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What shapes a livable city? Subjective and objective determinants of city satisfaction in Romania
No full textInternational audienceThis article examines urban quality of life in 41 Romanian cities by combining survey evidence from the 2020 Urban Barometer (N = 13,380) with a spatially detailed Quality of Life Index (QOLI) derived from OpenStreetMap and census data. Using hierarchical logistic regression, we assess how individual perceptions and city-level conditions shape city satisfaction. Results show that facilities and services, environmental quality, and governance contribute positively to satisfaction, while perceptions of trust and safety are among the strongest predictors. In contrast, the QOLI measuring the objective availability of amenities is negatively associated with satisfaction, indicating that infrastructure provision alone does not ensure well-being. City size is positively related to satisfaction, whereas economic indicators such as unemployment and aggregate turnover per population have little explanatory power. The study shows that urban well-being depends less on material provision and more on governance, trust, and residents' expectations, with implications for cities in Central and Eastern Europe where historical legacies and uneven development continue to shape urban experiences
Severe post-operative bleeding after heart transplantation
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Post-operative bleeding is frequent in cardiac surgery, but its incidence, risk factors and consequences remain largely unknown after heart transplantation. The main objective of this study was to describe the incidence of severe bleeding complications after adult heart transplantation.Methods: We conducted an observational study including all adult patients who received a heart transplant between 2015 and 2022, in two French referral centers. The primary endpoint was the incidence of severe bleeding complications defined by a UDPB score ≥ 3 (Universal Definition of Perioperative Bleeding). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with the incidence of severe post-operative bleeding. The impact of severe post-operative bleeding on one-year mortality was evaluated using a multivariable Cox regression model.Results: Among the 446 patients included, 112 (25%) developed severe bleeding. In multivariable analysis, long-term mechanical cardiac support (adjOR 2.21 [1.01-4.88]), preoperative hemoglobin (adjOR 0.85 [0.76-0.95]) and the duration of CPB (per 10min increase, adjOR=1.08 [1.03-1.15]) were associated with severe bleeding. Severe postoperative bleeding was associated with an increased mortality at one-year (35% vs 13%, p<0.001), with an adjusted HR of 1.91 (95% CI, 1.18-3.09, p=0.008).Conclusions: This study reports a high incidence of severe hemorrhagic complications following heart transplantation, particularly in patients with mechanical circulatory support. Bleeding complications were associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. Larger-scale studies are needed to identify and evaluated potential prevention strategies
Impact of flash release treatment of lees on mannoprotein content during white wine ageing
No full textInternational audienceThis study investigates the impact of adding treated wine lees processed by flash release (FD), with or without enzymatic treatment, on the polysaccharide composition, molecular weight distribution, and sensory properties of Chardonnay wines aged on lees for six months. Standard oenological parameters (pH, total and volatile acidity, SO 2 content, and alcohol) remained largely unaffected by lees addition, except for a slight pH and acidity increase in wines with 5 % untreated lees. Polysaccharide and oligosaccharide analyses revealed a significant increase in mannoproteins (MPs) content, especially in wines supplemented with FD-treated lees and FD-treated lees with enzymes, reaching concentrations up to 600 mg/L. FD treatment enhanced the extraction of high-molecular-weight polysaccharides, whereas enzymatic treatment by β-glucanase promoted their depolymerisation into mid-sized molecular fractions. High-performance size exclusion chromatography with a multi-angle laser light scattering (HPSEC-MALLS) analysis identified five major molar mass populations, with distribution patterns varying according to lees treatment. Sensory evaluation showed that wines aged with untreated lees exhibited more pronounced yeast and reductive aromas, whereas those aged with FD + enzyme-treated lees were perceived as more fruity, more acidic, and with greater aromatic persistence. Overall, the data demonstrate that flash release and enzymatic pre-treatment of lees significantly modify the colloidal composition of wine, with implications for both wine stability and sensory profile.</div
Soda tax design under imperfect competition
No full textNational audienceHealth damages of an unhealthy good, such as a sugar-sweetened beverage, are misperceived by consumers. Market power affects both output and sugar content and these effects have to be balanced against Pigouvian considerations. Under “pseudo” perfect competition, a Pigouvian tax proportional to sugar content is sufficient to achieve a first best solution. Under monopoly, a specific tax on output achieves an efficient solution, but it must be an affine function of the sugar content. The calibrations of the French and US markets illustrate that both the total tax as well as its sugar component can be positive or negative
