HAL du Programme national de recherche environnement-santé-travail (PNR EST)
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Residential exposure to pesticides as risk factor for childhood and young adult brain tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textBackground: Accumulating evidence suggests a positive association between exposure to non-agricultural pesticides and childhood brain tumors (CBT).Objective: (1) To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on the association betweenresidential/household/domestic exposure to pesticides and childhood brain tumors. (2) To clarify variables thatcould impact the results.Methods: Publications in English were identified from a MEDLINE search through 28 February 2017 and fromthe reference list of identified publications. Risk estimates were extracted from 18 case-control studies publishedbetween 1979 and 2016 and study quality assessments were performed. Summary odds ratios (mOR) werecalculated according to fixed and random-effect meta-analysis models. Separate analyses were conducted afterstratification for study quality, critical exposure period, exposure location, specific exposures, pesticide category,application methods, type of pest treated, type of CBT, child's age at diagnosis and geographic location.Results: Statistically significant associations were observed with CBT after combining all studies (mOR: 1.26;95% CI: 1.13–1.40) without evidence of inconsistency between study results or publication bias. Specifically,increased risks were observed for several groupings and more particularly for gliomas and exposure involvinginsecticides. Statistical significance was also reached for high quality studies, for all exposure periods, for indoorexposure and, more particularly, during the prenatal period for all stratifications involving insecticides (exceptfor outdoor use), for pet treatments, for flea/tick treatment, for studies from USA/Canada and studies fromEurope (borderline) as well as for data from studies including children of up to 10 years at diagnosis and of up to15 years.Conclusions: Our findings support an association between residential exposure to pesticides and childhood braintumors. Although causality cannot be established, these results add to the evidence leading to recommendlimiting residential use of pesticides and to support public health policies serving this objective
Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Disruption of Male Courtship Behavior byAdult Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Mice
No full textInternational audienceBACKGROUND:Courtship behavior plays a critical role in attracting females and reproduction success. However, the effects of exposure to a ubiqui-tous contaminant di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on these behaviors and, in particular, on courtship vocalizations have not been examined.OBJECTIVE:The effects of adult exposure to DEHP on courtship and mating behaviors and gonadotropic axis and neural mechanisms involved inDEHP-induced effects were analyzed in male mice.METHODS:Adult C57BL/6J males were orally exposed to DEHP (0, 0.5, 5, and 50lg=kg=d) for 4 wk. Olfactory preference, ultrasonic vocalizations(USVs), partner preference and mating, as well as locomotor activity and motor coordination, were measured. The kisspeptin system and testosteronelevels were analyzed. Proteomic and molecular studies were conducted on the hypothalamic preoptic nucleus, the key region involved in sexual moti-vation to vocalize and mate.RESULTS:DEHP at 50lg=kg=d reduced the emission of USVs, whereas lower doses changed the ratio of syllable categories. This was associatedwith diminished sexual interest of female partners toward males exposed to 5 or 50lg=kg=d and increased latency to mate, despite normal olfactorypreference. The kisspeptin system and circulating testosterone levels were unaffected. In DEHP-exposed males, proteomic analysis of the preoptic nu-cleus identified differentially expressed proteins connected to the androgen receptor (AR). Indeed, exposure to 5 or 50lg=kg=d of DEHP inducedselective AR downregulation in this nucleus and upstream chemosensory regions. The involvement of AR changes in the observed alterations was fur-ther supported by the reduced emission of courtship vocalizations in males with disrupted neural AR expression.CONCLUSIONS:These data demonstrate the critical role of neural AR in courtship vocalizations and raises the possibility that the vulnerability of thissignaling pathway to exposure to endocrine disrupters may be detrimental for courtship communication and mating in several species
Assessment of Fetal Exposure to 4G LTE Tablet in Realistic Scenarios: Effect of Position, Gestational Age, and Frequency
No full textInternational audienc
Increasing levels of saliva alpha amylase in electrohypersensitive (EHS) patients
