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Un manuel mystagogique à l’adresse des Grecs de Venise : le Commentaire sur la Divine Liturgie de Jean Nathanael (1574)
No full textInternational audienceChaplain of St George of the Greeks in Venice from 1567 to 1571, priest of St Anne’s church in Ancona in 1574-75, and finally protopapas of Candia in 1577, Ioannes Nathanael was a multifaceted figure who, apart from his significant output as a copyist, wrote only one original work, the Commentary on the Divine Liturgy printed in March 1574 by the Venetian publisher Giacomo Leoncini.For his commentary, John Nathanael drew heavily on the major texts of the Byzantine mystagogical tradition, transposed into simple Greek and made available to a popular readership. Written primarily for Greeks in the Diaspora who found themselves cut off from the liturgical practices of their homeland, he also expressed positions that take on their full significance in the context of the post-Tridentine theological debates of the 1570s. These positions provide an answer to questions related to the Eucharistic controversies (transubstantiation, epiclesis). They also promoted the need for a Greek Orthodox episcopate, a few years before the transfer of the Metropolitan of Philadelphia to Venice. Finally, through his commentary, Nathanael seems to be trying to guide the decisions of the Greek Fraternity, which at that very moment was called upon to define and finance the interior of its new church, St George, the first church entirely dedicated to Orthodox worship in the West.This paper offers a first approach to the Commentary on the Divine Liturgy from several perspectives: context and purpose of production, content, originality
Constraints on non-standard neutrino interactions from Borexino extended data-set
No full textInternational audienceNeutrino non-standard interactions (NSI) constitute an active research field, as they are closely related to potential new physics associated with dark matter searches and exotic interactions arising from fundamental symmetry violations. The Borexino's unprecedented sensitivity to solar neutrinos, derived from its low background and precision spectral measurements, enables stringent constraints on potential deviations from the standard three-flavor neutrino oscillation paradigm. This work presents an update on the analysis of flavor-diagonal NSI using the full Borexino Phase-III data set, extending the study previously reported in Constraints on flavor-diagonal non-standard neutrino interactions from Borexino Phase-II (JHEP 2020, 38). The updated analysis incorporates the extended temporal and statistical coverage of Phase-III. The results indicate improved sensitivity to the diagonal NSI parameters, with constraints exceeding those obtained in Phase-II. Furthermore, a more general analysis that includes all possible off-diagonal NSI terms is presented for the first time, providing a comprehensive exploration of the NSI parameter space associated with the flavors of the incoming and outgoing neutrinos. This work once again underlines Borexino's critical role in probing new physics scenarios and reinforces its legacy in neutrino research. Detailed comparisons with Phase-II results are discussed, along with implications for theoretical models of NSI
Emil Orlik – Un artiste sécessionniste pragois: Les réseaux centre-européens d'Europe du japonisme dans le modernisme berlinois
No full textInternational audienceDas Leben und die Karriere von Emil Orlik sind ein Symbol für die Lebendigkeit des kulturellen Austauschs im deutschsprachigen Raum vor und nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Der 1870 in Prag geborene Orlik war ein echter Vertreter des Habsburgerreiches mit einer entsprechend komplexen Identität – jüdisch, tschechisch und deutschsprachig –, die ihn in die Nähe der böhmischen Deutschen rückte. Um die Jahrhundertwende war er als Mitglied der Wiener Secession fester Bestandteil der Kunst- und Kulturszene der Doppelmonarchie, und der ebenfalls aus Prag stammende Rainer Maria Rilke veröffentlichte 1900 seinen Orlik gewidmeten Artikel „Ein Prager Künstler“ in der Secessionszeitschrift Ver Sacrum. Wegen seiner ausgedehnten Reisendurch Europa und seines fast einjährigen Aufenthalts in Japan, während dessen er zum begeisterten Japonisten wurde, konnte Orlik viel Erfahrung in die Prager und Wiener Kunstszene einbringen. Nachdem Orlik 1905 mit der Gruppe um Gustav Klimt aus der Wiener Secession ausgetreten war, richtete er sein Atelier in Berlin ein. Er wurde zum Professor an der Unterrichtsanstalt des Berliner