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Robustness of high‐throughput prediction of leaf ecophysiological traits using near infrared spectroscopy and poro‐fluorometry
No full textData availability statement: The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the Recherche Data Gouv repository at https://doi.org/10.57745/WVAPOL. The scripts for prediction analyses are publicly available in GitLab: https://forgemia.inra.fr/eva.coindre/robustness_ht_prediction_ecophysiological_traits.International audienceAbstract:Water scarcity is a major threat to crop production and quality. Improving drought tolerance through variety selection requires a deeper understanding of plant ecophysiological responses, but large-scale phenotyping remains a bottleneck. This study assessed the potential of high-throughput tools (spectroscopy and poro-fluorometry) to predict leaf morphological and ecophysiological traits in a grapevine diversity panel grown in pots under well-watered outdoor conditions and under three contrasting soil water treatments in a greenhouse. We found a certain complementarity between measuring devices. Spectrometers could accurately predict leaf mass per area, water content, and water quantity (R2 > 0.58), while the poro-fluorometer was efficient for predicting net CO2 assimilation (R2 > 0.72), regardless of the water treatment. The prediction of leaf mass per area using spectrometers appeared to be quite robust across both outdoor and greenhouse experiments, while the prediction of water use efficiency was dependent on the water treatment, with much better predictions under moderate (R2 > 0.73) than severe water deficit. Calibrated models were then applied to the full diversity panel using only high-throughput measurements to estimate trait values and their broad-sense heritability. Leaf mass per area, also measured directly, showed similar heritability whether based on observed or predicted data. Heritability estimates for predicted traits reached up to 0.5. Overall, our findings support the use of spectroscopy and poro-fluorometry as reliable, nondestructive tools for high-throughput phenotyping, enabling genetic studies on drought-related traits in grapevine.Plain Language Summary: Drought is a major challenge for crop production. To breed grapevines that can better tolerate dry conditions, it is crucial to evaluate how plants respond to water stress using quick phenotyping tools. In this study, we tested two fast, nondestructive tools, near-infrared spectroscopy and poro-fluorometry, on grapevines grown with different water levels. Spectroscopy was accurate for evaluating leaf thickness and water content, while poro-fluorometry was better at predicting photosynthesis. These tools were effective even across different growing environments. The results demonstrate that these methods can aid in estimating genetic variability in drought-related traits, facilitating the selection and improvement of drought-tolerant grapevines
Models of avian intestinal mucosa interaction with commensal and pathogenic bacteria: present and future investigations
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Review of Prognosis Approaches Applied to Power SiC MOSFETs for Health State and Remaining Useful Life Prediction
No full textInternational audienceThe use of Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs significantly improves converter performance by increasing efficiency and reducing costs, to the detriment of electro-magnetic emission and reliability. Implementing a predictive maintenance strategy based on a prognosis tool can mitigate this limitation. This literature review offers a methodological synthesis of prognosis design tools for SiC MOSFETs, while also encompassing studies on IGBTs and silicon-based power MOSFETs where these approaches are transferable. The analysis focuses on wear-out prognosis under nominal operating conditions of standard package device, excluding environmental constraints. Articles published up to 2025 were identified in the OpenAlex database using a keyword-based search and manually filtered according to the study scope. Most reviewed works rely on Data-Based prognosis methods, mostly based on neural networks, though out-of-sample validation remains uncommon. Our study also highlights the dependence of Data-Based prognosis performance on the shape of degradation indicator trends. Moreover, the estimation of prediction uncertainty is rarely addressed in the reviewed literature. Despite notable methodological advances, ensuring the reliability of prognosis tools for SiC MOSFETs remains an ongoing research challenge
Émotions et dispositifs participatifs en recherche-action sur la transition écologique : risques de normalisation des émotions et de tarissement de la critique sociale ?