No full textInternational audiencePurpose: To assess the level of various salivary and urinary markers of patients with electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) and to compare them with those of a healthy control group. Materials and methods: We analyzed samples from 30 EHS individuals and a matched control group of 25 individuals (non-EHS) aged between 22 and 66. We quantified cortisol both in saliva and urine, alpha amylase (sAA), immunoglobulin A and C Reactive Protein levels in saliva and neopterin in urine (uNeopterin). Results: sAA was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.005) in the EHS group. uNeopterin and sAA analysis showed a significant difference based on the duration of EHS. Conclusion: Higher levels of sAA in EHS participants may suggest that the sympathetic adrenal medullar system is activated. However, most of the analyzed markers of the immune system, sympathetic activity and circadian rhythm did not vary significantly in the EHS group. There is a trend to the higher levels of some variables in subgroups according to the EHS duration
L’attraction exercée par la flore microbienne de la peau sur le moustique tigre: La microflore cutanée comme source de molécules attractantes pour le moustique tigre Aedes albopictus : application au développement de stratégies innovantes en lutte anti-vectorielle
No full textL’évolution des populations de moustiques dépend de différents facteurs (alimentaire, non alimentaire, reproductif) qui vont conditionner à la fois leur comportement et leur écologie. Parmi eux, les odeurs, l’olfaction étant le principal sens par lequel les moustiques localisent leurs hôtes cibles. Récemment, le développement de l’écologie chimique a permis de formuler de nouvelles hypothèses pour expliquer le tropisme des moustiques vis-à-vis de l’homme. Il semblerait que les sensilles chémoréceptrices (organes sensoriels) au niveau des antennes répondent, chez certains insectes hématophages (y compris les moustiques), à divers composés organiques volatils présents sur la peau de l’homme et dans sa sueur (ex. ammonium, acide lactique…) qui agiraient comme des stimuli
Une nouvelle formulation de Bti (biopesticide): Formulation flottante de biopesticide pour une démoustication efficace et durable
No full textL’observation de résistances chez certaines espèces de moustiques aux pesticides synthétiques les plus couramment utilisés a conduit à l’utilisation et au développement d’alternatives efficaces aux insecticides chimiques. Ainsi, l’insecticide d’origine bactérienne Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) est devenu pratiquement la seule substance active autorisée pour le traitement des gîtes larvaires de moustiques en milieu naturel en France métropolitaine. Si le Bti est un biolarvicide intéressant, son efficacité dépend de sa présence et de sa rémanence à la surface de l’eau, c’est‐à‐dire là où les larves de moustiques se nourrissent, exclusivement pour certaines espèces anophèles. Le projet de recherche "MicroBti" consiste à étudier deux stratégies de formulation qui permettraient de prolonger la présence de Bti à la surface de l’eau au-delà de quelques jours (à l’exception des eaux usées), pour le traitement des gîtes larvaires
Résistance aux pyréthrinoïdes chez Aedes aegypti: Résistance aux pyréthrinoïdes chez Aedes aegypti : évaluation de nouveaux candidats insecticides et étude du phénomène de réversion
No full textDans le cadre de la lutte anti‐vectorielle en Europe, peu ou pas d’alternatives adulticides aux pyréthrinoïdes existent. Le projet "REAGIR" vise tout d’abord à identifier de nouvelles substances actives contre les populations d’Ae. aegypti résistantes aux pyréthrinoïdes en ciblant particulièrement le stade adulte. Trouver ces alternatives adulticides passe soit par le criblage de molécules d’origine naturelle ou synthétique, nouvelles ou existantes dans d’autres domaines, soit par l’amélioration de l’efficacité d’insecticides connus
Residential exposure to natural background radiation and risk of childhood acute leukemia in France, 1990–2009
No full textInternational audienceBackground Exposures to high-dose ionizing radiation and high-dose rate ionizing radiation are established risk factors for childhood acute leukemia (AL). The risk of AL following exposure to lower doses due to natural background radiation (NBR) has yet to be conclusively determined. Methods AL cases diagnosed over 1990–2009 (9,056 cases) were identified and their municipality of residence at diagnosis collected by the National Registry of Childhood Cancers. The Geocap study, which included the 2,763 cases in 2002–2007 and 30,000 population controls, was used for complementary analyses. NBR exposures were modeled on a fine scale (36,326 municipalities) based on measurement campaigns and geological data. The power to detect an association between AL and dose to the red bone marrow (RBM) fitting UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) predictions was 92%, 45% and 99% for exposure to natural gamma radiation, radon and total radiation, respectively. Results AL risk, irrespective of subtype and age group, was not associated with the exposure of municipalities to radon or gamma radiation in terms of yearly exposure at age reached, cumulative exposure or RBM dose. There was no confounding effect of census-based socio-demographic indicators, or environmental factors (road traffic, high voltage power lines, vicinity of nuclear plants) related to AL in the Geocap study. Conclusions Our findings do not support the hypothesis that residential exposure to NBR increases the risk of AL, despite the large size of the study, fine scale exposure estimates and wide range of exposures over France. However, our results at the time of diagnosis do not rule out a slight association with gamma radiation at the time of birth, which would be more in line with the recent findings in the UK and Switzerland
