment opportunities. Therefore, family benefits play an important role as part of income in improving families’ quality of life and the future of their children, providing many families with the opportunity to create a sense of security through proper financial behavior
Achieving the Aims og the Nursing Home Care Reform by the Example of The Municipalities of Võru County
No full textBakalaureusetöö
Maamajandusliku ettevõtluse ja finantsjuhtimise õppekaval1. juulil 2023. aastal jõustus hooldereform, mis tõi endaga kaasa ulatuslikud muudatused
sotsiaalhoolekande valdkonnas. Hooldereformiga sooviti muuta hooldekodukoht
inimestele kättesaadavaks keskmise vanaduspensioni eest. Selleks kaasati väljaspool kodu
osutatava üldhooldusteenuse rahastusmudelisse teenusesaaja ja tema lähedaste kõrval ka
kohaliku omavalitsuse üksused. Sellele lisaks sooviti lahendada veel teisigi probleeme
sotsiaalhoolekande valdkonnas. Võetud sihtide saavutamine on seatud kahtluse alla, sest
reformieelse ajaga võrreldes on hooldekodu kohatasud oluliselt kasvanud. Töö
probleemiks on välja selgitada, kas hooldereformi ellu kutsumisel seatud sihid on olnud
realistlikud ja praktikas teostatavad.
Töö eesmärk on analüüsida hooldereformiga seatud sihtide saavutamist Võru maakonna
KOV-ide näitel. Selleks, et töö eesmärki saavutada püstitati neli uurimisülesannet. Töös
kasutatakse kvantitatiivset uurimismeetodit. Analüüsitavad andmed on eeskätt esmased,
mis koguti kahe küsimustikuga. Samuti kasutatakse teiseseid andmeid, mis pärinevad
Võru maakonna KOV-ide poolt vastu võetu korraldustest ja määrustest.
Analüüsi käigus selgus, et hooldereformi eesmärkide saavutamine Võru maakonna KOVides
on olnud osaline. Alati ei saa hooldekodukoha omaosalust tasuda keskmise
vanaduspensioni eest. Üldhooldusteenuse ligipääsetavus ei ole paranenud, sest
ootejärjekorrad on püsinud kas samal tasemel või pikenenud. Üldhooldusteenuse
kvaliteedi paranemisele on 2025. aastal hinnangu andmine mõneti ennatlik, sest
hoolduspersonali arvule kehtestatud miinimumnõuded hakkavad kehtima alates 1. juulist
2026. aastal. Uus regulatsioon ei pruugi siiski kõiki üldhooldusteenuse pakkujaid
faktiliselt mõjutada ning sellel võib esineda vastupidine mõju teenuse kättesaadavusele.
Võru maakonna KOV-id panustavad võrreldes hooldereformieelse ajaga üha rohkem
rahalisi vahendeid kodus elamist toetavate teenuste pakkumisele, mistõttu on nende
teenuste kättesaadavus paranenud.On July 1, 2023, the care reform came into effect, bringing significant changes to the
social welfare sector in Estonia. The reform aimed to make nursing home care accessible
to individuals living for an average old-age pension. Municipalities were included in the
funding system for long-time care, alongside the service user and their family members.
In addition to improving affordability, the reform also sought to address various other
challenges within the social care system. However, the attainability of these goals has
been questioned, as the cost of nursing home has risen considerably compared to the prereform
period. This thesis seeks to determine whether the targets set by the care reform
were realistic and feasible in practice.
The aim of the thesis is to analyse whether the goals set by the care reform are reached
by the municipalities of Võru County. The support this aim, four research tasks were
formulated. A quantitative research method is used in the study. The data analysed are
primarily primary data, collected through two questionnaires. In addition, secondary data
are utilised, derived from the regulations adopted by the municipalities of Võru County.