No full textInternational audienceCet article examine un dispositif participatif de recherche-action sous l’angle des émotions impliquées dans la transition écologique de la Camargue (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). Il questionne les éventuelles limites que ce type de dispositif impose à la prise en compte des émotions dans les débats et la réflexion collective. Différents processus micro-interactionnels et organisationnels sont pointés comme conduisant à un filtrage émotionnel avec pour conséquences de favoriser une conception technique et téléologique de la transition écologique, de limiter la critique sociale et d’inciter une normalisation des émotions citoyennes et de leurs modalités d’expression
Long-term application of organic amendments enhances soil microbiota and chemical properties in maize rhizosphere
No full textInternational audienceSoil degradation and declining fertility are pressing concerns in modern agriculture, compromising soil health and ecosystem services. This five-year field study aimed to investigate the long-term impact of soil amendments on soil microbiota and functions in the rhizosphere of maize plants, addressing the need for sustainable agricultural practices that promote soil health and ecosystem services. A 5-year field trial was setup in the monomodal rainforest agro-ecology in Littoral region of Cameroon, using a split plot design. Four soil fertility management options were evaluated with four replications, including chemical inputs (urea+triple superphosphate+muriate of potash), organic inputs (poultry droppings+Mucuna green manure), combined chemical and organic inputs (urea+triple superphosphate+muriate of potash+poultry droppings + cow dung), and a virgin forest as a control. Results showed that organic inputs significantly (P < 0.001) enhanced soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities, with poultry droppings+Mucuna green manure exhibiting the highest microbial biomass (1293 mg−1kg− 1 soil) and enzyme activities, including acid phosphatase (43.98 mU−1g− 1 soil), alkaline phosphatase 16.23 mU−1g− 1 soil), urease (57.17 mU−1g− 1 soil), β-glucosidase (6.54 mU−1g− 1 soil), and arylamidase (2.49 mU−1g− 1 soil)..
Variétés résistantes : quelle place dans les stratégies de demain ? : Table ronde
No full textInternational audienceQuelle place pour les variétés résistantes dans les stratégies de demain ? Tel était le thème de la table ronde qui a eu lieu à l’occasion du colloque « Viticulture en action : défis, réussites et Innovations » qui s’est déroulé à Dijon (Côte d’Or) le 29 janvier. Lors de cette table ronde, Foued Cheriet, Professeur en stratégie et marketing du vin à l’Institut Agro Montpellier (UMR Moisa) a fait un focus sur la manière dont les opérateurs communiquent sur les cépages résistants auprès des consommateurs. Des travaux qu’il a mené avec Caroline Paire, doctorante et Marianne Schalk (qui a travaillé sur le sujet dans le cadre de son mémoire de fin d’études)
Tissus adipeux brun et beige : exploration et rôle dans la physiologie humaine
No full textInternational audienceBrown adipose tissue is specialized in energy dissipation in the form of heat through the process of non-shivering thermogenesis. Numerous studies in rodents have demonstrated the major role of brown adipose tissue, as well as that of beige adipose tissue – which has similar metabolic and secretory properties but also differences that remain to be better defined – in thermoregulation and energy balance. In humans, brown/beige adipose tissues are very present in newborns, decline with age, and are positively associated with cardiovascular and metabolic health. However, the real impact of these tissues on human metabolism in adults remains highly controversial. In addition to their potential role in maintaining energy homeostasis at the whole organism level, these tissues may exert local effects by creating specific microenvironments that contribute to the proper functioning of tissues and organs present in their close proximity. In this review, we describe the biology of these tissues exhibiting remarkable oxidative capacities, the methods enabling their detection, and retrospective and prospective clinical studies investigating their role in human health.Le tissu adipeux brun est spécialisé dans la dissipation de l’énergie sous forme de chaleur, par le processus de thermogénèse de non-frisson. De nombreuses études chez les rongeurs ont montré le rôle majeur du tissu adipeux brun ainsi que celui du tissu adipeux beige – présentant des similitudes dans les propriétés métaboliques et sécrétoires mais également des différences qui restent encore à être mieux définies – dans la thermorégulation et dans le maintien de la balance énergétique. Chez l’homme, les tissus adipeux brun/beige sont très présents chez le nouveau-né, déclinent avec l’âge, et sont positivement associés à la santé cardiovasculaire et métabolique. Cependant, l’impact de ces tissus sur le métabolisme chez l’adulte est très controversé. Parallèlement à un potentiel rôle dans le maintien de l’homéostasie énergétique à l’échelle de l’organisme entier, ces tissus pourraient exercer des effets locaux par la création de microenvironnements spécifiques contribuant au bon fonctionnement d’organes présents à leur proximité. Dans cette revue, nous faisons le point sur la biologie de ces tissus aux capacités oxydatives remarquables, sur les méthodes de détection et sur les résultats d’études cliniques rétrospectives et prospectives étudiant leur rôle dans la santé humaine
