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Approche territoriale pour la prévention des risques en montagne, Proposition de cadre technique pour l’analyse et la gestion intégrée des risques naturels en montagne, Module 3 : Analyse des risques saisonniers
No full textLa gestion intégrée des risques naturels en montagne est un concept visant à coconstruire des stratégies de réduction des risques dans le cadre d’approches territoriales multi-phénomènes. Pour accompagner ce type d’approche, des documents techniques ont été imaginés pour aider les opérateurs à réaliser ces étapes principales. Le module décrit les modes d’évaluation des risques matériels et humains directs liés aux enjeux fixes (bâtiments) et mobiles (véhicules) ainsi que leurs occupants en prenant en compte les variations saisonnières d’occurrence des phénomènes et d’exposition en termes d’occupation partielle ou variable pour des bâtiments ou de présence pour des enjeux mobiles (nombre de véhicules, durée de présence en fonction du trafic)
Intentions, practices, and social representations regarding breastfeeding among women experiencing social disadvantage: findings from the qualitative component of the ECAIL trial
No full textInternational audienceBackground: The PrEgnanCy and eArly childhood nutrItion triaL (ECAIL) is a randomised controlled trial targeting socially disadvantaged families in northern France. It aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-level, family-based intervention starting from pregnancy that combines nutritional support with improved access to healthy foods to promote healthy feeding practices and lifestyle behaviours in children. This qualitative study explored breastfeeding (or chest feeding) intentions, practices, and social representations among 47 birthing parents (mothers) participating in the trial.Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted in participants’ homes from April 2022 to May 2023 (Lille) and from February to June 2024 (Valenciennes). Interviews lasted an average of 61 min (SD 24; range 24–169) and were conducted when children were 16 to 26 months old. The interview guide drew on the three components of the COM-B model (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation). All interviews were manually transcribed verbatim and analysed in NVivo using thematic coding. An inter-coder reliability check was performed to ensure consistency.Results: Four main themes emerged, broadly following the course of breastfeeding: intention, initiation, continuation, and cessation. Most mothers intended to breastfeed, motivated by perceived health benefits, emotional bonding, previous positive experiences, social support, family norms and religious beliefs. Women reported challenges during initiation and continuation, including pain, low milk supply, latching difficulties, fatigue, limited professional support after returning home, and social pressures, sometimes leading to frustration, guilt, or premature cessation. Participants highlighted advantages such as convenience, cost savings, and improved infant digestion and immunity. Workplace and logistical challenges were also reported, notably the lack of suitable spaces for milk expression.Conclusion: These findings highlight the need to address structural determinants—particularly social opportunity—to support breastfeeding in socially vulnerable contexts. Because of the difficulties encountered after postnatal discharge, early home visits combined with peer support may offer tailored guidance during a pivotal period and help strengthen maternal confidence. Improving the visibility and acceptability of breastfeeding in public and professional settings, and creating more welcoming environments, represents an important policy lever. In contexts where research on disadvantaged populations remains limited, these findings provide useful insight for developing targeted, context-sensitive lactation support strategies
Constraining the glacier basal friction law from multidecadal to century scales observations of surface velocity and thickness changes on Alpine glaciers
No full textAlthough basal sliding governs the dynamics of glaciers and ice sheets, it is controlled by poorly constrained processes linked to subglacial hydrology. Here, we combine a unique dataset of surface velocity and thickness changes spanning multidecadal to century-scale observations from eight Alpine glaciers with full-Stokes modeling to derive relationships between basal sliding velocities and basal shear stresses. Our analysis shows that changes in basal friction across hard-bedded sites can be described within a single framework of stress-bounded friction law in which the average basal effective pressure is constant over time but varies from site to site. Basal stress is generally found to be close to its upper bound, leading to a strong sliding velocity response to minor changes in shear stress in the 1920s and 1980s when the glaciers experienced positive mass balance. During the recent deglaciation, bed shear stress tends to align on the classical Weertman power law relationship with an exponent of 3. We suggest that constant effective pressure may occur as a result of channel-like conduits controlling winter drainage through establishing connections across basal cavities in the absence of surface melt input. This hypothesis is also supported by our observation that average basal effective pressure depends on surface slope, which is to be expected given that pressure in steady channel is function of hydraulic potential gradients. This study provides observational constraints on basal friction laws and their parameter values that can directly be used for glacier and ice-sheet modeling
