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Introduction to the social and solidarity economy (SSE) field of research
No full textInternational audienceThe social and solidarity economy (SSE) has long been present across the world. But it is only recently that it achieved formal recognition at the international level. In recent years, in the face of economic, social, and ecological crises, the SSE gained attention for its potential to align the economy with the needs of humans and nature. In this introduction, we give an overview of what the SSE refers to and explain how the present volume contributes to understanding it. We situate this work with regard to a scoping review of recent publications, showing the increasing interest of a dynamic community of scholars in the SSE. We then present the 12 chapters of the volume, grouped into three parts, respectively seeking to (1) define the field; (2) investigate developmental and organizational issues; and (3) examine different approaches to understanding the SSE. We conclude by addressing two issues for future research
Hunting and fishing harvest data collection: a horizon scanning exercise from the French context
No full textInternational audienceLegal and societal moves increasingly lead leisure hunting and fishing practitioners to record their harvest. The total number of individuals harvested per population per year is the minimum required information to feed into demographic models and allow science‐based management. Some few schemes record more detailed data, hence allowing better‐informed decisions to be made. France has an extended list of legally harvested species and a wide variety of exploitation modes, which leads to a large number of harvest data collection schemes. This country is therefore taken as a case study to review the variety of situations and the pros and cons of each protocol. This review outlines a set of best practices that can guide future harvest data collection schemes both nationally and internationally, distinguishing basic information that is needed for minimum management from additional data that allow for more detailed knowledge. It highlights the trade‐off between using simple tools and clear protocols to encourage user participation, and the need for more detailed data to support advanced modeling techniques used for modern population and harvest management
Quantitative sensory testing of pain in osteoporosis: a pilot randomized clinical trial with magnesium supplementation
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Complementary NMR analyses of cellulose-based assembly reveal how multi-scale structure governs saccharification efficiency in steam-exploded wood
No full textInternational audienceLignocellulosic biomass is a promising alternative to fossil resources to produce biobased products. However, thisbiomass is highly recalcitrant to enzymatic processes and requires a pretreatment step to overcome it. To understandthe role of lignocellulose polymers organization on recalcitrance, characterization at different scales iscritical, preferentially by employing non-degradative techniques which maintain sample physical integrity. Thisrequires to combine several techniques thus limiting their application. In this study, structural and morphologicalmodifications caused by steam explosion pretreatment on oak, poplar and spruce wood were enlightened using acombination of advanced 13C solid-state NMR and time-domain NMR techniques. Over increasing pretreatmentseverity, hemicelluloses content was decreased and amorphous cellulose was partially depolymerized, leading tohigher cellulose crystallinity: a swelling of the overall polymer matrix was thus observed. A relatively constantwater mobility associated to a reduction in pore size were observed, revealing that only a specific pore range of5–15 nm generated at middle severity pretreatment is favorable to enzyme diffusion and hydrolysis reaction.Interestingly, β-O-4 bonds content and enzymatic hydrolysis yields were highly correlated, confirming thepeculiar role of lignin in recalcitrance. Overall, this work demonstrates that structural information based on NMRapproaches can reveal biomass species-dependent features explaining the variable saccharification efficiencyover steam explosion pretreatment severity
Two-Way Clustering with Non-Exchangeable Data
No full textNational audienceInference procedures for dyadic data based on two-way clustering rely on the data being exchangeable and dissociated. In particular, observations must be independent if they have no index in common. In an effort to relax this we consider, instead, data where Yij and Ypq can be dependent for all index pairs, with the dependence vanishing as the distance between the indices grows large. We establish limit theory for the sample mean and propose analytical and bootstrap procedures to perform inference
Plan INRAE bas carbone: Contribution d’INRAE aux enjeux de décarbonation de la France
No full textAs part of the French National Low Carbon Strategy, INRAE is the first public research institution to adopt a low-carbon strategy. Thus, the Institute launches in 2026 its first low-carbon action plan. This plan is the operational step of decarbonization of the institute’s activities. It aims to reduce the institute’s greenhouse gas emissions and achieve the reduction targets set by its decarbonization trajectory.The low carbon plan is organized into 7 activity areas, and has 35 objectives, divided into 121 operational levers, which will be gradually activated to achieve its first reduction target, namely – 30% in 2030, compared to 2019. Dans le cadre de la Stratégie Nationale Bas Carbone, INRAE est le premier établissement public de recherche à se doter d'une stratégie bas carbone. Ainsi, l'Institut lance en 2026 son premier plan d’action bas carbone. Ce plan est l’étape opérationnelle de décarbonation des activités de l'institut. Il vise à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre de l'institut et atteindre les objectifs de réduction fixés par sa trajectoire de décarbonation.Le plan bas carbone est organisé en 7 domaines d’activité, et comptent 35 objectifs, déclinés en 121 leviers opérationnels, qui seront actionnés graduellement pour permettre d’atteindre son premier objectif de réduction, à savoir – 30 % en 2030, par rapport à 2019. </div
A 3D-printed adult release system compatible with a drone for aerial deployment of Aedes aegypti and Glossina palpalis gambiensis