Kunstgewerbemuseums ernannt, eine Position, die er bis zu seiner Pensionierung innehatte. In Berlin blühte Orlik als Illustrator auf – bahnbrechend wurden seine Illustrationen für die deutsche Ausgabe der Werke von Lafcadio Hearn, die von der in Brody geborenen Berta Franzos übersetzt wurden –, aber er arbeitete auch als Fotograf sowie als Bühnenbildner und Kostümdesigner, wobei er in letzterem Bereich jahrelang mit Max Reinhardt zusammenarbeitete. In Berlin war er bald so gut integriert, dass er als „deutscher Künstler“ galt.Orlik verkehrte mit Mitgliedern der Berliner Secession wie Max Slevogt, Lovis Corinth, Max Kruse und Max Liebermann. Er starb 1932 in der deutschen Hauptstadt, wurde aber in seinem geliebten Prag beigesetzt.The life and career of Emil Orlik symbolize the vibrancy of cultural exchange in the German-speaking world before and after the First World War. Born in Prague in 1870, Orlik was a true representative of the Habsburg Empire, with a correspondingly complex identity—Jewish, Czech, and German-speaking—which placed him close to the community of Bohemian Germans. Around the turn of the century, he became an integral part of the art and cultural scene of the Dual Monarchy as a member of the Vienna Secession, and the fellow Prague-born writer Rainer Maria Rilke published in 1900 his article “A Prague Artist,” dedicated to Orlik, in the Secession journal Ver Sacrum.Because of his extensive travels across Europe and his nearly year-long stay in Japan—during which he became an enthusiastic Japonist—Orlik brought a wealth of experience to the Prague and Viennese art worlds. After leaving the Vienna Secession in 1905 together with the group around Gustav Klimt, he established his studio in Berlin. There, he was appointed professor at the School of the Museum of Decorative Arts, a position he held until his retirement.In Berlin, Orlik flourished as an illustrator—his illustrations for the German edition of the works of Lafcadio Hearn, translated by Berta Franzos, who was born in Brody, became groundbreaking—but he also worked as a photographer as well as a stage and costume designer, collaborating for many years in the latter role with Max Reinhardt. In Berlin, he soon became so well integrated that he was regarded as a “German artist.”Orlik associated with members of the Berlin Secession such as Max Slevogt, Lovis Corinth, Max Kruse, and Max Liebermann. He died in 1932 in the German capital but was buried in his beloved Prague.La vie et la carrière d’Emil Orlik symbolisent la vitalité des échanges culturels dans le monde germanophone avant et après la Première Guerre mondiale. Né à Prague en 1870, Orlik est un pur produit de l’Empire des Habsbourg, avec une identité complexe – juive, tchèque et germanophone – qui le rapproche de la communauté des Allemands de Bohême. Au tournant du siècle, il devient membre à part entière de la scène artistique et culturelle de la Double Monarchie comme membre de la Sécession viennoise, et l’écrivain Rainer Maria Rilke, lui aussi originaire de Prague, publie en 1900 dans la revue de la Sécession, Ver Sacrum, un article qui lui est consacré, intitulé « Un artiste pragois ».En raison de ses nombreux voyages à travers l’Europe et de son séjour de près d’un an au Japon – au cours duquel il devient un japoniste enthousiaste –, Orlik apporte une riche contribution aux milieux artistiques pragois et viennois. Après avoir quitté la Sécession viennoise en 1905, en même temps que le groupe gravitant autour de Gustav Klimt, il installe son atelier à Berlin. Là, il est nommé professeur à l’École du Musée des arts décoratifs, poste qu’il occupe jusqu’à sa retraite.À Berlin, Orlik s’épanouit comme illustrateur – ses illustrations pour l’édition allemande des œuvres de Lafcadio Hearn, traduites par Berta Franzos, née à Brody, font date – mais il travaille aussi comme photographe ainsi que comme scénographe et costumier, collaborant pendant de nombreuses années, dans ce dernier domaine, avec Max Reinhardt. À Berlin, il s’intègre si bien qu’il est bientôt considéré comme un « artiste allemand ».Orlik fréquente des membres de la Sécession berlinoise tels que Max Slevogt, Lovis Corinth, Max Kruse et Max Liebermann. Il meurt en 1932 dans la capitale allemande, mais est inhumé dans sa Prague bien-aimée
Temporal evolution and origin of radionuclide fallout and contaminants recorded in sediment from the Kerguelen Archipelago fjord system
