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Psychosocial work factors of the job strain model and all-cause mortality: The STRESSJEM prospective cohort study
No full textInternational audienceOBJECTIVES: The objectives were to examine the prospective associations between psychosocial work factors of the job strain model and all-cause mortality in a national representative cohort of French employees using various measures of time-varying exposure. METHODS: The study was based on a sample of 798,547 men and 697,785 women for which data on job history from 1976 to 2002 were linked to mortality data from the national death registry. Psychosocial work factors from the validated job strain model questionnaire were imputed using a job-exposure matrix. Three time-varying measures of exposure were explored: current, cumulative, and recency-weighted cumulative exposure. Cox proportional hazards models were performed to study the associations between psychosocial work factors and mortality. RESULTS: Within the 1976-2002 period, 88,521 deaths occurred among men and 28,921 among women. Low decision latitude, low social support, job strain, isostrain, high strain, and passive job were found to be risk factors for mortality. The model using current exposure was the best relative quality model. The associations of current exposure to job strain and mortality were found to be HR=1.30 (95% CI: 1.24-1.36) among men and HR=1.15 (95% CI: 1.06-1.25) among women. The population fractions of mortality attributable to job strain were 5.64% (95% CI: 4.56%-6.71%) among men and 4.13% (95% CI: 1.69%-6.71%) among women. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the role of the psychosocial work factors of the job strain model on all-cause mortality. Preventive intervention to improve the psychosocial work environment may help to prevent mortality in working populations
Assessment of micropollutants toxicity by using a modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae model
No full textInternational audienceEnvironment can be affected by a variety of micropollutants. In this paper, we develop a system to assess the toxicity on an environmental sample, based on the expression of a nanoluciferase under the control of the STB5 promotor in a yeast. The STB5 gene encodes for a transcription factor involved in a pleiotropic drug resistance and in the oxidative stress response. The response of the modifjed yeast was assessed using 42 micropollutants belonging to different families (antibiotics, pain killers, hormones, plasticizers, pesticides, etc.). Among them, 26 induced an increase of the bioluminescence for concentration ranges from pg.L −1 to ng.L −1 . Surprisingly, for concentrations higher than 100 ng.L −1 , no response can be observed, suggesting that other mechanisms are involved when the stress increases. Analyzing the different responses obtained, we highlighted six nonmonotonic types of responses. The type of response seems to be independent of the properties of the compounds (polarity, toxicology, molecular weight) and of their family. In conclusion, we highlighted that a cellular response exists for very low exposition to environmental concentration of micropollutants and that it was necessary to explore the cellular mechanisms involved at very low concentration to provide a better risk assessment
Evaluation de l'impact d'une contamination chronique par micropolluants sur les communautés de diatomées d'un petit cours d'eau Vosgien
No full textNational audienceLa Cleurie est un petit cours d’eau Vosgien marqué dès l’amont par une contamination chronique par un complexe de micropolluants dominé par le glyphosate et son principal produit de dégradation, l’acide aminométhylphosphonique (AMPA). Une station de mesure du programme de Surveillance mis en place pour l’application de la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau est située au milieu de son cours et montre depuis plusieurs années la présence de déformations sur les diatomées. C’est dans ce contexte qu’une étude préliminaire a été mise en place pour évaluer la pertinence du suivi des déformations observables in situ chez les diatomées comme potentiel indicateur pour ce type de contamination. Après quelques campagnes prospectives pour identifier les stations d’étude pertinentes, un programme d’études des diatomées accompagné de physico-chimie a été défini pour évaluer l’impact de cette contamination sur les cortèges d’espèces présents et la réaction des indicateurs traditionnels. 