EXTRACTING FOOD-FERMENTATION KNOWLEDGE USING AN NER FRAMEWORK FROM BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL DOMAINS WITH LLM-ASSISTED SILVER ANNOTATIONS
No full textInternational audienceThe food-fermentation literature contains rich knowledge of microorganisms, compounds, and processing conditions, making it a valuable source for data-driven analysis, yet named entity recognition (NER) methods for this domain remain underexplored due to the lack of annotated data. To systematically extract fermentation-relevant knowledge from the literature, we adopt a generative, self-correcting NER framework from our previous work as the core extraction model and investigate its applicability to the food-fermentation domain. To enable evaluation under this data-scarce setting, we further explore the use of large language model-assisted annotation to construct a silver corpus for food-fermentation NER. We design a prompt-based pipeline to annotate 2,500 PubMed abstracts, yielding over 23,000 fermentation-related entities. By comparing the silver annotations with expert-labeled data in the Florilege dataset, we quantify the quality of the silver corpus, obtaining an F1 score of 60.3. We further evaluate the NER framework on the silver test set under three different initialization settings, corresponding to biological data, chemical data, and the silver corpus. The results demonstrate that the NER framework from our previous work can be effectively adapted to the foodfermentation domain, achieving its strongest and most stable performance with biological initialization, while silver-based training remains a viable option despite annotation noise.</div
Here Comes the Heat: urban warming increases abundance but compromises fitness in the common woodlouse
No full textPeer Community In and Peer Community Journal: A Two-Step Diamond OA Process Giving Research Communities Back Control of Publishing
No full textThe current academic publishing system faces many well-identified issues. Not only is it slow and costly, but it is also an opaque system that produces a substantial amount of non-reproducible results. Peer Community In (PCI) is a non-profit organisation that allows research communities to organise the open and free peer-review of preprints on different thematic platforms. The authors of preprints that are recommended by these platforms can then choose to submit them to any journal or to Peer Community Journal, a diamond open access journal, which publishes any and only PCI-recommended preprints. Because PCI follows the highest standards for evaluations and openness, many institutions and journals publicly recognise PCI-recommended preprints as being of similar value to accepted journal articles. This two-step process hence decouples the evaluation of research articles from their publication, while offering a free open-access publication venue for its recommended preprints. Doing so allows researchers to reappropriate the publishing system, and the increasing number of submissions, publications, and communities shows a growing demand for such alternative publishing models. Ongoing developments aim to further increase the robustness and reproducibility of published research via increasing requirements and checks at submission and promoting the use of registered reports
A Visible-Opaque Infrared-Modulator Fabric for Human Body Thermoregulation at Low Temperatures
No full textInternational audienceOptimizing textiles for enhanced passive radiative thermoregulation properties represents a significant step forward in technological innovation. To achieve this goal, we fabricated and characterized a visible-opaque infrared-modulator fabric (VOIMF) that can provide the human body with continuous thermoregulation at low temperatures. The fabric is a bilayer emitter composed of a polyethylene (PE) membrane and an ultrathin gold (Au) layer. The PE membrane contains randomly dispersed titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) microparticles (MPs). By flipping the fabric, we demonstrate that the VOIMF can modulate the emissivity toward the environment in the mid-infrared range, thereby providing a thermal comfort zone over a large temperature range of ∼ 10 °C (from 6.7 to 16.8 °C). Moreover, the VOIMF is opaque in the visible (VIS) range and exhibits a white appearance, similar to cotton, due to the high light scattering property of TiO 2 MPs