No full textInternational audienceDeposition of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to fjord systems during ice melting was investigated with a sediment core collected in Table Fjord from Kerguelen Island (49° 33.8 S-69° 13.9 E) situated in the Southern Indian Ocean. Multiple radionuclides ( 210 Pbex, 137 Cs, 240 Pu/ 239 Pu) were used to establish an accurate age-depth model and show the occurrence of French nuclear weapon test fallout in this remote region for the first time. Environmental changes related to the retreat of the Cook Ice Cap since the 1960s were found to be one of the major factors dominating the dynamics of anthropogenic lead deposition flux in the fjord through the release of long-range transported legacy anthropogenic lead. The released legacy anthropogenic lead was likely transported across the proglacial Ampere Lake by a hypopycnal plume to the fjord. Backward trajectories and lead stable isotopic signatures suggest the southern part of South Africa as a major source of anthropogenic lead transported to Kerguelen Archipelago. In contrast, contamination by arsenic, molybdenum, antimony and POPs was found to be more recent (since 2001). Fractionation of rare earth elements was observed in the sediment due to the formation of proglacial Ampere Lake, which acts as a sediment trap
A Note on Husserl’s Definite Multiplicities and Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems
No full textInternational audienceBy way of commenting on the prior literature, it is argued that both the first and the second of Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems have a bearing on the view on mathematics that Husserl presents in Formale und transzendentale Logik, and that this bearing is not small
Procréations médicalement assistées en islam ainsi que dans le judaïsme et le catholicisme. Genre, filiation, sexualité et religions
No full textInternational audienceAlors qu'on tient pour acquis que les techniques de procréation médicalement assistée auraient séparé la procréation de la sexualité, la sexualité dans ses multiples dimensions, non seulement physique mais également psychique, est loin d'avoir disparu de ces nouvelles manières de procréer. C'est ce que révèlent avec force les interrogations de certaines religions vis-à-vis de ces techniques, notamment l'islam sunnite qui sera mis en perspective avec les autres monothéismes, soit le judaïsme et le catholicisme romain, mais aussi avec l'islam shiite. Nous analyserons également les positions de l'islam à l'égard de la conservation et de l'accueil des embryons, du clonage reproductif, des mères porteuses, de l'avortement thérapeutique, du diagnostic préimplantatoire et de la sélection du sexe de l'enfant. Les questions débattues par les monothéismes à propos des procréations médicalement assistées, qu'il s'agisse des questions de filiation, de sexualité, d'adultère ou d'inceste, se posent plus largement à toutes les sociétés, quel que soit le contexte, religieux ou laïque, notamment lorsque ces techniques impliquent un tiers donneur
Grapevine-chronology: annual growth ring analysis for climate adaptation and vineyard management - A review
No full textInternational audienceThe study of annual growth rings in Vitis vinifera has recently emerged as a promising framework to explore long-term vine responses to climate and management. This review synthesizes current knowledge on grapevine wood anatomy, xylem functionality, and isotopic signatures, highlighting their role as archives of environmental and agronomic information. Grapevine growth rings provide high-resolution records of climate signals, including drought and heat stress, and reveal cultivar-specific hydraulic strategies shaped by soil conditions and management practices. Stable isotope analyses further complement anatomical chronologies by integrating physiological responses to water availability. Together, these approaches offer valuable insights into the structural memory and plasticity of grapevine xylem, with direct implications for vineyard sustainability and climate adaptation. We also examine the impact of viticultural practices such as irrigation, pruning, grafting, and rootstock choice on xylem architecture, emphasizing how agronomic decisions leave long-lasting anatomical imprints in wood. Finally, we outline future research perspectives, including the integration of dendrochronological, isotopic, and high-resolution imaging techniques, to fully exploit grapevine chronologies as tools for understanding vine resilience and for guiding varietal selection, breeding, and precision viticulture under changing environmental conditions
Soil microbial community structure and carbon dynamics in response to compost and livestock management in grassland soils.
