HAL du Programme national de recherche environnement-santé-travail (PNR EST)
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Serum club cell protein 16 is associated with asymptomatic airway responsiveness in adults: Findings from the French epidemiological study on the genetics and environment of asthma
No full textInternational audienceClub cell secretory protein (CC-16) is a sensitive biomarker of airways epithelium integrity. It has gained interest as a biological marker in chronic lung diseases because of its presumed relationship to inflammation. Little is known about the association between CC-16 serum level and asthma, lung function and airway responsiveness (AR). Serum CC-16 level was determined by latex immunoassay in 1298 participants from the French Epidemiological case-control and family-based study on Genetics and Environment of Asthma (EGEA) (mean age 43 years; 49% men, 38% with asthma). Pre-bronchodilator lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1 /FVC) and degree of AR, expressed as a function of the dose-response slope to methacholine test were measured. Standardized residuals CC-16 z-scores were obtained by regressing CC-16 level on the glomerular filtration rate. CC-16 z-scores were correlated with asthma, lung function and AR in participants with and without asthma. CC-16 geometric mean level was 12.4 μg/L (range: 2.2-70.6 μg/L). In participants without asthma, lower CC-16 z-scores was associated with impaired FEV1 /FVC% (β = 0.50 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.95) and with higher degree of AR (β = 0.24 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.39)). CC-16 was not associated with impaired lung function or AR in participants with asthma. Lower CC-16 serum level was associated with impaired lung function and AR, suggesting that serum CC-16 level may reflect early damages to the lung epithelium in adults without asthma
Occupational Exposure to Diesel Motor Exhaust and Lung Cancer: A Dose-Response Relationship Hidden by Asbestos Exposure Adjustment? The ICARE Study
No full textInternational audienceBackground. In a French large population-based case-control study we investigated the dose-response relationship between lung cancer and occupational exposure to diesel motor exhaust (DME), taking into account asbestos exposure. Methods. Exposure to DME was assessed by questionnaire. Asbestos was taken into account through a global indicator of exposure to occupational carcinogens or by a specific JEM. Results. We found a crude dose response relationship with most of the indicators of DME exposure, including with the cumulative exposure index. All results were affected by adjustment for asbestos exposure. The dose response relationships between DME and lung cancer were observed among subjects never exposed to asbestos. Conclusions. Exposure to DME and to asbestos is frequently found among the same subjects, which may explain why dose-response relationships in previous studies that adjusted for asbestos exposure were inconsistent
Reporter Cell Lines for the Characterization of the Interactions between Human Nuclear Receptors and Endocrine Disruptors
No full textInternational audienceEndocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances interfering with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action, and consequently causing disturbances in the endocrine system. Various pathways are activated by EDCs, including interactions with nuclear receptors (NRs), which are primary targets of numerous environmental contaminants. The main NRs targeted by environmental contaminants are the estrogen (ER α, β) and the androgen (AR) receptors. ERs and AR have pleiotropic regulatory roles in a diverse range of tissues, notably in the mammary gland, the uterus, and the prostate. Thus, dysfunctional ERs and AR signaling due to inappropriate exposure to environmental pollutants may lead to hormonal cancers and infertility. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is also recognized by many environmental molecules. PXR has a protective role of the body through its ability to regulate proteins involved in the metabolism, the conjugation, and the transport of many exogenous and endogenous compounds. However, the permanent activation of this receptor by xenobiotics may lead to premature drug metabolism, the formation, and accumulation of toxic metabolites and defects in hormones homeostasis. The activity of other NRs can also be affected by environmental molecules. Compounds capable of inhibiting or activating the estrogen related (ERRγ), the thyroid hormone (TRα, β), the retinoid X receptors (RXRα, β, γ), and peroxisome proliferator-activated (PPAR α, γ) receptors have been identified and are highly suspected to promote developmental, reproductive, neurological, or metabolic diseases in humans and wildlife. In this review, we provide an overview of reporter cell lines established to characterize the human NR activities of a large panel of EDCs including natural as well as industrial compounds such as pesticides, plasticizers, surfactants, flame retardants, and cosmetics
L’exposition des travailleurs au dioxyde de titane nanoparticulaire: Évaluation de l’exposition au dioxyde de titane nanoparticulaire et métrologie toxicologique
No full textSelon le registre R-nano, en 2013, 14.000 tonnes de dioxyde de titane sous forme nanoparticulaire ont été produites ou importées. Cependant, des préoccupations existent quant à la manipulation du dioxyde de titane sous cette forme par les travailleurs ou quant aux procédures de sécurité sanitaire utilisées dans telle ou telle entreprise, en l’absence de protocoles standardisés. Dès lors, comment développer des modèles qui puissent être utilisés à des fins expérimentales ? Comment développer des outils de mesure adaptés pour comprendre la toxicité potentielle de ces matériaux
Noise effect on comfort in open-space offices: development of an assessment questionnaire
No full textInternational audienceIt is currently accepted that noise is one of the most important annoyance factors in open-space offices. However, noise levels measured in open spaces of the tertiary sector rarely exceed 65 dB(A). It, therefore, appears necessary to develop a tool that can be used to assess the noise environment of these offices and identify the parameters to be taken into consideration when assessing the noise annoyance. This article presents a questionnaire to be filled by people working in such environment, and a case study in different open plan offices. The majority of the 237 respondents consider that the ambient noise level in their environment is high and that intelligible conversations between their colleagues represent the main source of noise annoyance. This annoyance was significantly correlated with their evaluation of sound intensity, which could not be represented by A-weighted level measurements. Practitioner Summary: This article presents a short questionnaire aimed to evaluate the employees' comfort in an open-plan office and to propose optimal modifications of the office. Answers collected from 237 respondents showed that intelligible conversations represent the main source of noise annoyance; moreover, overall noise level is not related to this annoyance
Incidence of Chronic and Other Knee Pain in Relation to Occupational Risk Factors in a Large Working Population.