The analysis revealed that the aims of the care reform have been partially achieved. It is
not always possible to cover the payment for a nursing home with the average old-age
pension. The accessibility of long-term care has not improved, as waiting lists have either
remained the same or become longer. Assessing the improvement in the quality of general
care services is premature, as the minimum staffing requirements will come into force on
July 1, 2026. Moreover, the new regulation may not have a tangible impact on all longterm
care service providers and could potentially have a negative effect on service
accessibility. Compared to the period prior to the reform, municipalities in Võru County
are allocating increasing financial resources to the provision of home-based support
services, resulting in improved access to these services
Robot installation and comparative study at Thermory Company
No full textRakenduskõrgharidusõppe lõputöö
Puidutöötlemise tehnoloogia õppekavalTööstuse automatiseerimine on muutumas üha olulisemaks ka puidutöötlemissektoris. Käesoleva töö eesmärk oli võrrelda tööstusroboti ja käsitööliste tööefektiivsust Thermory ettevõtte puiduladustamise protsessis. Töö sisaldab roboti teoreetilist paigaldust ja tööprotsessi modelleerimist, samuti empiirilisi mõõtmisi käsitööliste töökiirusest. Tulemused näitasid, et robot on märja materjali ladustamisel keskmiselt 3–4 minutit kiirem kui käsitööline, kuid tiheda paki puhul jääb robot mõnevõrra aeglasemaks. Uuring toob esile robotiseerimise potentsiaali tööjõukulude vähendamisel ja tööohutuse suurendamisel, kuigi sellega kaasnevad ka tehnilised väljakutsed ja investeerimiskulud.Industrial automation has become increasingly important in the wood processing industry. This thesis aims to compare the efficiency of a robotic system and manual labor in the stacking process at Thermory. The study includes a theoretical model of robot installation and operation, as well as empirical measurements of human worker performance. Results show that the robot is 3–4 minutes faster when stacking wet material but somewhat slower for dense dry stacks. The study highlights the potential of automation to reduce labor costs and improve workplace safety, while also pointing out technical limitations and the need for specialized personnel
Proposals for Establishing Good Practices in Nature and Wildlife Photography in Estonia
No full textMagistritöö
Loodusturismi õppekavalLoodus- ja loomafotograafia populaarsuse kiire kasv Eestis on toonud kaasa küsimuse selle
tegevuse võimalikust mõjust loodusele, eeskätt loomadele. Sarnaseid teemasid on
käsitletud rahvusvaheliselt, kuid Eestis seni ühtsed käitumisjuhised loodusfotograafidele
puuduvad. Töö eesmärk on luua algdokument ja selgitada välja võimalused ja ootused
looduse- ja loomapildistamise hea tava loomiseks Eestis. Töö aluseks on dokumentide
sisuanalüüs ning poolstruktureeritud intervjuud loodusfotograafide, filmioperaatori,
keskkonnaametnike ja loomaökoloogiga. Analüüsiti ka teiste maade hea tava dokumente.
Töö tulemusena kaardistati Eestis kehtivad regulatsioonid, võeti kokku intervjueeritute
kogemused ja hoiakud ning eeskujuna kasutati ka teisi regionaalseid hea tava dokumente.