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/616252/)International audienceBackground The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a well-established, environmentally friendly method of insect population suppression that relies on the release of sterile males to reduce reproduction in wild populations. SIT has been successfully applied against several insect pests, including the tsetse fly (hereafter tsetse) in Africa and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Asia and the Americas, and is increasingly considered to be a complementary tool for vector control. For an SIT programme to succeed, the release process must ensure good coverage of the targeted area without compromising the performance of the released insects. The use of release systems paired with drones may play an important role. While interest in aerial releases is growing, the number of available aerial release systems remains limited. Methods The Birdview insect cassette, a lightweight, three-dimensional (3D)-printed device compatible with drones, was described and assessed for its suitability to release adult Aedes mosquitoes and tsetse under laboratory conditions. We determined the carrying capacity of the release system and the flight propensity, survival of and potential physical damage to Ae. aegypti and the tsetse Glossina palpalis gambiense, under laboratory conditions, using between 8000 and 30,000 insects. Results Overall, our findings highlight the potential of the insect cassette system, which can support loading densities up to 45,000 Ae. aegypti or 11,000 G. p. gambiensis, with release efficiencies ranging from 60% to 96% and a survival rate of > 70% after a 26-day monitoring period. Of the released insects, > 80% escaped from flight ability devices. Conclusions The Birdview insect cassette is valuable for aerial release programmes targeting Aedes mosquitoes and tsetse. Future research should focus on refining the system's design and functionality, as well as evaluating its performance in field settings to validate its effectiveness in vector control
Floral resource strips enhance parasitoid abundance and diversity in apple orchards and promote agroecological advances in a South African biosphere reserve
No full textInternational audience1. Agricultural intensification drives insect declines, including that of parasitoids, through landscape simplification and extensive use of synthetic pesticides. Spatially heterogeneous agricultural landscapes are potentially important biodiversity reservoirs where non-crop habitats may support populations providing ecosystem services to farming. However, there is a need to find methods to support thistransition to more sustainable farming and support the progressive concept of biosphere reserves.2. We focus here on the relationship between apple orchards and sclerophyllous natural fynbos vegetation in the megadiverse Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. We established patches of floral resources within apple orchards, which are embedded in landscapes, equivalent to the transition zone of the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve (KBR), with varying proportions of natural habitat in a 500-m radius around orchards. We assessed the role of these enhanced floral resources for supporting parasitoid abundance, species richness and diversity inside orchards and compare these metrics to those in ruderal vegetation around orchards and in nearby natural vegetation. Further, we assessed the effect of semi-natural vegetation in the surrounding landscape mosaic on parasitoids in orchards.3. Floral enhancement improved parasitoid abundance and influenced assemblage composition within apple orchards. However, non-crop ruderal habitat immediately adjacent to orchards supported greater abundance and richness of parasitoid species, while natural fynbos supported even richer parasitoid assemblages. Vegetation within orchards and landscape complexity enhanced parasitoid assemblages inside and surrounding the orchards.4. Our study shows that increasing floral resources within orchards improves local diversity of parasitoids within agroecosystems in the Biosphere Reserve. In doing so, this improves levels of biodiversity and increases parasitoid richness within the biosphere transition zone, supporting a shift from conventional production to a more biodiversity-friendly agroecological approach
Tying with Network Effects
No full textNational audienceWe develop a leverage theory of tying in markets with network effects. When a monopolist in one market cannot perfectly extract surplus from consumers, tying can be a mechanism through which unexploited consumer surplus is used as a demand-side leverage to create a “quasi-installed base” advantage in another market characterized by network effects. Our mechanism does not require any precommitment to tying; rather, tying emerges as a best response that lowers the quality of tied-market rivals. While tying can lead to exclusion of tied-market rivals, it can also expand use of the tying product, leading to ambiguous welfare effects
Improving Oxygen Barrier Performance of Polylactide Film by Using Bleached and Unbleached Nanocellulose From Grape Pomace
No full textInternational audienceThis study investigated two types of lignin‐containing nanocelluloses derived from grape pomace and their applications as coatings on PLA. First, bleached and unbleached grape pomace‐derived nanocelluloses (BGNC and UGNC) were extracted. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed a mix of nanofibrils and well‐defined nanocrystals from BGNC and only nanofibrils from UGNC. BGNC exhibited a higher crystallinity (25.2%) compared to UGNC (20.2%), both with preserved native cellulose type I structure. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that residual lignin was present in both samples although strongly reduced after bleaching. BGNC or UGNC coatings were applied via bar‐coating at theoretical thicknesses of 90, 140, and 1540 nm. Due to its higher lignin content, the UGNC‐coated surface was more hydrophobic, an interesting property for packaging, while the BGNC‐coated film showed better oxygen barrier properties thanks to its higher crystallinity and more uniform coating. BGNC‐coated film exhibited a good oxygen barrier with a permeability (OP) of 5.91 × 10 −19 m 3 m/m 2 s Pa at 90 nm thickness, while the UGNC‐coated film only reached 9.40 × 10 −19 m 3 m/m 2 s Pa. The oxygen barrier and hydrophobicity are both promising features, highlighting the potential application of by‐product‐derived nanocelluloses for bio‐based, compostable food packaging and the interest of lower‐impact chemical extractions to develop original properties