No full textInternational audienceOrganic amendments are widely promoted to restore soil fertility in degraded agroecosystems, yet their effects may depend strongly on land-use history. We evaluated the interactive influence of composted olive mill waste (alperujo) and three grazing management regimes—livestock exclusion, ovine, and equine grazing—on soil chemical properties, microbial communities, and carbon (C) mineralization in a Mediterranean dehesa. Across treatments, livestock exclusion consistently increased soil C and N contents compared with grazed areas, with total C (TC) 42 % higher than in equine-grazed plots and 52 % higher than in ovine-grazed plots, and total nitrogen (TN) 18 % higher than in equine plots (with similar TN levels in ovine plots across samplings). Compost addition further increased plant-available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by 243 % and 270 % in the more degraded equine-grazed soils. Compost did not significantly increase TC or TN but induced marked shifts in bacterial and fungal community composition, with responses modulated by grazing legacy and initial fertility. Taxonomic changes were most pronounced within oligotrophic and copiotrophic bacterial groups (e.g., Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobiota) and certain fungal phyla (e.g., Rozellomycota, Ascomycota), although overall microbial diversity remained largely unchanged. Functionally, compost reduced both initial C mineralization rates and cumulative respiration, as well as the priming effect, especially in exclusion and ovine soils. This suppression likely reflects the compost’s high chemical stability, low labile C content, and its influence on microbial carbon-use strategies. Spatial heterogeneity of organic inputs remained a challenge in grazed systems, but compost partially mitigated nutrient depletion in under-enriched areas. Our findings highlight that the effects of organic amendments are context-dependent, shaped by grazing legacy and nutrient status. They underscore the importance of integrating organic amendments with tailored grazing management to optimize nutrient balance, microbial function, and long-term soil C sequestration in Mediterranean rangelands. However, as this study was conducted at a single site with one compost type over a short-term period, further research across sites, compost types, and longer time scales is needed to generalize these finding
JWST Observations of Cosmic-Ray-excited H in Barnard 68: Spatial Variations and Constraints on Cosmic-Ray Attenuation
No full textInternational audienceWe present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRSpec observations of the starless dark cloud Barnard 68 (B68) that reveal the spatially resolved signature of cosmic-ray-excited molecular hydrogen (CRXH) emissions for the first time. Following up on our initial detection of CRXH emissions from B68, we now exploit JWST’s sensitivity and spatial multiplexing to map CRXH rovibrational lines across 16 sight lines through the cloud. By disentangling the CRXH and UV-pumped H components, we isolate the para-H-dominated spectrum attributable to cosmic-ray (CR) excitation. We find that there are significant spatial variations in the ratio of the CRXH line intensity to the line-of-sight H column density; these cannot be accounted for by dust extinction alone and demonstrate a clear attenuation of the CR flux with increasing shielding column. Modeling B68 as a Bonnor–Ebert sphere, we constrain both the unshielded CR ionization rate, ζH2, and how it decreases with shielding column. At a reference depth of N(H) = 3 × 10 cm, we infer ζH2≈1.4×10−16s, a factor of ≈3 higher than the average value derived from H3+absorption studies. These results provide the most direct probe to date of CR penetration into cold, dense gas, offering new constraints on both the microphysics of CR–H interactions and the attenuation of low-energy CRs in molecular clouds. Our findings establish CRXH emission as a powerful new diagnostic of the CR environment in interstellar space
Petites sources, grands effets: Introduction au dossier
No full textInternational audienceL’étude des sources du droit s’est longtemps structurée autour d’une hiérarchie stabilisée, privilégiant les dispositions juridiques produites par des autorités formellement habilitées. Pourtant, la fabrique contemporaine du droit, et plus particulièrement celle des droits et libertés, ne peut plus être appréhendée à partir de cette seule représentation, aujourd’hui largement insatisfaisante. Avis, recommandations, lignes directrices, circulaires, rapports, guides, chartes ou encore notes internes, bien que situés aux marges des catégories classiques des sources du droit, participent de manière décisive à l’orientation des comportements, à la structuration des raisonnements juridiques et à la configuration des régimes de protection des droits humains. L’attention portée à ces instruments invite ainsi à repenser les « confins » classiques du droit (ius, règles coutumières, religieuses ou morales) en s’éloignant des seuls énoncés déontiques d’obligation, d’interdiction ou de permission, pour s’intéresser à des instruments dont la portée juridique se manifeste principalement dans les usages