No full textInternational audienceOBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of chronic and other knee pain (KP) in relation to occupational and personal risk factors among workers representative of a general working population.METHODS: Of 3710 workers in a French region included in a surveillance network for musculoskeletal disorders (2002-2005), 2332 completed a follow-up questionnaire in 2007-2009 (Cosali cohort). The questionnaires included questions on musculoskeletal symptoms, and personal and occupational exposure. Incident cases of KP in 2007-2009 (i.e. with KP at follow-up but not at baseline) were dichotomized into chronic KP (>30 days in the previous year) and other KP. Associations between incident KP and personal and occupational factors at baseline were studied separately according to sex using multinomial logistic regression.RESULTS: Of the 1616 respondents without KP at baseline, 122 (7.5%) reported chronic KP and 243 (15.0%) reported other KP. The incidence rate of chronic KP was estimated at 19.6 per 1000 worker-years (95% CI: 16.3-23.5). After adjustment for age and body mass index, significant associations were found between incident chronic KP and handling loads >4kg [odds ratio (OR) 2.1 (1.2-3.6) for men, OR 2.3 (1.1-5.0) for women] and kneeling >2h a day for men [OR 1.8 (1.0-3.0)].CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the high frequency of chronic KP in the working population and the role of occupational factors in its incidence, in particular those kneeling and handling loads.</p
Beam-Forming Capabilities of Waveguide Feeds Assisted by Corrugated Flanges
No full textInternational audienceThe physical mechanisms behind the formation of shaped-beam radiation patterns by flat horns (i. e., open ended waveguide feeds with finite-size corrugated flanges) are studied in a rigorous manner using the singular integral equation (SIE) approach. The problem is considered for TM polarization in the two-dimensional (2-D) formulation. First, dispersion curves of periodic grating are presented and used to analyze the modes supported by the waveguide flanges. This includes the surface wave, stopband, and leaky-wave regimes. The modes corresponding to the poles on the bottom "nonphysical" Riemann sheets are also considered. Finally, various types of radiation patterns produced by flat horns with gratings operating in different regimes are illustrated with an emphasis on generating sectoral beams being of interest for many practical applications. The results are validated via comparison with full-wave three-dimensional (3-D) analysis
Vers un matériau modèle en nanotoxicologie ?: Toxicologie des nanotubes d’imogolite, vers un matériau modèle en nanotoxicologie ?
No full textPopularisés dans le monde de la recherche dans les années 1990 par les travaux de Sumio Iijima, les nanotubes de carbone (NTC) ont suscité un enthousiasme énorme, en raison de leurs propriétés exceptionnelles. Ils représentent une vaste famille d’objets, varient en fonction de leur longueur mais surtout de la structure de leurs parois. Il existe de nombreuses autres sortes de nanotubes et de nanofibres qu’on appelle de manière générale « HARN ». Le projet de recherche "Nanotox-IMO" s’inscrit dans ce contexte global de la compréhension des mécanismes de toxicité des HARN. Les nanotubes présentent l’inconvénient d’être difficiles à produire sous une forme bien définie, ce qui peut limiter la portée de conclusions de travaux sur leur toxicité. L’idée sous-jacente est que les partenaires du projet ont développé la capacité de fabriquer de l’imogolite de manière très reproductible, sans impureté, simple et double paroi, ce qui en fait potentiellement un matériau de choix pour ces études de toxicité
Les effets des particules d’oxydes métalliques sur le poumon: Mesures des effets toxicologiques de nano-oxydes métalliques sur cellules humaines in vitro
No full textComment identifier, comprendre et évaluer les dangers des nanoparticules d’oxydes métalliques sur des lignées pulmonaires humaines ? Le projet Nanomique est une approche de criblage systématique pour définir la toxicité d’une quinzaine de nanoparticules sur des lignées cellulaires de cancers de poumon humain et sur des tissus pulmonaires cultivés en trois dimensions. Il s’appuie sur une plateforme de criblage à haut débit, c'est‐à‐dire un dispositif permettant d’effectuer de très nombreux tests en parallèle sur des cultures de cellules. Toute une batterie de tests est prévue, visant à mesurer : la cytotoxicité, la génotoxicité, le stress oxydant et la capacité des nanoparticules à pénétrer dans les cellules
Lack of dissemination of acquired resistance to β-lactams in small wild mammals around an isolated village in the Amazonian forest
No full textInternational audienceIn this study, we quantitatively evaluated the spread of resistance to β-lactams and of integrons in small rodents and marsupials living at various distances from a point of antibiotic's use. Rectal swabs from 114 animals were collected in Trois-Sauts, an isolated village in French Guiana, and along a 3 km transect heading through the non-anthropized primary forest. Prevalence of ticarcillin-resistant enterobacteria was 36% (41/114). Klebsiella spp., naturally resistant to ticarcillin, were found in 31.1% (23/73) of animals from the village and in an equal ratio of 31.7% (13/41) of animals trapped along the transect. By contrast Escherichia coli with acquired resistance to ticarcillin were found in 13.7% (10/73) of animals from the village and in only 2.4% (1/41) of those from the transect (600 m from the village). There was a huge diversity of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains with very unique and infrequent sequence types. The overall prevalence of class 1 integrons carriage was 19.3% (22/114) homogenously distributed between animals from the village and the transect, which suggests a co-selection by a non-antibiotic environmental factor. Our results indicate that the anthropogenic acquired antibiotic resistance did not disseminate in the wild far from the point of selective pressure