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SYNAPTIC : Créer une synergie entre les acteurs pour la protection territoriale intégrée des cultures de pommes de terre contre le mildiou
No full textAccompagner l’évolution des systèmes agricoles vers une moindre dépendance aux produits phytopharmaceutiques en se concentrant sur les méthodes préventives et sur les évaluations élargies des pratiques de protection des cultures et en les appréciant à travers leur durabilité. Dans ce numéro, nous abordons la conception d’outils et de stratégies de prévention, le développement de méthodes de lutte non chimique contre différents ravageurs et pathogènes, ainsi que l’évaluation, la définition d’indicateurs, la diffusion et la structuration de pratiques, depuis l’échelle de la parcelle jusqu’à celle des territoires et des filières.Ces projets ont été financés dans le cadre des appels à projets Ecophyto Recherche & Innovation lancés en 2019 : - Les approches globales pour limiter l’utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutiques- Durabilité des systèmes de productions agricoles alternatifs évitant ou limitant l’utilisation des produits phytopharmaceutiques"National audienceThis project has demonstrated, through the mobilization of local stakeholders in a territory, that combining integrated protection measures against late blight, including preventive management of primary inoculum, can significantly reduce the treatment frequency index (TFI). Similarly, a dialogue was initiated with local stakeholders in the region to develop a methodology for removing barriers to changing practices, particularly the choice of varieties less susceptible to late blight, considering the principles of integrated protection in commercial plots and amateur gardens.Ce projet a permis de démontrer, par la mobilisation des acteurs d'un territoire, que la combinaison des leviers de la protection intégrée contre le mildiou, en incluant la gestion préventive de l'inoculum primaire, permet des baisses significatives de l'IFT. De même, un dialogue a été engagé avec les acteurs locaux du territoire afin de mettre au point une méthodologie permettant de lever les freins au changement des pratiques, notamment le choix de variétés moins sensibles au mildiou, pour la prise en compte des principes de la protection intégrée en parcelles de production commerciale et en jardins amateurs
MS-Net: Multi-Similarity based network annotation for untargeted metabolomics
No full textConfident metabolite annotation remains a critical bottleneck in untargeted LC-MS metabolomics, with experimental spectral libraries covering only 5-20% of detected features. While in silico tools generate extensive candidate lists per feature, top-ranked predictions frequently fail to reflect true molecular identities, leading to high-false annotation rates. We present MS-Net (Multi-Similarity Network-based annotation), an accessible workflow that integrates mass spectral similarity networks, molecular structure similarity (Tanimoto metrics), and taxonomic knowledge to prioritize annotations within vast candidate spaces. High-confidence annotations from authentic standards, spectral libraries, and taxonomically filtered candidates seed iterative propagation throughout mass spectral similarity networks. The workflow employs a composite Link Score combining structural, spectral, and computational evidence to rescue correct annotations from lower-ranked positions. Applied to Cannabis sativa extracts (2,595 features to 1,297 after filtering), MS-Net confidently assigned 1,275 compounds from an initial candidate space of over 118,000 structures. Notably, 53% of final annotations were rescued from ranks 2-50, demonstrating correction of initial in silico ranking. The workflow successfully reconstructed known cannabinoid biosynthetic pathways, validating biological coherence. MS-Net is freely available as a KNIME workflow with complete documentation at https://forge.inrae.fr/metatoul/equipe-agromix/ms-net, enabling reproducible, offline annotation suitable for systems biology integration
Expert Elicitation on Exposure to Tick Bites and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Risk in Occupational and Recreational Forest Activities
