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Une approche historienne de la vulnérabilité : entretien avec Gregory Bankoff
No full textPublication électronique sur OpenEditionInternational audienceGreg Bankoff is a historical geographer whose work examines how societies and their environments shape one another over time, with particular attention to how communities adapt to recurrent hazards. For more than three decades, his research has focused on Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the Pacific, and the North Sea, exploring how societies — past and present — have learned to normalise risk and respond to crisis. His approach is distinctly interdisciplinary, combining archival research with fieldwork, community mapping, interviews, and focus groups to illuminate the lived experience of vulnerability and resilience. He is Research Fellow at Ateneo de Manila University and Professor Emeritus of Environmental History at the University of Hull. Bankoff has published widely, with more than 120 refereed journal articles and book chapters. His recent works include the co-edited volume Why Vulnerability Still Matters: The Politics of Disaster Risk Creation (2022)
Connecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to the Southern Ocean Following the Closure of Equatorial Seaways During the Cenozoic
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Global ocean circulation regulates climate and has undergone significant changes over the Cenozoic. Today, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation and Southern Ocean upwelling. By contrast, during the middle Eocene to early Oligocene (48–28 Ma), a restricted Drake Passage was limiting the northern Ekman transport, while a circum‐equatorial current sustained by trade winds promoted low‐latitude upwelling. Our set of simulations with the IPSL‐CM5A2 model reveals that this paleogeographic setting favored proto‐NADW upwelling at low latitudes, confining the AMOC to the Northern Hemisphere. Consequently, the role of southern westerly winds was limited, and the northward heat transport was weaker than in the modern ocean
Trajectoires paysagères contemporaines et sources de contaminants potentiels dans deux bassins versants à usages mixtes : un regard spatialisé de la qualité de l’eau
No full textInternational audienceThe quality of river systems has been profoundly affected by landscape transformations over the past decades. The IDESOC (ZABR, 2021–2024) and CHYPSTER (ANR, 2021–2026) projects combine geography, hydrology, and biogeochemistry to assess potential sources of river contamination and to predict trajectories of water quality at the scale of two meso-scale catchments (10–10³ km²): one located in Ardèche (the Claduègne) and the other in the Monts du Lyonnais (the Ratier, a sub-catchment of the Yzeron).This article proposes a methodology to spatialize and reconstruct their landscape trajectories between agricultural modernization and urban sprawl in two distinct geographical contexts, and to develop indices of potential pollution sources associated with these land-use patterns, based on surveys of contaminant uses.La qualité des cours d’eau a profondément été affectée par les transformations paysagères de ces dernières décennies. Les projets IDESOC (ZABR, 2021-2024) et CHYPSTER (ANR, 2021-2026), en croisant géographie, hydrologie et biogéochimie proposent d’évaluer les sources potentielles de contamination des rivières et de prédire les trajectoires de la qualité de l’eau à l’échelle de deux bassins versants de méso-échelle (10-103 km²) : l’un en Ardèche (la Claduègne) et l’autre dans les monts du lyonnais (le Ratier, sous-bassin de l’Yzeron). Cet article propose une méthodologie permettant de spatialiser et raconter leurs trajectoires paysagères entre modernisation agricole et étalement urbain dans deux contextes géographiques distincts, et d’élaborer des indices de sources de pollution potentielle de ces modes d’occupation du sol à l’aide d’enquêtes sur les usages de contaminants
Visco-frictional trapping of particles percolating through a submerged granular medium
No full textInternational audienceParticle filtration through a porous medium is a much-studied field because of its numerous industrial or natural applications, particularly for deep-bed and cake-type filtration regimes. The percolation regime has received relatively less attention and corresponds to the continuous motion of particles in a porous environment under the principal effect of gravity and generally without any interaction other than contact with the porous matrix. In the present case, both the moving particles and the porous medium are composed of spherical particles of diameters d and D, respectively. Dry percolation has been analyzed under such conditions and exhibits lateral diffusion, as well as a constant mean transit velocity that scales with √ gD (with D the coarse grain diameter and g gravity). The behavior is significantly different in the case studied here, where the porous stack is fully saturated by a liquid at rest. A previous study experimentally investigated the transition from deep filtration to the percolation regime under laminar flow conditions by matching the refractive index of the liquid to that of the particles of the porous system [C. Ghidaglia et al., Phys. Rev. E 53, R3028 (1996)]. Here, based on the same experimental technique, we focus on the particular case where there is no fluid flow and identify a different type of particle trapping, in contrast with either dry condition or liquid flow situation. We show that this capture, which can exhibit high metastability, stems from a combination of solid friction and viscous lubrication, which strongly reduces the velocity of the moving particles and can also suppress any rebound. The complementary roles of the packing structure and both the size and shape of the particles are also highlighted
Accouchement des grossesses gémellaires : recommandations pour la pratique clinique du Collège national des gynécologues et obstétriciens français
No full textInternational audienc
Olfaction in fruit flies (Tephritidae) balances detection and discrimination of host fruits
No full textAbstract Phytophagous insects locate suitable hosts through volatile compounds. Polyphagous species face a particular challenge because their hosts emit diverse chemical profiles, yet their olfactory strategies remain unclear. A long-standing assumption suggests that these insects respond primarily to compounds shared across hosts. Here we show that olfactory responses of various polyphagous fruit fly species (Tephritidae) are instead tuned to species-specific fruit compounds from 28 host fruits. This tuning translates into a behavioural preference for species-specific over shared fruit compounds, but only at low doses. Previously, response probability in the same species had been reported to be tuned to shared fruit compounds. To reconcile these observations, we propose a working hypothesis, supported by a computational model: an inverse relationship between olfactory response amplitude and probability may have evolved under the ecological need to detect and discriminate hosts. Together, these results highlight how polyphagous Tephritidae balance detection and discrimination through finely tuned olfactory mechanisms. This insight not only advances our understanding of host selection in polyphagous insects but also has potential applications for ecological management and pest control strategies