7 campagnes d’analyses ont ainsi été réalisées sur les 6 sites retenus. Les échantillons de diatomées ont été prélevés, traités et analysés selon la norme NF T90-354 (2016) en vue du calcul d’indices diatomiques. En parallèle, l’espèce concernée, le type et l’intensité des déformations observées sur les diatomées lors du comptage ont été relevés.Sur les données obtenues, l’Indice Biologique Diatomées (IBD) et l’Indice de Polluosensibilité Spécifique (IPS) montrent une réaction nette à la contamination, suivie d’une récupération du milieu vers l’aval. Cette sensibilité des indices semble néanmoins moins liée à la toxicité des contaminants qu’au phosphore introduit dans le milieu en parallèle de ceux-ci. La dégradation microbienne de l’AMPA ajoute également in fine des phosphates inorganiques au milieu. La présence et l’intensité des déformations observées sur les diatomées semblent également marquer nettement la présence des contaminants. Toutefois, leur abondance relativement faible lors des comptages nécessite l’investigation plus exhaustive de ces formes dans les échantillons afin de disposer de suffisamment de données pour évaluer leur pertinence pour le développement d’un indicateur
Comparison of strategies to efficiently combine repeated urine samples in biomarker-based studies
No full textInternational audienceBackground: In biomarker-based studies, collecting repeated biospecimens per participant can decrease measurement error, particularly for biomarkers displaying high within-subject variability. Guidelines to combine such repeated biospecimens do not exist.Aims: To compare the efficiency of several designs relying on repeated biospecimens to estimate exposure over 7 days.Methods: We quantified triclosan and bisphenol A (BPA) in all urine voids (N = 427) collected over seven days from eight individuals. We estimated the volume-weighted concentrations for all urine samples collected during a week and compared these gold standards with the concentrations obtained for equal-volume pools (standardized or not for urine dilution), unequal-volume pools (based on sample volume or creatinine concentration), and for the mean of the creatinine-standardized concentrations measured in each spot sample.Results: For both chemicals, correlations with gold standards were similar for equal- and unequal-volume pooling designs. Only for BPA, correlation coefficients were markedly lower after standardization for specific gravity or creatinine of concentrations estimated in equal-volume pools. Averaging BPA creatinine-standardized concentrations measured in each spot sample led also to lower correlations with gold standards compared to those obtained for unstandardized pooling designs.Conclusion: For BPA and triclosan, considering individual urine sample volume or creatinine concentrations when pooling is unnecessary because equal-volume pool adequately estimates concentrations in gold standards. Standardization for specific gravity or creatinine of the concentrations assessed in equal-volume pool as well as averaging creatinine-standardized concentrations measured in each individual spot sample are not suitable for BPA. These results provide a practical framework on how to combine repeated biospecimens in epidemiological studies
Associations between a mixture of phenols and phthalates and child behaviour in a French mother–child cohort with repeated assessment of exposure
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Synthetic phenols and phthalates can interfere with biological pathways involved in brain development. Despite the high within-subject temporal variability of urinary concentrations observed for their metabolites, studies investigating effects of phenols and phthalates on child behaviour often relied on a limited number of spot biospecimens to assess exposure. Besides, the majority did not consider mixture effects.Objectives: To study the combined effect of prenatal exposure to synthetic phenols and phthalates on child behaviour using repeated exposure measurements.Methods: We assessed concentrations of 12 phenols, 13 phthalate and 2 non-phthalate plasticizer metabolites in within-subject pools of multiple urine samples (median = 21 samples per individual pool) collected at two distinct time points during pregnancy in 416 mother-child pairs from the French SEPAGES cohort. Child behaviour was evaluated at two years using the Child Behaviour Checklist 1.5-5 (CBCL). Associations between a mixture of biomarkers of exposure and externalizing and internalizing behaviour scores were studied using adjusted Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regressions with a repeated holdout validation (100 repetitions).Results: The positive WQS indexes were associated with both the externalizing and internalizing behaviour scores in the whole population, indicating greater risk of behavioural problems. Stratification for child sex suggested stronger associations in girls than boys. On average, girls externalizing and internalizing scores increased by 3.67 points (95% CI: 1.24, 6.10) and 2.47 points (95 %CI: 0.60, 4.33) respectively, for an increase of one tertile in the WQS index, compared with 1.70 points (95 %CI: -0.42, 3.81) and 1.17 points (95 %CI: -0.50, 2.84) in boys. Main contributors for the associations observed in girls were bisphenol A (weight of 18%), triclosan (17%) and monoethyl phthalate (MEP, 15%) for the externalizing score and MEP (19%), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP, 19%) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP, 16%) for the internalizing score.Discussion: Our results suggest adverse associations between in utero exposure to a mixture of phenols and phthalates and child behaviour, mainly in girls. Public health consequences may be substantial due to the widespread exposure of the population to these compounds