Eeltoodu põhjal sõnastati ettepanekud loodus- ja loomapildistamise heaks tava jaoks
Eestis, mille põhjal jõutakse ka valdkonnas tegutsejate hea tava kokkuleppeni. Töö
tulemused võivad olla aluseks jätku-uuringutele, hea tava rakenduslikele testimistele ning
kasutatavad looduskaitse, keskkonnahariduse ja loodusfotograafia valdkonnas.The rapid growth of wildlife and animal photography in Estonia has raised questions about
the potential impacts on nature, especially animals. Similar topics have been discussed
internationally, but there are no uniform codes of conduct for wildlife photographers in
Estonia. The aim of the work is to create a source document and identify opportunities and
expectations for creating good practice in wildlife and animal photography in Estonia. The
work is based on content analysis of documents and semi-structured interviews with
wildlife photographers, a film operator, environmental officials and animal ecologist. Good
practice documents from other countries were also analyzed. As a result of the work, the
regulations in force in Estonia were mapped, the experiences and attitudes of the
interviewees were summarized, and other regional good practice documents were used as
examples. Based on the above, proposals were formulated for good practice in wildlife and
animal photography in Estonia, which will also lead to an agreement on good practice
among those working in the field. The results of the work can serve as a basis for follow-up
research, practical testing of good practice, and can be used in the fields of nature
conservation, environmental education and wildlife photography
Historical charcoal production: landscape and impact today
No full textBakalaureusetöö
Keskkonnakaitse õppekavalAjaloolise söepõletuse eesmärk oli toota puusütt, mida kasutati näiteks rauatööstuses. Söepõletamisega tegeleti aktiivselt varajasest rauaajast kuni 20. sajandi keskpaigani. Sütt põletati nii kuhjades kui ka aukudes, kuid antud bakalaureusetöös käsitletakse söepõletuskuhjasid. Uurimistöö on keskendunud 61,6-hektarilisele Kakulaane söepõletusalale, kus on kaardistatud 48 söepõletuskuhja. Eestis on küll varasemalt uuritud söepõletamist, aga mitte söepõletuskohtade maastikulisi parameetreid ja söepõletamise mõju taimestikule. Töö eesmärk on iseloomustada Kakulaane söepõletusala ning hinnata söepõletusjäänuste võimalikku mõju alustaimestikule ja puude kasvule.
Töö eesmärgi saavutamiseks identifitseeriti algselt söepõletuskuhjad kasutades Maa- ja Ruumiameti X-GIS 2.0 kaardirakenduse „Reljeef“ aluskaarti. Välitöödel kontrolliti kaardilt leitud kuhjasid mullapuuriga. Söepõletuskuhjadel esineb söesegune mullakiht. Taimkatte uuringute jaoks valiti 12 kuhja, mis polnud lõhutud ega ei asunud noorendikus. Iga kuhja peal ning ümbruses tehti 4 taimeruutu ja mõõdeti puude diameetrid. QGIS-is tehti analüüs, kasutades järgmiseid Maa- ja Ruumiameti andmekihte: mullastiku kaart, nõlvakalded, halltoonides kaart ja reljeefvarjutusega põhikaart. QGIS-is leiti kuhjade diameetrid, nende kaugused soisest alast ning uurimisala suurus. Andmete töötlemiseks ja esitamiseks kasutati Microsoft Excelit. Statistilise analüüsi jaoks kasutati RStudiot, kus viidi läbi Shapiro-Wilki test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, ANOSIM test, SIMPER test ning alustaimestiku kahe grupi kohta leiti ka Shannoni mitmekesisuse indeksid.
Kakulaane söepõletuskuhjad asuvad metsamaal. Süsinikudateering näitas, et kuhjad on pärit 15.–17. sajandist. Kuhjade diameetrid on keskmiselt 6,2 meetrit. Kuhjad asuvad gruppides, soise ala läheduses, arvatavasti seoses veevajadusega, ning pigem tasasel maal, kuhu oli mugavam kuhjasid ehitada. Uurimisala reljeef on samuti üldiselt tasane. Peamiselt asuvad kuhjad uurimisalal leedemuldadel. Eelistati kuivemaid vähemviljakaid kasvukohtasid. Samblarinde katvused ning puude diameetrid kuhjadel ja nende ümbruses ei erinenud, kuid alustaimestik on kuhjade ümbruses mitmekesisem. Puurinnet on tõenäoliselt rohkem mõjutanud hilisem metsamajandamine.