Multiple risk analysis at the interface between pastoral livestock systems and wildlife
No full textInternational audiencePastoral systems operate within constrained ecosystems where livestock, wildlife, and human activities coexist. This coexistence, increasingly intensified by global environmental and socio-economic changes generates multiple, complex, and still insufficiently integrated risks. Understanding these dynamics is essential to ensuring the long-term sustainability of pastoral territories. This article aims to characterize the main risks affecting pastoral livestock systems at the interface with wildlife through a large diversity of conditions. Thus, we conducted a systematic literature search and screening process, analyzing a wide range of cases based on a corpus of 6,078 scientific publications identified through eight targeted search equations. This method is therefore structured around (i) conducting an initial quantitative, temporal, and thematic analysis to provide an overview of the research landscape, (ii) examining research themes and publications to identify dominant risk areas and their interconnections, and (iii) performing an in-depth analysis of the selected case studies in order to provide more detailed description of each identified risk. From this investigation, we developed a risk analysis framework structured around three broad categories: (1) biological and ecological risks (zoonoses, parasitic diseases, predation, and competition); (2) socio-economic risks (financial losses, conflicts, and psychosocial impacts); and (3) amplifying systemic risks (climate change, societal transformations, and habitat loss and fragmentation). This study highlights risks that are multiple, interwoven and deeply embedded within complex socio-ecological systems. It shows that risk should be understood as an interdisciplinary concept, allowing us to move beyond sectoral perspectives and to reveal the multidimensional nature of the interface between wildlife and pastoral livestock systems, where ecological, health, economic, and social processes interact. While wildlife can represent a source of risk for agropastoral activities, the latter are also sometimes considered as generating risks and gradually rendered illegitimate in certain territories, thereby fueling tensions around conservation objectives and territorial management practices. Moreover, the deterioration of human–nature relationships emerges as a latent risk that shapes the dynamics of both conflict and cooperation. In this perspective, the findings invite us to rethink risk management through an integrated and inclusive approach, grounded in cooperation across disciplines, institutions, and knowledge systems. Finally, this article calls for a reevaluation of the conditions for a sustainable coexistence between livestock and wildlife, understood as management practices and land-use strategies that support wildlife conservation while enhancing the resilience of pastoral systems, and advocates for a systemic and place-based approach to risk analysis in the face of global changes
The actin cytoskeleton is required to maintain plant cell division orientation against cellular geometry
No full textInternational audienceIn multicellular organisms, cell division shapes tissue architecture, cell identity, and function. In walled organisms like plants, division plane orientation irreversibly defines tissue topology and is tightly regulated. While divisions often follow the shortest path enclosing cell volume, certain cells deviate, dividing perpendicular to the growth axis. Tissue-scale mechanical stress has been proposed to guide such orientation, but how these cues are integrated remains unclear. Here, we reexamine the role of the actin cytoskeleton in orienting cell division in Arabidopsis root epidermis. Combining cell biology, genetics, pharmacological treatments, 3D segmentation, and modeling, we show that actin is a central molecular actor required to establish cell division orientation against the geometrical rules, highlighting its role in integrating spatial information
Exploited marine fish distributions in Europe under past climates
No full textSpecies distribution modelling is widely used to assess the responses of exploited marine species to environmental change, as shifts in their spatial distributions directly affect food security and fisheries-dependent socio-economic activities. To date, most studies have focused on forecasting future range shifts under ongoing climate change. In contrast, far fewer studies have examined how past environmental changes shaped the historical distributions of exploited marine fishes, despite the potential of such reconstructions to inform both archaeological research and expectations of future responses. Here, we investigate past spatial changes in the distributions of 17 of the most commonly exploited teleost fish species in Mediterranean and European waters using a species distribution modelling framework. We reconstructed species’ distributions under two contrasted palaeoclimatic periods, the Mid-Holocene (6 ka BP) and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 ka BP), spanning markedly different thermal regimes. Hindcast projections were further used to characterize latitudinal patterns of past environment suitability, providing a broad-scale perspective on how climatic variability historically constrained or redistributed suitable environmentsfor exploited species.Our results reveal negligible differences in environmentalsuitability between the Mid-Holocene and present-day conditions for all species, indicating limited large-scale environmental changes during the Holocene. In contrast, the LGM induced pronounced and species-specific reorganizations of suitable environment. Distributional responses were primarily driven by temperature and distance to the coast. Temperate species generally exhibited latitudinal shifts toward lower latitudes, whereas subtropical species showed widespread decreases in predicted suitability and stronger contractions of suitable area. Coastal species experienced major reductions in potential habitat extent, while offshore species were comparatively less affected. By providing spatially explicit environmental baselines, this study contributes to the interpretation of archaeological evidence and offers a long-term reference for discussing contemporary exploitation patterns in relation to past environmental constraints