Reducing pesticide use through the adaptation of crop management strategies has little impact on farm economic performance
No full textInternational audienceAlthough necessary for environmental and human health reasons, pesticide use reduction has been limited, partly due to the perceived risk of lower farm economic performance in case of reduced pest control. Previous research, based on comparisons of farms with contrasted pesticide use, showed that low pesticide use is compatible with maintaining economic performances. However, these results may be suspected of being biased because the production context of the compared farms could differ slightly. Moreover, the economic feasibility to transition to farming systems with low pesticide input remains to be demonstrated on a large scale. We used a diachronic approach, monitoring over time 867 arable French farms classified into eight farm types according to their crop productions. Many farmers re-designed their cropping system during the monitoring period, and adopted measures reducing pest pressure, and therefore succeeded in reducing pesticide inputs. We studied the link between changes in pesticide use, driven by changes in pest management strategies, and two metrics of farm economic performance: gross product and gross margin, both expressed in euros per hectare. In all farm types, some farms were able to reduce pesticide use while maintaining economic performances. For most farms, no antagonism was found between pesticide use reduction and either gross margin or gross product. We bring additional evidence that farmers can reduce pesticide use without impacting these metrics of farm economic performances
Diversité dans les systèmes pastoraux : perceptions et pratiques de gestion d’éleveurs ovins du sud de France
No full textInternational audienceContext: In a context of global change and increasing pressure on pastoral livestock systems, managing animal diversity is a central challenge for the sustainability of small-population flocks. The three local sheep breeds studied here, all endangered, represent an essential genetic and cultural heritage in Southern France. Objective: This article aims to analyse how breeders perceive, define, and manage diversity within their flocks, by examining the interplay between selection criteria, herd management practices, and conceptions of rusticity and animal behaviour. Methods: The study draws on an ethnographic approach combining 17 semi-structured interviews, and field observations with breeders involved in the conservation and valorisation of these local breeds. Qualitative analysis was used to identify the criteria mobilised in diversity management and to explore their articulation with breeders’ trajectories and farming conditions. Results: The selection of breeding animals is based on a combination of zootechnical criteria (conformation, breed standard), ecological criteria (adaptation to the environment, behaviour, rusticity), and personal criteria (attachments, individual preferences). The relative importance of these criteria varies according to breeders’ professional trajectories, environmental contexts, and socio-economic constraints. The analysis also highlights the central role of rusticity, understood as a dynamic quality shaped by management practices. Furthermore, day-to-day management practices (lambing periods, feeding strategies, mobility, flock organisation) also contribute to structuring diversity. Conclusions: The study offers an integrated interpretation of animal diversity that links local ecological knowledge, perceptions of animals, and herd management practices. It shows that diversity results from a co-construction between breeders, animals, and their environment, and underscores the importance of recognising these knowledge systems and practices in policies aimed at conserving local breeds.Contexto: En un contexto de cambios globales y presión creciente sobre la ganadería pastoral, la gestión de la diversidad animal representa un reto central para la sostenibilidad de los sistemas con pocos efectivos. Las tres razas ovinas locales estudiadas, todas ellas amenazadas, constituyen un patrimonio genético y cultural esencial en el sur de Francia. Objetivo: Este artículo tiene el objetivo de analizar cómo los ganaderos perciben, definen y gestionan la diversidad de sus rebaños, combinando criterios de selección, prácticas de manejo y concepciones de la rusticidad y del comportamiento animal. Métodos: El estudio se basa en un enfoque etnográfico que combina observaciones de terreno con 17 entrevistas semidirectivas a ganaderos comprometidos en la conservación y la valoración de estas razas locales. Los datos fueron analizados cualitativamente para identificar los criterios adoptados en la gestión de la diversidad y su articulación con las trayectorias de los ganaderos y las condiciones