Töös püstitatud uurimisküsimused said vastused ning eesmärk saavutati. Töös kirjeldati Kakulaane söepõletusala ning hinnati söepõletusjäänuste mõju alustaimestikule ja puude kasvule. Et ajaloolise söepõletuse mõju alustaimestikule ja puurindele täpsemalt selgitada, tuleks uurimitööd jätkata suurema kuhjade valimiga erinevates kasvukohatüüpides.The historical purpose of charcoal burning was to produce wood charcoal, which was used, for example, in the iron industry. Charcoal production was actively practiced from the early Iron Age until the mid-20th century. Charcoal was burned in both mounds and pits, but this bachelor's thesis focuses on charcoal mounds. The research is centered on the 61.6-hectare Kakulaane charcoal burning area, where 48 charcoal mounds have been mapped. Although charcoal burning has previously been studied in Estonia, the landscape parameters of charcoal burning sites and the impact of charcoal burning on understory vegetation have not been investigated. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the Kakulaane charcoal burning area and assess the potential impact of charcoal burning remains on understory vegetation and tree growth.
To achieve this, the charcoal mounds were initially identified using the Estonian Land and Spatial Development Board's X-GIS 2.0 application’s „Relief“ base map. In the field, the mounds identified on the map were verified with a soil auger. Charcoal mounds are characterized by a soil layer mixed with charcoal. For the understory vegetation studies, 12 mounds were selected that were not disturbed or located in young forest stands. On and around each mound, four understory vegetation plots were established, and tree diameters were measured. Analysis in QGIS used the following datasets from the Estonian Land and Spacial Development Board: soil map, slope, grayscale map, and shaded relief base map. In QGIS, the diameters of the mounds, their distances from the wetland area, and the size of the study area were determined. Microsoft Excel was used for data processing and presentation. For statistical analysis, RStudio was used, performing the Shapiro-Wilk test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, ANOSIM test, SIMPER test, and Shannon diversity indexes were calculated for the two groups of understory vegetation.
The Kakulaane charcoal mounds are located on forest land. Radiocarbon dating showed that the mounds date from the 15th to 17th centuries. The average diameter of the piles is 6.2 meters. The piles are located in groups near the wetland area, likely due to the need for water, and on generally flat terrain, which made mound construction easier. The study area's terrain is also mostly flat. The mounds are mainly located on podzolic soils. Drier and less fertile sites were preferred. Moss layer coverage and tree diameters on and around the piles did not differ, but the understory vegetation around the mounds was more diverse. The tree layer has likely been more affected by later forest management.
The research questions posed in the thesis were answered and the objective was achieved. The Kakulaane charcoal burning area was described, and the impact of charcoal burning remains on understory vegetation and tree growth was assessed. To more precisely explain the impact of historical charcoal burning on understory vegetation and the tree layer, further research should be conducted with a larger sample of mounds in various site types
Effect of biostimulant ArGrow on growth characteristics of birch, pine and spruce plants
No full textBakalaureusetöö
Metsanduse õppekavalMetsade uuendamine istutamise teel on üks olulisemaid tegevusi metsakasvatuses. Kõik uuendamisega seotud metsakasvatuslikud tööd on kulukad ja nõuavad palju ressursse. Uuendamisega kaasnevate kulude, nagu hooldamine ja täiendistutus, vähendamiseks on Põhjamaades kasutusele võetud arginiin-fosfaadil põhinev biostimulant ArGrow. Biostimulant ArGrow parandab puude juurestiku arengut, mis soodustab metsakultuuri kasvukiirust ja ellujäämust.
Bakalaureusetöö eesmärgiks oli analüüsida ArGrow biostimulandi mõju männi, kuuse ja kase kasvutunnustele nelja kasvuaasta möödudes peale istutamist.
Töös kasutatud andmed on kogutud 2021–2024. aasta sügisel. Välitööde käigus mõõdeti puude kõrgust ja diameetrit, mille põhjal arvutati tüve ruumalaindeks. Lisaks hinnati puude ellujäämust algsest istutustihedusest. Andmed sisestati MS Excelisse ning statistiline analüüs teostati programmis RStudio.
