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Dalla Verbigerazione alle Reti Sociali: Meccanismi Cognitivi, Epistemologia della Sfiducia e Dinamiche Sociali nella Costruzione del Pensiero Cospirativo
No full textQuesto articolo esamina il pensiero cospirazionista
contemporaneo come esito della convergenza tra vulnerabilità
cognitive individuali e infrastrutture comunicative digitali. A partire
da un’analisi delle patologie del linguaggio — in particolare della
verbigerazione e dei processi di de-semantizzazione — lo studio
ricostruisce un continuum teorico che collega la perdita individuale
del riferimento linguistico all’emergere collettivo di credenze
cospirazioniste all’interno delle reti dei social media. Le piattaforme
digitali sono concettualizzate come un “esoscheletro sociale” che
sostiene e organizza esternamente schemi di pensiero frammentati
e disfunzionali. Attraverso le nozioni di apofenia digitale, echo
chambers, credenze auto-sigillanti e sfiducia epistemica, l’articolo
mostra come ripetizione, viralità e mediazione algoritmica trasformino
i bias cognitivi in sistemi di credenze coerenti, altamente resistenti alla
falsificazione. Particolare attenzione è dedicata all’esitazione vaccinale
durante la pandemia di COVID-19, interpretata non come mera
mancanza di informazione, ma come sintomo di una crisi più profonda
della fiducia epistemica. L’articolo conclude sostenendo che affrontare
il pensiero cospirazionista richiede interventi multidimensionali volti
a ricostruire la fiducia epistemica, ripristinare la funzione referenziale
del linguaggio pubblico e ripensare il design delle infrastrutture digitali
che attualmente favoriscono la polarizzazione cognitiva e sociale
The Impact of Green Bonds on Issuers’ Environmental Performance
No full textA green bond is a widely utilised financial instrument designed for the purpose of funding environmentally friendly projects. The green bond’s positive environmental effects are documented by previous investigations that largely rely on the Difference-in-Difference method to gauge its overall impacts. In contrast, this paper employs a Controlled Interrupted Time Series model to investigate the influence of corporate green bonds on the environmental performance of issuers at the individual level. We perform two sequential experiments. Firstly, we probe into the factors that could influence the issuance of green bonds to produce a statistically significant effect on environmental performance. Secondly, we examine the interrelations between company characteristics, issuer characteristics, and the magnitude of the effects released by green bonds. For the first and second experiments, we implement random-forest-based and generalised-additive-based modelling approaches, respectively. These approaches afford us the advantage of exploring non-linear relationships. We examine the various factors that are deemed to contribute to the efficacy of the green bonds. The effects on companies’ environmental performance are assessed after issuing the green bonds in comparison to conventional bond issuers. Our findings reinforce the existing literature in which the environmental performance of most issuers improves following the issuance of green bonds. Whilst both bond and company characteristics influence the impact of green bonds, it is the company’s characteristics that play a more pivotal role. We show that the issuance of green bonds positively affects companies’ environmental performance. Thus, policymakers must develop and implement policies that promote and support green financing to benefit the environment. It must be kept in mind that the characteristics of issuers are an important consideration alongside the issuance of green bonds. Therefore, company-wide strategies are necessary in addition to financial innovation to improve environmental performance
Cannabis legalisation and tax revenue: a forecasting simulation for Italy
No full textThis chapter provides a quantitative assessment of the potential fiscal impact of cannabis legalisation in Italy, combining international evidence with a parametric forecasting model calibrated on national consumption data. The analysis contributes to the literature on public economics and regulated markets by estimating the tax revenue effects of alternative tax structures, taking into account demand elasticity, cross-price substitution between legal and illicit markets, and the degree of emergence from the underground economy.
The empirical framework is based on objective consumption estimates derived from wastewater analysis for the period 2011–2022, integrated with official price data. Building on the model originally developed by David and Ofria (2013), the study specifies a revenue function in which taxable consumption depends jointly on the legal price, the tax rate, own-price elasticity of demand (ε = –0.3; –0.6), and a parameter m capturing the share of consumption shifting from the illicit to the regulated market. An extended specification also incorporates cross-price elasticity effects, allowing for imperfect substitutability between legal and illegal channels.
Simulation results show that a tax rate analogous to tobacco taxation (75%) would likely overestimate achievable revenue due to demand contraction and persistence of the black market. The model instead identifies an optimal tax rate of approximately 58%, consistent with Laffer-curve dynamics in regulated markets and international benchmarks. Under competitive pricing conditions (legal price around €6 per dose) and realistic emergence rates (m between 0.75 and 1), estimated annual tax revenue ranges between €8 and €12 billion for recent years, while preserving the competitiveness of the legal market relative to illicit supply.
