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Analyzing the long-term interest of agroforestry in the context of uncertainties
No full textNe pas diffuser l'article (qui n'est pas en accès libre)International audienceAgroforestry has been promoted as a sustainable land-use practice that combines trees and crops to optimize productivity and enhance ecosystem services. However, its long-term benefits are subject to uncertainties. This paper examines the conditions under which agroforestry remains competitive compared to conventional agriculture and forestry, highlighting how the integration of agroforestry can also limit adaptability in the face of environmental and economic change. Using a dynamic model, we explore the trade-offs between agroforestry and conventional land-use specialization, incorporating the concept of quasi-option value to underscore the importance of maintaining flexibility in decision-making under uncertainty. Our analysis of a hypothetical farm offers a framework for evaluating strategic choices under uncertainty across context-dependent agronomic and market conditions, providing a transparent assessment of when agroforestry is competitive and when it is not. Beyond sensitivity exploration, we provide a calibration-and-validation template with explicit data inputs so that practitioners can instantiate the model on specific farms or regions and assess whether agroforestry is adoption-worthy under their local conditions
Plan de Gestion de Données pour le projet BioLycTom Data Management Plan of BioLycTom project
No full textInternational audienceDMP of the BioLycTom project where two surveys were carried out among market gardeners in France.PGD du projet BioLycTom (Lutte biologique contre l'agent de l'acariose bronzée, Aculops lycopersici) où deux enquêtes ont été menées auprès de maraîchers en Franc
Adaptation strategies of winegrowers to climate change: Comparison of Languedoc Roussillon (France) and Tuscany (Italy) wine regions
No full textLicence CC-BY mentionnée sur le site de l'éditeur.International audienceThe relationship between wine products and the concepts of quality, identity, place, typicality and terroir is rooted in a deep socio-cultural and agricultural connection. Today, that bond, once considered incontrovertible, is increasingly at risk of weakening or fading due to the impacts of Climate Change. In light of this, our study aims to explore wine growers’ perceptions of these effects and examine the adaptation strategies, both planned and already implemented, chosen by winegrowers. The phenomenon was investigated at both national and regional levels in two of the world’s most significant wine-producing countries, namely France and Italy, focusing specifically on producers in the Languedoc-Roussillon and Tuscany wine regions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with twenty-three wine producers, revealing a high level of awareness regarding the severe climatic impacts, with coping strategies varying by region. However, these adaptive approaches often conflict with the rigid product specifications of the designations of origin, which have remained largely unchanged over time, showing limited flexibility in response to an evolving climate, society and market. In this context, the study underscores the urgent need for dynamic regulatory frameworks to support the adaptation efforts and measures developed by European wine producers
Legal Repair: Domesticating European Legislation on Pig Welfare
No full textInternational audienceOur daily activities rely on a proliferating number of things that are subject to decay. As stressed in a growing body of literature, repair is critical to the smooth functioning of material infrastructure. However, this scholarship has overlooked a crucial dimension: things become fragile not only due to material degradation but also as a result of regulatory change. This article introduces the notion of “legal repair” to describe how, in the face of legal change, certain actors reassemble the material world. We elaborate on this concept through an analysis of the domestication of European Union (EU) animal welfare legislation by the French pig sector. While it was feared that stricter pig housing standards would fragilize the existing farms, pig farmers complied using technical systems that failed to significantly improve animal welfare. We analyze this domestication of EU legislation as a process of legal repair. Alongside the political work of the leaders of the pig sector, agricultural advisers also played a key role. Their work reveals the relational nature of legal repair: in the production of “local specifications” matching the demands of existing farming systems, in the negotiation of the finer points of the legislation, and in the redefinition of farming performance
Comportement quasi-limite du processus de branchement bi-sexué multi-type de Galton-Watson sous-critique
No full textInternational audienceWe investigate the quasi-limiting behaviour of bisexual subcritical Galton-Watson branching processes. While classical subcritical Galton-Watson processes have been extensively analyzed, bisexual Galton-Watson branching processes present unique difficulties because of the lack of the branching property. To prove the existence of and convergence to one or several quasi-stationary distributions, we leverage on recent developments linking bisexual Galton-Watson branching processes extinction to the eigenvalue of a concave operator
Présentation des travaux de recherche en cours sur le bassin versant de la Claduègne : usages des sols, suivi de la qualité des eaux, modélisation hydrologique et projections climatiques
No full textL'activité humaine et le cycle de l'eau sont étroitement liés. Les sources de contaminants impactant les cours d’eau sont nombreuses et parfois difficiles à identifier. L'occupation et l'usage du sol influencent les ressources en eau et modifient les processus hydrologiques, tandis que les changements hydrologiques dus au changement climatique et à l'occupation et usage du sol ont des répercussions sur les sociétés humaines. Dans un avenir proche, l’artificialisation croissante des surfaces ainsi que le changement climatique pourraient aggraver ces impacts et entraîner une dégradation critique des ressources en eaux dans les bassins versants méso-échelle et à usage mixte. Nous présentons les enjeux et objectifs de ce projet ainsi que les principaux résultats obtenus sur un des deux bassins versants étudiés, la Claduègne en Ardèche ; et nous proposons un résumé des 4 posters présentés lors de cette réunion publique. Le projet CHYPSTER a permis de développer une nouvelle méthodologie intégrée pour identifier les sources (diffuses/ponctuelles) de contamination anthropique, et prédire les chemins et la qualité de l’eau, dans un contexte de changements d’occupation et usage du sol et du changement climatique. Il s'agissait de combiner un diagnostic sur l'occupation et usage des sols, l’analyse et le suivi de la qualité des eaux au travers d’empreintes biogéochimiques, et une modélisation hydrologique distribuée. En lien avec les acteurs (décideurs, agriculteurs, associations, etc.) des bassins versants, nous avons élaboré trois scénarios d’occupation et usage du sol à horizon 2050. Nous avons combiné ces scénarios avec deux projections climatiques contrastées, ciblant le milieu du siècle, à l'échelle d'un bassin versant rural méditerranéen. Enfin, nous avons évalué l'impact hydrologique de ces trajectoires futures possibles à l'aide d'un modèle hydrologique spatialisé