Töö tulemustest selgus, et biostimulant avaldas statistiliselt usaldavat mõju kase, kuuse ja männi potitaime kasvutunnustele peale neljandat kasvuaastat. Kahekordne biostimulandi doos suurendas männi potitaimede keskmist kõrgust 16%, diameetrit 21% ja tüve ruumalaindeksit 104% võrreldes kontrollalaga. Kase potitaimede puhul suurendas biostimulant kõrgust 22%, diameetrit 18% ja tüveruumalaindeksit 72%. Kuuse potitaimede vastavad suurenemised olid 14%, 15% ja 61% võrreldes kontrollalaga. Lisaks näitasid varasemate aastate andmed, et biostimulandi mõju kasvutunnustele on aja jooksul kasvanud. Biostimulandil puudus mõju paljasjuurse kase pott-põld taime kasvutunnustele ja kõikide taimetüüpide ellujäämusele.Forest regeneration through planting is one of the most important activities in silviculture. All silvicultural treatments related to regeneration are costly and require significant resources. To reduce regeneration-related expenses such as tending and replanting, the Nordic countries have adopted the use of the biostimulant ArGrow, which is based on arginine phosphate. The biostimulant ArGrow enhances the development of tree root system, thereby promoting the growth rate and survival of planted seedlings.
The aim of this bachelor’s thesis was to analyze the effect of the ArGrow biostimulant on the growth characteristics of pine, spruce, and birch four growing seasons after planting. The data used in this study were collected in the end of the growing season of 2021–2024. During fieldwork, tree height and diameter were measured, and stem volume index was calculated. Additionally, tree survival was assessed based on the initial planting density. Data were entered into MS Excel and statistical analysis was conducted using RStudio.
The results of the study showed that the biostimulant had a statistically significant effect on the growth characteristics of container-grown birch, spruce, and pine after the fourth growing season. A double dose of the biostimulant increased the average height of container-grown pine seedlings by 16%, diameter by 21%, and stem volume index by 104% compared to the control site. In the case of container-grown birch seedlings, the biostimulant increased height by 22%, diameter by 18%, and stem volume index by 72%. The corresponding increases for container-grown spruce seedlings were 14%, 15%, and 61% compared to the control site. Furthermore, data from previous years indicated that the effect of the biostimulant on growth characteristics has increased over time. The biostimulant had no effect on the growth characteristics of bare-root birch plug-field seedlings or on the survival rate of any seedling type
Awareness of bioinvasion among Estonian schoolchildren and science teachers and addressing the topic of alien species in secondary school
No full textBakalaureusetöö
Kalanduse ja rakendusökoloogia õppekavalKuna paljud inimesed osalevad võõrliikide sissetoomises, on vaja mõista nende teadmisi ja hoiakuid invasiivsete liikide ohjamise ja kasutamise kohta. Inimeste suurenenud teadlikkus invasiivsete liikide põhjustatud ohtudest ja probleemidest viib neid paremate otsusteni ja meetmeteni, mis omakorda aitab vältida võõrliikide levikut. Eesti põhikooli riiklikus õppekavas ei käsitleta bioinvasiooni teemat eraldi, kuid see on tihedalt seotud ökoloogia ja keskkonnakaitse valdkondadega. Töö eesmärgiks oli hinnata 8-14- aastaste Eesti kooliõpilaste ja loodusaineõpetajate teadlikkust bioinvasioonist ja sellega seotud riskidest. Eesmärgi täitmiseks viidi 2024. aastal läbi ankeetküsitlused eraldi õpetajatele ja õpilastele Google foorumis. Küsitlused saadeti 80-sse kooli, millele saadi vastused 11-st koolist, neist 5 maapiirkonna kooli ja 6 linnakooli. Osalejad täitsid ankeedi vabatahtlikult ja anonüümselt koolitunni jooksul. Käesoleva uuringu tulemused näitavad, et Eesti koolide õpilaste ja loodusainete õpetajate teadlikkus bioinvasioonist on üldjoontes olemas, kuid teadmiste ja hoiakute erinevus varieerub koolipiirkondade lõikes. Uuringu tulemused näitavad vajadust süsteemsema ja sihipärasema keskkonnahariduse järele, mis hõlmaks ka võõrliikide temaatikat.Because many people are involved in the introduction of alien species, it is necessary to understand their knowledge and attitudes about the management and use of invasive species. Increased