No full textThis article is based on work conducted for a TBEV risk assessment of a working group established by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), which is a public administrative body reporting to the Ministries of Health, the Environment, Agriculture and LabourInternational audienceBackground: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is transmitted to humans via tick bites and occasionally via the consumption of unpasteurized milk products. According to the literature, the most important driver of TBE emergence and increase in incidence in humans is changes in human behaviour/activities. Method and principal findings: To compensate for the lack of data, expert opinions were gathered to identify the risk factors for exposure to tick bites linked to twenty-eight human activities (professional or recreational) in forests and to target prevention messages at the populations most at risk. Opinions were elicited from a total of twenty-five European experts. Seven criteria were included in the analysis for each activity: frequency, seasonality, duration of exposure, distance covered, degree of contact with vegetation, speed and average level of protection against tick bites. The activities considered to be the most at risk of exposure to tick bites are, in descending order: three occupational activities (forest monitoring activities, forestry and wood industry activities and scientific and/or analytical activities), five recreational activities and one hunting activity (mushroom picking, spending the night in the forest, hunting, naturalist activities, orienteering, and berry or fruit picking). Conclusions and significance: Prevention messages regarding tick bites could be targeted at people who engage in activities considered in this analysis to be at highest risk of exposure to tick bites
Are crop yields limited by pollinators? Proper assessments using pollinator gradients require measurements of flower density and yield potential
No full textInternational audienceIt is widely documented that many crops depend on animal—and primarily insect—pollination, but the degree to which pollinators limit yield in comparison with other factors is poorly understood. Recent studies conclude that pollinator visitation rates limit yields of many crops, based upon positive correlations between these two variables. However, these studies typically suffer from incomplete data on two key variables that affect both pollinator recruitment and yield: flower density per area and yield potential per flower, both driven by maternal resource availability. Here we review the literature on animal‐pollinated crops showing that (i) yields can be positively associated with flower density, and (ii) pollinator density can also be positively correlated with flower density; the third positive association observed between pollinator density and yield may result from the two first correlations, without causal relationship. Likewise, positive associations observed between (i) the amount of maternal resources per flower and yield potential per flower, and (ii) between the amount of maternal resources per flower and pollinator density per flower can both explain the positive correlation observed between yield per flower and pollinator density per flower. We conclude with an illustration reusing data from the literature to show that, without incorporating data on flower density and yield potential per flower, measuring yields and gradients of pollinator density per area alone can overestimate the degree to which pollinator visitation rates directly limit yield
Context Matters: Human Faces Hinder Face Pareidolia
No full textArticle In Special Collection: CogNet.International audienceThe human visual system readily processes illusory faces (IFs) as faces, a phenomenon known as face pareidolia. Building on evidence that IF processing elicits face-like neural activity and is sensitive to contextual cues, we investigated, via two experiments, whether and how the presence of human faces as a visual context to IFs influences IF categorization. In Experiment 1, we exploited the frequency-tagging approach in EEG to display IFs within rapid sequences of various object categories, interleaved with either human faces (face context, FC) or houses (nonface context, NC). The IF-selective neural response was significantly weaker and less face-like in FC compared to NC, with different topographical and temporal patterns. In Experiment 2, another group of participants performed an explicit IF detection task and exhibited slower RTs and lower detection accuracy in FC than in NC, consistent with the neural findings from Experiment 1. These results suggest that, rather than facilitating IF categorization, the presence of human faces interferes with IF categorization, likely because they compete for the same face-selective resources. Overall, this research highlights the critical role of context in shaping visual categorization by demonstrating earnestly how the visual environment dynamically influences the neural and perceptual processing of ambiguous stimuli
Mettre en place des circuits alimentaires de proximité. Quels défis pour le travail des éleveurs ?