Funding Constraints and Market Illiquidity in the European Treasury Bond Market
No full textNational audienceTheoretical studies show that shocks to funding constraints should affect and be affected by market illiquidity. However, little is known about the empirical magnitude of such responses because of the intrinsic endogeneity of illiquidity shocks. This paper adopts an identification technique based on the heteroskedasticity of illiquidity proxies to infer the reaction of one measure to shocks affecting the other. Using data for the European Treasury bond market, we find evidence that funding illiquidity shocks affect bond market illiquidity and of a weaker simultaneous feedback reverse. We also investigate the determinants of the magnitude of these effects in the cross-section of bonds and find that the responses of individual bonds' market illiquidity to funding illiquidity shocks increase with bond duration, with the credit risk of the issuer, and with haircuts
Systèmes de culture agroécologiques légumiers incluant la carotte, économiquement viables et économes en produits phytosanitaires
No full textCe numéro fait suite au carrefour de l'innovation agronomique dédié au résultats des projets DEPHY EXPE 2 - Des systèmes utilisant les pesticides en ultime recours : résultats et enseignements de 6 ans d’expérimentations le 13 mars 2025 co-organisé par Inrae, Agreenium, la cellule d'Animation Nationale du réseau DEPHY Ecophyto et le lycée agricole du Valentin. Sont présenté les résultats des projets DEPHY EXPE 2 arrivant à leur terme en décembre 2024 pour diffuser les connaissances des principaux enseignements de ces essais « systèmes » qui ont éprouvé pendant 6 ans des combinaisons de leviers alternatifs à la lutte chimique pour maîtriser les bioagresseurs des cultures : diversification de l’agroécosystème, méthodes de contrôle biologique, choix de matériel végétal, stratégie d’évitement, prophylaxie… Les modalités de mises en œuvre des alternatives testées, leurs conditions de réussite et de diffusion et leurs impacts sur les performances techniques, économiques et environnementales de systèmes ont été discutées.National audienceThe AlterCarot project aimed to design, test, and evaluate economically viable vegetable cropping systems—including carrot cultivation—with the use of plant protection products only as a last resort. The objectives were: (1) to reduce the Treatment Frequency Index (TFI) by at least 60 % across all tested cropping systems, particularly for carrot and green bean; and (2) to anticipate the short- and medium-term withdrawal of active substances. From 2019 to 2024, five innovative cropping systems were tested in thetwo main carrot-producing regions in France, applying 88 decision rules combining various agronomic levers. Two systems achieved or even exceeded the TFI reduction targets (up to 71 %). However, the lack of sufficiently effective alternatives for certain pests led to increased risk-taking, significantly impacting agronomic and economic outcomes. The project highlights the progress still needed—especially in research and experimentation—and emphasizes the importance of building on achievementsand facilitating the transfer of decision rules.Le projet AlterCarot visait à concevoir, tester et évaluer des systèmes de culture légumiers (nommés par la suite « systèmes ») incluant la carotte, économiquement viables et n'utilisant les produits phytosanitaires qu'en ultime recours. Les objectifs étaient (1) de réduire l'indice de traitement phytosanitaire (IFT) d'a minima 60 % sur l'ensemble des systèmes testés, et sur la carotte et le haricot vert en particulier ; (2) d'anticiper les retraits de substances actives à court et moyen termes. De 2019 à 2024, cinq systèmes innovants ont été expérimentés dans les deux principaux bassins de production français de carotte, mobilisant 88 règles de décision (RdD) combinant divers leviers agronomiques. Deux systèmes ont atteint, voire dépassé les objectifs de baisse d'IFT (jusqu'à 71 %). Néanmoins, l'absence de leviers suffisamment efficaces contre certains bioagresseurs s'est accompagnée d'une forte prise de risque, impactant significativement les résultats agronomiques et économiques des systèmes. Le projet souligne les progrès encore nécessaires, en particulier en matière de recherche et d'expérimentation, et met en avant l'importance de capitaliser les acquis et de faciliter le transfert des RdD pour atteindre des systèmes économiquement viables
Thiamine and folate immunolocalization in germinating lentil seeds: A microstructural investigation
No full textInternational audienceHighlights: • Thiamine and folate act as cofactors in many human and vegetal metabolic pathways. • Germination is an effective process for increasing the thiamine and folate content. • Immunohistochemistry can localize the storage area of thiamine and folate. • Image analysis revealed heterogeneous distribution of vitamers in the pulse. • We obtained both quantitative and qualitative information on the metabolite content.Abstract: Thiamine and folate are vital for both human and plant health, serving as cofactors in various metabolic processes. Thiamine is essential for carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, while folate is crucial for DNA synthesis and the methyl cycle. Germination has been proven to increase thiamine and folate levels in lentils. While high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is