Calibrated Mechanism Design
No full textNational audienceWe study mechanism design when a designer repeatedly uses a fixed mechanism to interact with strategic agents who learn from observing their allocations. We introduce a static framework, calibrated mechanism design, requiring mechanisms to remain incentive compatible given the information they reveal about an underlying state through repeated use. In single-agent settings, we prove implementable outcomes correspond to two-stage mechanisms: the designer discloses information about the state, then commits to a state-independent allocation rule. This yields a tractable procedure to characterize calibrated mechanisms, combining information design and mechanism design. In private values environments, full transparency is optimal and correlation- based surplus extraction fails. We provide a microfoundation by showing calibrated mechanisms characterize exactly what is implementable when an infinitely patient agent repeatedly interacts with the same mechanism. Dynamic mechanisms that condition on histories expand implementable outcomes only by weakening incentive constraints, but not by enriching the designer’s ability to obfuscate learning
Neonatal hypothyroidism in male mice is associated to developmental delay and metabolic dysregulations in the adult
No full textThe postnatal period of mouse development is critical for the maturation of many organs and fine tuning of hormonal feedback loops. These developmental transformations are necessary to allow the transition from a suckling pup to an independent life but they also determine the metabolic features of the adult. Thyroid hormones are key hormones that control these postnatal events. However, the impact of a short-term exposure to maternal hypothyroidism during the perinatal period on the metabolic outcome of the descendants was not clearly established. We used a new protocol to obtain animals exposed to maternal hypothyroidism only during gestation or only during their two first postnatal weeks. The developmental and the long-term consequences of these two short perinatal periods of hypothyroidism were assessed. Animals born from hypothyroid mothers did not show developmental delays. As adults they were undisguisable from the controls and could adequately face metabolic stresses such as exposure to a high fat diet or cold temperature. In contrast pups exposed to maternal hypothyroidism during lactation presented delayed growth and remained leaner than the controls. The expression of genes involved in different metabolic pathways in liver or brown adipose tissues were affected both during development and in adults. The adults were also more sensitive to diet induced obesity and to cold exposure. In conclusion in mice severe hypothyroidism in the pregnant dam is not detrimental for postnatal development or metabolic programing of the pups. In contrast postnatal hypothyroidism leads to developmental delays and long-lasting metabolic dysregulation in otherwise euthyroid animals
An original approach combining biogeochemical signatures and a mixing model to discriminate spatial runoff-generating sources in a peri-urban catchment
No full textInternational audienceAbstract. Hydrograph separation using biogeochemical data is a commonly used method for the vertical decomposition of flow into surface, subsurface and groundwater contributions. However, its application to the spatial decomposition of flow remains limited, despite its potential to identify contributions linked to geological, pedological, and land use characteristics, as well as anthropogenic contaminant sources. In this study, a Bayesian mixing model was applied to the Ratier peri-urban sub-catchment of the OTHU Yzeron observatory. Eight runoff-generating sources were identified and sampled, including different land uses (e.g. forest, grassland, agricultural areas), a colluvium aquifer, and urban point discharges (e.g. sewer system, urban and road surface runoff). A wide range of biogeochemical parameters were analysed including classical (i.e., major chemical compounds, dissolved metals) and innovative tracers (i.e., characteristics of dissolved organic matter, microbial indicators). Streamwater samples collected under contrasting hydro-meteorological conditions revealed distinct source signatures and highly variable contributions, with wastewater dominating under dry weather and rapid surface runoff during summer storms. Using these results, we improved a previously designed perceptual hydrological model of the Ratier and Mercier catchments, at the hillslope scale, which highlighted the potential of spatial tracer-based decomposition in addition to classical vertical hydrological separation. More broadly, this study demonstrates the potential of such mixing model, using classical but also more innovative tracers, to provide insights for validating distributed hydrological models and to anticipate the influence of land use, urbanisation, and climate changes on runoff generation