Highway to sell: How to renew concessions if you want it
No full textNational audienceMotivated by the forthcoming terminations of most highways concessions in France, we propose a versatile model of dynamic regulation and contract renewals that describes a long-term relationship between the public authority and an incumbent operator with private information about its costs that may face potential entrants. We discuss various issues including the nature of discriminatory biases towards entrants, their consequences on investments, the public or private nature of the management of concessions, the role of the operator’s financial constraints, the consequences of allotments. So doing, we isolate a few principles that should guide policy-makers when deciding upon concession renewals
Plant‐Induced Transcriptional Plasticity Diverges Between Generalist and Specialist Herbivores
No full textInternational audienceMost herbivores are specialised on particular host plants but some are generalists that can exploit distinct hosts. Generalists may have evolved adaptive transcriptional plasticity to cope with the defences of the different hosts. However, the fundamental differences in plant-induced transcriptional plasticity between generalists and specialists remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated transcriptional plasticity of the generalist aphid Myzus persicae and two specialist aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae and Rhopalosiphum padi, by transferring them between Brassica napus (a host for B. brassicae but not for R. padi) and Zea mays (a host for R. padi but not for B. brassicae), both suitable hosts for M. persicae. Generalist and specialist aphids exhibited transcriptional plasticity coordinately in response to different plant species, but their gene expression patterns often diverged. Generalist aphids attenuate the activation or even suppress salicylic acid (SA) signalling in host plants, whereas specialist aphids provoke it in nonhost plants. SA signalling had limited effects on gene expression in the generalist aphids, but significantly shaped transcriptional responses of the specialists. These findings underscore the fundamental differences in plant-induced transcriptional plasticity between generalists and specialists and highlight the critical role of plasticity directionality in insect adaptation
Effects of solar panels and management on soil mesofauna, respiration and plant traits in solar parks of two southern French regions
No full textInternational audienceSolar parks require large areas to produce sufficient electricity, affecting plants and soil through changes in microclimatic conditions, in particular light reduction. Solar parks need to be managed by grazing or mowing to avoid overgrowth of solar panels. Both microclimate changes and management may affect pant communities, soil fauna and biological activity, and thus potentially change local ecosystem functioning. This study analysed plant functional traits (morphology, chlorophyll), soil physicochemical characteristics (nutrients, density, moisture, temperature), mesofauna communities (mites and springtails), and soil respiration by comparing three treatments (under solar panels, between panel rows and in continuously unshaded areas (outside) within twenty solar parks located in two southern French regions of different climate. We found that soil respiration and mesofauna abundance were 62 % and 38 % lower, respectively, under panels compared to areas outside solar panels. The community-weighted mean of chlorophyll content, lateral spread, leaf length, leaf height, and specific leaf area increased significantly under the panels with differences depending on management and region. With differences depending on management and region panel effects on soil respiration were independent of management and region in our path analysis, soil mesofauna abundance was particularly reduced under panels of mown solar parks. It is crucial to understand how solar park management interacts with the effects of solar panels on plant and soil biodiversity in order to develop strategies that reduce ecological impact while maintaining ecosystem functions
Fruit Skin Color: A Reliable Tool Revealing the Potential of Bioactive Compounds in Apricots ( Prunus armeniaca L.)
No full textInternational audienceThis review examines the key bioactive compounds contributing to the coloration of apricot fruits, notably anthocyanins, flavonoids, carotenoids, and other phytochemicals. These compounds not only impart color but also offer antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory activity, and disease prevention. It highlights the evolution of skin pigmentation through research into pigment biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, various methods for assessing fruit skin color and its correlation with bioactive compound accumulation are discussed. The review identifies genetic factors, environmental conditions, agricultural practices, and post-harvest management as critical influences on the content and efficacy of these compounds. Health benefits associated with apricot pigments, including combating oxidative stress and reducing inflammation, are emphasized, underscoring their potential as natural colorants and functional food ingredients. The correlation between apricot skin color, bioactive compound content, and health benefits is highlighted, suggesting that skin color can serve as a valuable indicator for fruit quality and marketing strategies. The article integrates specific colorimetric traits, pigment biosynthesis, and variability across cultivars and environments, positioning skin color as a predictive measure for bioactive composition. It also identifies research gaps and provides directions for breeding, post-harvest practices, and functional food innovations