effective for measuring vitamin content, it does not reveal the spatial distribution of these compounds within seeds during germination. To address this, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used in this study to localize and quantify thiamine and folate in dry, soaked, and germinated lentils. The analysis revealed that these vitamins are distributed unevenly across cotyledons and cells. In dry seeds, thiamine and folate were concentrated around starch granules, but in soaked and germinated seeds, they were dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and near protein bodies. This innovative method provided both quantitative and qualitative insights into how germination affects vitamin distribution, enhancing our understanding of seed metabolism and the behavior of vitamins during food processing
Efeitos do suavizamento do lençol freático controlado pela resolução da grade topográfica no fluxo regional simulado de água subterrânea
No full textInternational audienceThe assessment and management of groundwater often depend on large regional numerical models that predict hydrological stresses, such as those caused by climate change and resource exploitation. While regional and continental-scale models have been developed to evaluate these impacts, they typically use coarse grid cells that smooth land surface topography. This study investigates the impact of topography-controlled water table smoothing on simulated groundwater discharge to streams (baseflow) and associated groundwater age. A simplified 2D cross-sectional model of a topographically driven regional aquifer system was developed, under the assumption that the water table is a replica of the land surface topography. Scenarios with varying topography, derived from resampling digital elevation model (DEM) resolutions ranging from 30 to 10,000 m, were analyzed using a consistent, high-resolution numerical hydrogeological model mesh. Results show that baseflow rates decrease significantly as resolution declines, primarily due to reduced hydraulic gradients, with a flux dif- ference of an order of magnitude simulated between resolutions of 30 and 1000 m. Although shallow groundwater flows in more permeable aquifer layers are significantly affected, deeper regional flow remains stable across all scenarios. Regional groundwater flow paths and associated residence times are less sensitive to changes in resolution, particularly at depths greater than 50 m in the model used. The study thus demonstrates that low-resolution models need to overestimate hydraulic conductivity during calibration to accurately match fluxes to streams. This study highlights the critical importance of care- fully considering topographic resolution in regional models to ensure representative predictions of streamflow driven by subsurface–surface interactions
A forward-only scheme for online learning of proposal distributions in particle filters
No full textWe introduce a new online approach for constructing proposal distributions in particle filters using a forward scheme. Our method progressively incorporates future observations to refine proposals. This is in contrast to backward-scheme algorithms that require access to the entire dataset, such as the iterated auxiliary particle filters (Guarniero et al., 2017, arXiv:1511.06286) and controlled sequential Monte Carlo (Heng et al., 2020, arXiv:1708.08396) which leverage all future observations through backward recursion. In comparison, our forward scheme achieves a gradual improvement of proposals that converges toward the proposal targeted by these backward methods. We show that backward approaches can be numerically unstable even in simple settings. Our forward method, however, offers significantly greater robustness with only a minor trade-off in performance, measured by the variance of the marginal likelihood estimator. Numerical experiments on both simulated and real data illustrate the enhanced stability of our forward approach
Evaluating the legacy of drought exposure on root and rhizosphere bacterial microbiomes over two plant generations
No full textDrought is a critical risk in developing countries for staple crops like common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). We conducted an experiment to understand the legacy effects of repeated drought exposure across plant generations on the root and rhizosphere microbiome of the common bean, hypothesizing that a legacy of exposure improves overall plant microbiome resilience. We profiled the bacterial microbiome using marker gene amplicon sequencing over two plant generations in a complete factorial design for two common bean genotypes, Red Hawk and Flavert. We performed parallel experiments for Red Hawk in two different countries using soils of Pays de la Loire, France, and Michigan, USA. Despite the clear and relatively consistent drought effects on the plant phenotypes, there was neither response of the Red Hawk microbiomes to drought, nor a notable legacy of drought exposure. For Flavert, there was a minor legacy drought effect for the second generation in the rhizosphere microbiome beta diversity. This study demonstrates that rhizosphere microbiomes can be resistant to drought stress and that cross-generational legacy depends on soil origin and host genotype. Such parallel experiments across countries, while difficult to implement, are useful to inform generalities and build theory towards prediction on microbiome responses to global change.</div