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Bottom–up and top–down drivers influence urbanization effects on insect herbivory in oaks
No full textInternational audienceUrban forests provide essential ecosystem services, including pest control, biodiversity conservation, and human health benefits. Herbivory is a widespread biotic interaction that shapes ecosystem functions, such as primary productivity and soil fertility, which underpin these services. Urbanization can disrupt plant–herbivore interactions by altering plant traits, such as nutrient content or phenolic compounds (bottom–up factors), or by changing the abundance of herbivore natural enemies (top–down control), potentially threatening pest regulation and the ecosystem services provided by urban forests. Disentangling these drivers of herbivory is crucial for designing and managing urban forests to enhance resilience. To address this, we examined insect leaf herbivory on Quercus robur trees in urban and rural forest stands across 13 European cities (n = 104 trees). To assess top–down effects on herbivory, we excluded vertebrate (e.g. birds, bats), invertebrate (e.g. ants), or both groups of predators from branches on each tree using different exclosure types. We then measured insect damage on both control and predator-excluded branches. To evaluate bottom–up drivers, we measured leaf traits, specifically nutrients and phenolic compounds, and tested for correlations with leaf damage. Additionally, we recorded temperature within stands, an abiotic factor that may modulate both top–down and bottom–up forcing on herbivory. Herbivory was 24% lower on urban trees compared to rural trees. In turn, excluding vertebrate (but not invertebrate) predators increased herbivory, on average, by 40%, but predator effects were stronger in urban stands. Urban trees also had higher leaf quality, with higher nutrient and lower phenolic concentrations; however, these traits did not correlate with herbivory. Temperature was positively associated with urbanization and correlated positively with predation, but did not correlate with herbivory and did not mediate the bottom–up or top–down effects of urbanization. Overall, we find that urbanization affects herbivory through both bottom–up and top–down processes, independent of temperature-related local conditions. Despite stronger predator effects and higher leaf quality, urban trees experienced lower herbivory, suggesting that unmeasured factors, such as changes in herbivore behaviour or community structure, may play an important role. Further studies are needed to deepen our understanding and inform urban forest management
Thinning enhances hydraulic safety but not growth resistance to drought in Atlas cedar on the long-term
No full textInternational audienceReducing forest stand density through thinning has the potential to improve tree vigor and mitigate hydraulic risk as it reduces competition for water, thereby improving soil water availability at the tree level. However, these positive effects might be compensated over time by the growth of the remaining trees and understory, an aspect that remains understudied. We investigated the long-term effects of thinning on vegetation regrowth, growth resistance to drought and hydraulic risk in a 1968 Cedrus atlantica plantation in southeastern France where contrasting thinning intensities were applied in 1992, resulting in stand densities of 1200 (unthinned control), 800, 600 and 400 trees.ha-1. Field measurements were conducted in 2017, 25 years after thinning, during the most severe drought since the trial's establishment. To explore underlying mechanisms, they were complemented by a modeling test using SurEau within the cohort-based model MEDFATE. Our results show that 25 years after thinning, despite similar stand leaf area index across all thinning treatments, trees in thinned stands exhibited significantly higher growth and reduced hydraulic risk (i.e., higher water potential, wider hydraulic safety margins, lower native embolism) than in the unthinned control. Model simulations suggest that this long-term reduction of hydraulic risk by thinning may result from niche partitioning between the overstory and the understory, either spatially (due to differences in rooting depth) or temporally (due to differences in ecophysiological properties). Interestingly, growth resistance to drought did not differ significantly among thinning treatments. Our results emphasize the potential long-lasting role of thinning in reducing hydraulic risk despite vegetation regrowth. Moreover, this study shows that ecophysiological indicators provide a more accurate understanding of tree drought responses during a specific drought event than the commonly used growth-based indicators
Exploring the relationships between Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)/Luminescence (OSL/TL) properties and trace element composition from quartz in various bedrocks (Strengbach catchment, Vosges)
No full textInternational audienceQuartz Thermoluminescence (TL), Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) offer valuable quantitative tools both for understanding sediment provenance and surface processes. However, the variability of quartz sensitivity remains an issue, attributed either to the intrinsic properties of source bedrock, to processes during sediment transport and deposition, or to both. This study addresses these questions by investigating quartz from magmatic, metamorphic, and sedimentary formations in the Strengbach catchment (Vosges Massif, France). Using a combination of ESR, TL, OSL, and LA-ICPMS (Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) trace element analyses, our study reveals significant relationships between quartz TL-OSL/ESR sensitivities and source bedrock characteristics, such as lithology, crystallization conditions, and deformation histories. ESR Ti-centre and TL-OSL signals are notably influenced by trace elements like Al, Li, and Ti. Quartz that underwent high pressure during metamorphism along with those located in the tectonic shear zone show both lowest TL-OSL and ESR intensities, while higher sensitivities are observed in quartz from plutonic rocks and sandstones. This suggests that (i) pressure can be one of the prevailing factors driving changes in quartz TL-OSL/ESR sensitivities (ii) enhanced quartz TL-OSL sensitivity in mature and recycled sediments (sandstones) highlight the importance of sedimentary transport and reworking on TL-OSL and ESR signals.Our results highlight the need for careful interpretation of ESR and TL-OSL signals, both for dating or sourcing, particularly in sediments derived from metamorphic terrains.</p