de cría. Resultados: La selección de los reproductores se basa en una combinación de criterios zootécnicos (conformación, estándar de la raza), ecológicos (adaptación al medio, comportamiento, rusticidad) y personales (vínculos, preferencias individuales). Estos criterios se jerarquizan según la historia profesional, el contexto medioambiental y las limitaciones socioeconómicas de los ganaderos. El análisis pone también en evidencia el rol central de la rusticidad, considerada como un constructo dinámico moldeado por las prácticas de conducción. Finalmente, las prácticas de gestión cotidianas (estacionalidad de las pariciones, alimentación, movilidad, organización del rebaño) también contribuyen a estructurar la diversidad. Conclusiones: El estudio propone una lectura integrada de la diversidad animal que combina saberes ecológicos locales, percepciones de los animales y prácticas de manejo. Muestra que la diversidad resulta de una construcción conjunta entre los ganaderos, los animales y el entorno, y destaca la importancia de reconocer estos saberes y prácticas en las políticas de conservación de las razas locales.Contexte : Dans un contexte de changements globaux et de pressions croissantes sur l’élevage pastoral, la gestion de la diversité animale représente un enjeu central pour la durabilité des systèmes à petits effectifs. Les trois races ovines locales étudiées, toutes menacées, constituent un patrimoine génétique et culturel essentiel dans le sud de la France. Objectif : Cet article vise à analyser comment les éleveurs perçoivent, définissent et gèrent la diversité au sein de leurs troupeaux, en articulant critères de sélection, pratiques de conduite et conceptions de la rusticité et des comportements animaux. Méthodes : L’étude repose sur une approche ethnographique combinant 17 entretiens semi-directifs et des observations de terrain auprès d’éleveurs engagés dans la conservation et la valorisation de ces races locales. Les données ont été analysées qualitativement afin d’identifier les critères mobilisés dans la gestion de la diversité et leur articulation aux trajectoires des éleveurs et aux conditions d’élevage. Résultats : La sélection des reproducteurs repose sur une combinaison de critères zootechniques (conformation, standard de la race), écologiques (adaptation au milieu, comportements, rusticité) et personnels (attachements, préférences individuelles). Ces critères se hiérarchisent selon l’histoire professionnelle, le contexte environnemental et les contraintes socio-économiques des éleveurs. L’analyse met également en évidence le rôle central de la rusticité, considérée comme un construit dynamique façonné par les pratiques de conduite. Enfin, les pratiques de gestion (agnelages, alimentation, mobilité, organisation du troupeau) contribuent elles aussi à structurer la diversité au quotidien. Conclusions : L’étude propose une lecture intégrée de la diversité animale articulant savoirs écologiques locaux, perceptions des animaux et pratiques de conduite. Elle montre que la diversité résulte d’une co-construction entre les éleveurs, les animaux et le milieu, et souligne l’importance de reconnaître ces savoirs et pratiques dans les politiques de conservation des races locales
Geographic variation in floral scent reinforces local pollinator attraction in the fig–fig wasp mutualism
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted during floral receptivity are crucial for attracting pollinators, especially in brood-site pollination systems. Geographic variation in floral scent can alter host recognition cues, potentially shaping pollinator behavior in obligate mutualisms such as the fig–fig wasp system. Understanding whether and how such variation affects pollinator responses is essential for assessing the stability of these interactions. Here, we investigated geographic variation in floral scent and pollinator responses in Ficus hispida, a dioecious species widely distributed in tropical Asia.Using dynamic headspace sampling and GC-MS, we characterized receptive fig VOCs from populations in South China, Southwest China, and South Thailand. Behavioral assays tested the responses of Ceratosolen marchali wasps from the South China Botanical Garden (SCBG) and Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG) to local versus non-local fig odors.ResultsScent profiles differed significantly among regions, forming three distinct clusters. Although C. marchali was present at both sites, Y-tube experiments revealed that wasps responded only to odors from their local population.ConclusionsThis local scent specificity may reinforce population-level mutualisms and restrict long-distance pollinator movement. While such divergence could promote reproductive isolation among closely related wasp lineages, the mechanisms allowing cryptic species to coexist on the same host remain unclear. Overall, our results highlight the key role of chemical cues in shaping plant–pollinator interactions across different populations