The findings highlight the importance of tax design in balancing revenue maximisation with market-transition objectives. Excessive taxation risks sustaining underground activity, whereas a calibrated fiscal structure can simultaneously generate significant public revenue, reduce enforcement costs, and foster gradual formalisation of the market. The analysis thus provides an evidence-based framework for evaluating cannabis regulation within a broader perspective of optimal taxation, underground economy dynamics, and policy design
A meta-analysis and systematic review of creativity in schizophrenia: toward an ecological understanding integrating clinical and philosophical perspectives
No full textBackground: The presumed link between schizophrenia and creativity has
long captured the collective imagination, but empirical data paint a more
complex picture: while some patients produce extraordinary artistic works,
quantitative studies consistently report lower creativity scores in individuals
with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. This contrasts with
phenomenological accounts and clinical observations that highlight the
expressive power of language and art in conveying the altered subjective
experience of schizophrenia.
Objective: This study aimed to update the existing evidence on creativity in
schizophrenia through a systematic review and meta-analyses, and to assess
whether a more fine-grained, ecologically valid approach might offer new
insights.
Methods: A systematic search of major databases yielded 4,043 studies after
duplicate removal. Following PRISMA guidelines and strict inclusion criteria,
15 studies were included in the final qualitative synthesis and 13 in the
quantitative meta-analyses. Creativity was analyzed both globally and across
four subcomponents: elaboration, flexibility, fluency, and originality. Only tasks
explicitly designed to elicit creative production were included.
Results: All five meta-analyses showed statistically significant deficits in patients
with schizophrenia compared to controls. The strongest effects emerged for
overall creativity (d = –0.79), fluency (d = –0.83), and originality (d = –0.61).
Moderator analyses revealed that age was the only significant variable: older
patients showed larger deficits, particularly in fluency and flexibility. Other
demographic and methodological factors did not account for variability in
outcomes.
Discussion: These findings confirm and extend prior work, suggesting that
creativity is broadly impaired in schizophrenia. However, the consistent
directionality of the results also raises critical questions about the ecological
validity of standardized tests. Phenomenological and qualitative perspectives
point to the importance of subjectivity and lived experience—dimensions often
diminished by clinical treatments aimed at restoring shared reality. We call for
the development of subjectivity-sensitive assessment tools capable of capturing
this complexity.
Conclusion: Creativity in schizophrenia remains a multidimensional
phenomenon that cannot be fully understood through normative psychometric
measures alone. Future research should adopt interdisciplinary approaches and
develop novel tools for ecological assessment that are more sensitive to the
creative potential of individuals with schizophreni
Hazel leaves as novel herbal tea ingredient: Evaluation of functional properties, sensory characteristics, and consumers’ acceptability
No full textAlthough hazel leaves have historically been used in traditional medicine, they have not yet been studied as an ingredient in food or beverages. This research investigates the potential use of Corylus avellana L. (hazel) leaves in the preparation of herbal teas. The impact of two drying methods, Air Drying (AD) 50°C/3 h and Microwave Drying (MWD) 400 W/4 min, on the phenolic content, volatile aroma compounds, sensory profile, and consumers’ acceptability of the resulting herbal teas was evaluated. The results showed that MWD determined a higher total phenolic content (0.78 mg/L GAE) compared to AD (0.70 mg/L GAE), while the DPPH assay showed a similar antioxidant capacity (35.4% AD vs 35.6% MWD). Volatile compound and sensory analyses revealed that MWD enhanced the formation of aldehydes and ketones associated with fruity, citrus, and sweet notes, whereas in AD samples, grassy and herbaceous volatiles such as unsaturated alcohols and aldehydes prevailed. Consumers’ acceptability, evaluated through the Hedonic Scale Method, demonstrated a clear preference for MWD herbal teas. Overall, hazel leaf herbal teas represent a promising approach to valorizing agricultural by-products, combining health-promoting potential with sustainability. MWD emerges as the more suitable drying technique to optimize both functional and sensory qualities, highlighting practical applications in the herbal tea industry, in line with current consumer trends and the rapidly growing herbal tea market
Il Faust e il diritto sindacale italiano
No full textSi moltiplicano gli interventi del legislatore, come la legge delega n. del 23 settembre 2025 e della giurisprudenza, in primo luogo la sentenza della Corte costituzionale n. 156/2025, in materia di diritto sindacale, che invero lungi dal definire regole certe in materia di rappresentanza, rappresentatività ed efficacia dei contratti collettivi di lavoro, appaiono forieri di ulteriori contraddizioni
A probabilistic analysis of compound and iterated conditionals under coherence: theoretical aspects, applications, and related topics
No full textThis dissertation analyses various aspects on conditional events, compound conditionals, and coherence in the framework of subjective probability. We investigate logical and probabilistic properties of iterated conditionals defined as trivalent objects and as suitable conditional random quantities. We check the validity of two generalised versions of Bayes' Rule for iterated conditionals and we study the p-validity of generalised versions of Modus Ponens and two-premise centering for iterated conditionals. Then, we study a generalisation of the operations of conjunction and disjunction of conditional events in the context of conditional random quantities, where these new objects, instead of depending on the probabilities of the two conditional events, depend on two arbitrary values a,b in the unit interval. We show that they are connected by a generalised version of the De Morgan's law and, by means of a geometrical approach, we compute the lower and upper bounds on these new objects both in the precise and the imprecise case. Moreover, some particular cases, obtained for specific values of a and b or in case of some logical relations, are analysed.