awareness among people about the threats and problems caused by invasive species leads them to better decisions and actions, which in turn helps prevent the spread of alien species. The Estonian national Basic school curriculum does not address the topic of bioinvasion separately, but it is closely related to the fields of ecology and environmental protection. The aim of the work was to assess the awareness of 8-14-year old Estonian school students and science teachers about bioinvasion and the risks associated with it. To achieve this goal, separate surveys were conducted for teachers and students in 2024 on the Google forum. Surveys were sent to 80 schools, with responses received from 11 schools, 5 of which were rural schools and 6 were urban schools. Participants completed the questionnaire voluntarily and anonymously during school hours. The results of this study show that awareness of bioinvasion among Estonian school students and science teachers is generally present, but the difference in knowledge and attitudes varies across school districts. The study emphasizes the need for more systematic and targeted environmental education, which would also include the topic of alien species
Review: unmanned aerial vehicles and artificial intelligence in precision agriculture
No full textReceived: January 31st, 2024 ; Accepted: April 11th, 2025 ; Published: April 24th, 2025 ; Correspondence: [email protected] meet the needs of sustainable intensification in crop and animal production, farmers use a set of technologies which are referred to as Agriculture 4.0 to 5.0 or digital agriculture. Differences compared to traditional precision farming techniques are in extensive use of UAV, smart sensors implemented in machines, crops, animals and in the soil, cloud computing, IoT, together with extensive use of AI for data analyses. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), also called drones, have become an essential tool in digital agriculture. UAVs have witnessed remarkable development in the past decades and so in the recent years, the topic of agricultural UAVs has gained the attention of many farmers. The submitted paper provides a review on recent scientific literature dedicated to the utilization of agricultural UAVs. The utilization areas are reviewed in monitoring (remote sensing), interventional applications of various inputs, and other areas of possible utilization. The novelty of this review highlights the importance of the integration of UAVs with artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). Sophisticated artificial intelligence and machine-learning algorithms are developing to analyse UAV-collected data, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency. Machine learning models in combination with artificial intelligence are capable of yield prediction and crop management, effecting future decision-making processes. Several key opportunities can be identified for future research, including the development of more sophisticated decision-making processes and machine learning methods based on artificial intelligence, the automation of agricultural crop production, improved UAV autonomy, and the potential use of UAV swarms in different field operations
Low-Voltage System for a Private House
No full textBakalaureusetöö
Tehnika ja tehnoloogia õppekavalTänapäevastes eramutes on üha olulisemad nõrkvoolusüsteemid, mis tagaksid elanike
turvalisuse ja mugavuse. Nõrkvoolusüsteemide projekteerimine nõuab teadmisi nii
tehnoloogiast kui ka kasutajate vajadustest, kuna hästi kavandatud lahendused suudavad
kasutajale pakkuda pikaajalist väärtust ja mugavust.
Käesoleva lõputöö eesmärk on luua autori ehitatavale eramule nõrkvoolusüsteemide
projekt, mis vastaks nii tänapäevastele tehnilistele nõuetele kui ka spetsiifilistele
soovidele. Töö esimeses osas anti ülevaade erinevatest projekti osadest ja seadmetest,
paigaldamise iseärasustest, hooldusest ja kehtivast seadusandlusest, mida projekteerimisel
kasutada. Töö teises osas koostati lähteülesanne,ja valiti vastavalt lähteülesandele
sobivaimad tehnilised lahendused ning koostati terviklik nõrkvoolusüsteemide projekt.
Projekteerimisel võeti arvesse potentsiaalseid ohukohti ja arvestati hoone eripäraga.
Samuti pöörati tähelepanu ka süsteemide kaughaldamise võimekusele läbi
mobiilirakenduste.