Heteroaggregates of Polystyrene Nanospheres and Organic Matter: Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Their Toxicity to Algae in Environmentally Relevant Conditions
No full textInternational audienceThe environmental fate and behavior of nanoplastics (NPs) and their toxicity against aquatic organisms are under current investigation. In this work, relevant physicochemical characterizations were provided to analyze the ecotoxicological risk of NPs in the aquatic compartment. For this purpose, heteroaggregates of 50 nm polystyrene nanospheres and natural organic matter were prepared and characterized. The kinetic of aggregation was assimilated to a reaction-limited colloid aggregation mode and led to the formation of heteroaggregates in the range of 100–500 nm. Toxicities of these heteroaggregates and polystyrene nanospheres (50 and 350 nm) were assessed for a large range of concentrations using four benthic and one planktonic algal species, in regards to particle states in the media. Heteroaggregates and nanospheres were shown to be stable in the exposure media during the ecotoxity tests. The algal species exhibited very low sensitivity (growth and photosynthetic activity), with the noteworthy exception of the planktonic alga, whose growth increased by more than 150% with the heteroaggregates at 1 µg L−1. Despite the lack of a strong direct effect of the NPs, they may still impair the functioning of aquatic ecosystems by destabilizing the competitive interactions between species. Moreover, further work should assess the toxicity of NPs associated with other substances (adsorbed pollutants or additives) that could enhance the NP effect
A systems biology analysis of reproductive toxicity effects induced by multigenerational exposure to ionizing radiation in C. elegans
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding the effects of chronic exposure to pollutants over generations is of primary importance for the protection of humans and the environment; however, to date, knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying multigenerational adverse effects is scarce. We employed a systems biology approach to analyze effects of chronic exposure to gamma radiation at molecular, tissue and individual levels in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Our data show a decrease of 23% in the number of offspring on the first generation F0 and more than 40% in subsequent generations F1, F2 and F3. To unveil the impact on the germline, an in-depth analysis of reproductive processes involved in gametes formation was performed for all four generations. We measured a decrease in the number of mitotic germ cells accompanied by increased cell-cycle arrest in the distal part of the gonad. Further impact on the germline was manifested by decreased sperm quantity and quality. In order to obtain insight in the molecular mechanisms leading to decreased fecundity, gene expression was investigated via whole genome RNA sequencing. The transcriptomic analysis revealed modulation of transcription factors, as well as genes involved in stress response, unfolded protein response, lipid metabolism and reproduction. Furthermore, a drastic increase in the number of differentially expressed genes involved in defense response was measured in the last two generations, suggesting a cumulative stress effect of ionizing radiation exposure. Transcription factor binding site enrichment analysis and the use of transgenic strain identified daf-16/FOXO as a master regulator of genes differentially expressed in response to radiation. The presented data provide new knowledge with respect to the molecular mechanisms involved in reproductive toxic effects and accumulated stress resulting from multigenerational exposure to ionizing radiation
Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on myelin development and diseases
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Interdisciplinary Community-Based Participatory Health Research across the Industrial Region of the Étang de Berre : The EPSEAL Fos Crau Study