We also show how the subjective approach to conditional probability and compound conditionals can be applied to the theory of fuzzy sets. Then, we continue the analysis of the algebraic approach to conditionals by defining the Boolean algebra of iterated conditionals, and with the study of some (probabilistic) properties related to the concept of “canonical extension”. Finally we show how, thanks to coherence and proper scoring rules, the concepts of entropy and extropy can be extended from partitions to arbitrary family of events, and we find the associated Bregman divergences
Simone Weil e la rivelazione greca: una via per salvare l’umano
No full textITA
Simone Weil e la rivelazione greca: una via per salvare l’umano
L’obiettivo di questo intervento è quello di offrire una rilettura contemporanea dell’ermeneutica weiliana dei testi della Grecia classica, dall’Iliade, alle tragedie di Sofocle, alla filosofia, in particolare platonica. A partire dal volume La rivelazione greca (Adelphi 2014), nel quale sono raccolti i commenti di Simone Weil ai testi della tradizione classica greca, proverò a concentrarmi su alcuni nuclei teoretici significativi per ripensare il rapporto tra potere, violenza, vulnerabilità e giustizia. Ad avviso di Weil, infatti, vi sarebbe una vera e propria “rivelazione” greca, il cui nucleo ruota attorno al ruolo della forza e alla consapevolezza che di essa occorre avere.
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Simone Weil and the Greek Revelation: a way to save humanity
The aim of this talk is to offer a contemporary re-reading of Weil's hermeneutics of classical Greek texts, from the Iliad to Sophocles' tragedies and philosophy, especially Platonic philosophy. Starting from the volume The Greek Revelation (Adelphi 2014), which collects all of Simone Weil's commentaries on the texts of the classical Greek tradition, I will try to focus on some theoretical kernels that are relevant for rethinking the relationship between power, violence, vulnerability and justice. According to Weil, there is indeed a genuine Greek “revelation”, the core of which revolves around the role of force and the awareness one must have of it
Exploring Bioactive Polyphenolic Compounds in Food and Natural Real-World Samples II: Molecular Diversity, Functionality, and Future Directions
No full textPolyphenolic compounds have long been recognized as one of the most structurally diverse and biologically relevant classes of secondary metabolites in plant-derived foods and natural products [...]
Biotechnological Characterization and Safety Assessment of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Levilactobacillus brevis Strains Carrying entAS-48 and entQ Genes
No full textIn our previous work, we reported for the first time the presence of enterocin-encoding genes in novel Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (L. paracasei) and Levilactobacillus brevis (Lev. brevis) strains isolated from artisanal dairy products made from raw cow milk. The aim of this study was to isolate enterocin-positive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from artisanal dairy products and assess their technological characteristics and safety for potential application in food systems. LAB isolates were characterized using phenotypic tests, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) identification, and PCR detection of enterocin genes, followed by evaluation of their physiological and technological properties and a comprehensive safety assessment, including antimicrobial resistance, virulence, biogenic amine, and integron genes. Two strains, L. paracasei S2 and Lev. brevis S62, carried enterocin genes (entAS-48 and entQ) and exhibited strong acidifying and proteolytic activities, along with antibacterial effects against foodborne pathogens and reference strains. Both isolates tolerated environmental stresses, including low pH, and lacked virulence factors, clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes, biogenic amine production, and integron elements. These results indicate that the strains are safe, multifunctional, and suitable for developing regionally adapted dairy products, highlighting artisanal dairy products as a valuable source of novel LAB with promising biotechnological applications