Töö on potentsiaalselt kasutatav reaalses ehituses, kui vastava kutsega spetsialist kinnitab
selle täieliku vastavuse tehnilistele ja seadusandlikele nõuetele. Edasise uurimise ja
arendamise võimalustena saaks kaaluda süsteemide pikaajalise efektiivsuse, hoolduse ja
ka näiteks kasutusmugavuse uurimist. Samuti saaks tehnoloogia kiirest arengust tingituna
uurida ja katsetada võimalusi erinevate täiendavate lahenduste integreerimist ühtseks
hooneautomaatikasüsteemiks.In contemporary private residences, low-voltage systems are becoming increasingly
important to ensure residents' safety and comfort. Designing these low-voltage systems
requires a comprehensive understanding of technology as well as user requirements, as
well-designed solutions can provide long-term value and convenience.
The aim of this thesis is to create a low-voltage system design for the author’s private
house, meeting both modern technical standards and specific personal requirements. The
first part of the thesis provided an overview of different parts of the project and devices,
installation specifics, maintenance and applicable legislation relevant to the design
process. In the second part of the thesis, a design brief was prepared, the most suitable
technical solutions were selected based on the brief, and a complete low-voltage systems
project was developed.
During the design process, potential hazards were considered, and specific characteristics
of the building were taken into consideration. Particular attention was also paid to the
remote management capabilities of these systems through mobile applications.
The practical outcome of the work is that the completed project is potentially applicable
for real-world construction, provided a qualified specialist confirms its full compliance
with technical standards and legislative requirements. Further research and development
could consider examining the long-term efficiency, maintenance, and also userfriendliness
of the systems. Additionally, due to rapid technological advancements,
possibilities for integrating various supplementary solutions into a single building
automation system could be investigated and tested
Elektrilevi OÜ inspection data analysis
No full textBakalaureusetöö
Tehnika ja tehnoloogia õppekavalSelleks, et Elektrilevi OÜ omaks ülevaadet võrgu seisukorra üle, teostatakse võrgule kindla aja tagant võrgu elementide ülevaatust. Ülevaatuse eesmärgiks on kontrollida võrku ühendatud elementide seisukorda ning avastada elektrivõrgu elementide kõrvalekaldeid etteantud tehnilistest nõuetest ja normidest, mis võivad suurendada rikke tekkimise tõenäosust.
Käesolevas töös pöörati tähelepanu 2024.aastal Elektrilevi OÜ-le kuuluvas elektrivõrgus teostatud ülevaatuse käigus välja toodud vaatlusandmetele, mille pakilisuseks on märgitud „kriitiline“. Uuritavad andmed jagati nelja gruppi, mida kirjeldati lähemalt.
Analüüsi tulemusena selgus milliseid kriitilisi defekte oli 2024.aastal võrgus kõige enim. Edaspidi peab pöörama tähelepanu ülevaatusandmete kvaliteedile ja ennatlikult tegelema defektidega, mille pakilisuseks on märgitud „vajab remonti/hooldust“ ja „järgmise ülevaatuseni“. Selleks, et aimu saada kas uus süsteem toimib ettevõtte siseselt, on hea teha sarnane analüüs uute ülevaatusandmete põhjal.To maintain an overview of the network's state, Elektrilevi OÜ conducts periodic inspections of the network elements at regular intervals. The purpose of the inspection is to assess the condition of elements connected to the network and to identify deviations from the specified technical requirements and standards of the electricity network elements, which may increase the likelihood of failure.
In this work, attention was paid to the observation data identified during the inspection carried out in the electricity network belonging to Elektrilevi OÜ in 2024, the urgency of which is marked as “critical”. The data under investigation was divided into four groups, which were described in more detail.
As a result of the analysis, it became clear which critical defects were most common in the network in 2024. In the future, attention must be paid to the quality of the inspection data and defects whose urgency is marked as “needs repair/maintenance” and “until the next inspection” must be dealt with prematurely. In order to get an idea of whether the new system is working within the company, it is good to conduct a similar analysis based on the new inspection data