No full textInternational audienceBackground: We conducted a community-based participatory environmental health study in three towns: two in the heart of Marseille’s industrial zone (Fos-sur-Mer and Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône), and one on the periphery located about 30 kilometers away (Saint-Martin-de-Crau). Methods: We first conducted a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of residents in each of the three towns. We asked study participants to self-report a wide variety of health issues. We then conducted focus groups with residents and other stakeholders to share preliminary data in order to propose areas of reflection and collaboratively produce contextually-situated knowledge of their health and environment. We directly standardized the prevalences (by age and gender) to the French metropolitan population to make our results more comparable.Results: Study participants who lived closer to the core industrial zone (residents of Fos-sur-Mer and Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhone) had higher prevalences for respiratory diseases, eye irritation, nose and throat problems, chronic skin problems, severe fatigue for at least one month and headache than people who lived further away (residents of Saint-Martin-de-Crau). Residents also offered diverse qualitative insights about their environment and health experiences. Discussion: We observed elevated prevalences of diseases that affected residents across the industrial zone (Fos-sur-Mer and Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône) compared to those living outside (Saint-Martin-de-Crau), and qualitative evidence of how residents made sense of their health experiences strengthening an understanding of their own empirical observations which helps to produce knowledge about health in an industrial context. The results of the workshops show an important benefit from the co-production of local knowledge. Conclusion: We encourage future researchers to do in-depth, community-based research to comprehensively describe the health of residents in other heavily polluted zones, product local knowledge and to help identify policy solutions, engender trust among the local people, and identify opportunities for intervention.Keywords: Community-based participatory research. Environmental health. Epidemiology. Health disparities. Industrial pollutionContexte : Nous avons réalisé une étude participative en santé environnement ancrée localement (EPSEAL) dans trois villes de la région industrielle de l’étang de Berre, à proximité de Marseille : deux localisées au cœur de la zone industrielle zone (Fos-sur-Mer and Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône) et une autre plus en périphérie située à environ 30 km (Saint-Martin-de-Crau).Méthodes : Dans un premier temps, une étude transversale a été réalisée sur un échantillon aléatoire de personnes résidentes dans chaque ville. Un questionnaire de santé déclarée renseignant de nombreux problèmes de santé a été passé à l’ensemble des participants. Puis, des ateliers collaboratifs ont été menés avec les habitants de la zone industrielle, professionnels de santé, membres d’associations, syndicats et élus locaux pour partager les résultats afin de proposer des pistes de réflexion et de produire de la connaissance au sujet leur environnement. Les prévalences standardisées (sur le sexe et l’âge) ont été calculées par méthode de standardisation directe en prenant comme référence la France métropolitaine.Résultats : Les habitants de la zone industrielle (Fos-sur-Mer et Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône) présentaient des prévalences pour les pathologies respiratoires, les irritations des yeux, problèmes nez-gorge, problèmes de peau chroniques, fatigue sévère d’au moins un mois et maux de tête plus importantes que pour ceux résidant à l’écart de la zone (Saint-Martin-de-Crau). Les citoyens ont également décrit de nombreuses expériences au sujet de leur environnement et de leur santé. Discussion : Nos résultats suggèrent un état de santé des habitants de la zone industrielle (Fos-sur-Mer et Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône) plus dégradé que celui des personnes résidant à l’écart de la zone (Saint-Martin-de-Crau) et témoignent d’une bonne appropriation des résultats de santé ainsi qu’un renforcement de la compréhension des déterminants et savoirs environnementaux locaux dans un contexte industriel. Les résultats issus des ateliers montrent un réel apport bénéfique dans la co-production de savoir local. Conclusion : Nous encourageons les futures recherches à approfondir l’approche participative en santé environnement ancrée localement afin de saisir de manière compréhensible et pertinente la santé des habitants dans un contexte industriel. Cette démarche, permet, en articulant aux savoirs scientifiques les savoirs locaux, de produire de la connaissance et formuler des recommandations à destination des pouvoirs publics afin de consolider la cohésion entre habitants, d’orienter les décisions politiques et proposer des opportunités d’intervention