Endocrine Disruption in Human Fetal Testis Explants by Individual and Combined Exposures to Selected Pharmaceuticals, Pesticides, and Environmental Pollutants
No full textInternational audienceBACKGROUND: Numerous chemicals are capable of disrupting androgen production, but the possibility that they might act together to produce effects greater than those of the most effective component in the mixture has not been studied directly in human tissues. Suppression of androgen synthesis in fetal life has been associated with testis maldescent, malformations of the genitalia at birth, and poor semen quality later in life. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to investigate whether chemicals can act together to disrupt androgen production in human fetal testis explants and to evaluate the importance of mixture effects when characterizing the hazard of individual chemicals. METHODS: We used an organotypic culture system of human fetal testes explants called FEtal Gonad Assay (FEGA) with tissue obtained at 10 and 12 gestational wk (GW 10-12), to screen 27 chemicals individually for their possible anti-androgenic effect. Based on the results of the screen, we selected 11 compounds and tested them as mixtures. RESULTS: We evaluated mixtures composed of four and eight antiandrogens that contained the pharmaceuticals ketoconazole and theophylline and several previously untested chemicals, such as the pesticides imazalil and propiconazole. Mixtures of antiandrogens can suppress testosterone synthesis in human fetal testicular explants to an extent greater than that seen with individual chemicals. This revealed itself as a shift towards lower doses in the dose-response curves of individual antiandrogens that became more pronounced as the number of components increased from four to eight. CONCLUSIONS: Our results with the FEGA provide the foundations of a predictive human mixture risk assessment approach for anti-androgenic exposures in fetal life. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1014
Prenatal Exposure to Glycol Ethers and Neurocognitive Abilities in 6-Year-Old Children: The PELAGIE Cohort Study
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Glycol ethers (GE) are widely used organic solvents. Despite the potential neurotoxicity of several families of organic solvents, little is known about the impact of GE on the neurodevelopment of infants and children. Objectives: We investigated the relation between urinary concentrations of GE metabolites in pregnant women and neurocognitive abilities in their 6-year-old children in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort. Methods: Five GE metabolites were measured in first morning void urine samples of 204 French pregnant women in early pregnancy (<19 weeks of gestation). Psychologists assessed the neurocognitive abilities of their 6-year-old children with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC) and the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY). We analyzed the results with linear (WISC) and Poisson regression models (NEPSY), adjusted for potential confounders, including child's stimulation at home. Results: GE metabolites were detected in 90-100% of maternal urine samples. The WISC Verbal Comprehension score was significantly lower for children with the highest tertile of urinary phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) [beta (third vs. first tertile)=-6.53; 95% CI: -11.44, -1.62]. Similarly, the NEPSY Design Copying subtest score was lower in those with the highest tertile of urinary ethoxyacetic acid (EAA) [beta (third vs. first tertile)=-0.11; 95% CI: -0.21, 0.00]. The other GE metabolites we studied were not significantly associated with WISC or NEPSY scores. Conclusions: Prenatal urine concentrations of two GE metabolites were associated with lower WISC Verbal Comprehension Index scores and NEPSY Design Copying subscale scores, respectively, at age 6 years. PhAA is the primary metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol (EGPhE), which is commonly found in cosmetics, and precursors of EAA are frequently used in cleaning agents. Additional research is needed to confirm our findings and further explore potential effects of prenatal GE exposures on neurocognitive performance in children