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Bounded determinization of timed automata with silent transitions

B. Kłos

null null

I. Ciepał

B. Jamróz

G. Khatri

S. Kistryn

A. Kozela

A. Magiera

W. Parol

I. Skwira-Chalot

E. Stephan

Few-Body Syst (2017) 58:38
DOI 10.1007/s00601-016-1206-x
B. Kłos · I. Ciepał · B. Jamróz · G. Khatri · S. Kistryn ·
A. Kozela · A. Magiera · W. Parol · I. Skwira-Chalot ·
E. Stephan · the WASA-at-COSY Collaboration
Experimental Study of Three-Nucleon Dynamics in the Dp
Breakup Collisions Using the WASA Detector
Received: 29 November 2016 / Accepted: 23 December 2016 / Published online: 19 January 2017
© The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Until recently, all calculations of breakup observables were carried out in a non-relativistic regime.
The relativistic treatment of the breakup reaction in 3 N system is quite a new achievement. The detailed study
of various aspects of few-nucleon system dynamics in medium energy region, with a particular emphasis on
investigation of relativistic effects and their interplay with three nucleon force (3NF) becomes feasible with
increasing available energy in the three nucleon system. Therefore an experiment to investigate the 1H(d, pp)n
breakup cross section using a deuteron beam of 300, 340, 380 and 400 MeV and the WASA detector has
been performed at COSY-Jülich. The almost 4π geometry of the WASA detector gives an unique possibility
to study variety of kinematic configurations, which reveal different sensitivity to aspects of dynamics of the
three nucleon system. The main steps of the analysis, including energy calibration, PID, normalization and
efficiency studies, and their impact on the final accuracy of the result, are discussed.
1 Introduction
Three-nucleon system dynamics can be investigated quantitatively by comparing observables calculated with
the use of Faddeev equations with precise measurements. The breakup observables can be calculated using
modern realistic pairwise nucleon–nucleon NN interactions, combined with model of 3 N forces [1]. Moreover,
the two- and three-nucleon interactions can be modeled within the coupled-channel (CC) framework by an
explicit treatment of the Δ-isobar [2,3]. Alternatively, the dynamics is generated by the chiral effective field
theory (χEFT), so far at the next-to-next-to-leading order with all relevant NN and 3 N contributions taken
into account [4]. The new, improved version of ChPT is currently being developed [5]. The modern theoretical
This article belongs to the Topical Collection “The 23rd European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics”.
This work was partially supported by Polish National Science Center from Grant DEC-2012/05/B/ST2/02556 and by the European
Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme through IA-ENSAR (Contract No. RII3-CT-2010-262010).
B. Kłos (B) · B. Jamróz · E. Stephan
Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 40007 Katowice, Poland
E-mail: barbara.klos@us.edu.pl
G. Khatri · S. Kistryn · A. Magiera
Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30059 Kraków, Poland
I. Ciepał· A. Kozela · W. Parol
Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, 31342 Kraków, Poland
I. Skwira-Chalot
Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
38 Page 2 of 4 B. Kłos et al.
calculations include also the long-range Coulomb interaction or relativistic effects. In the recent years the
relativistic treatment of the breakup reaction in 3 N system was developed using NN potential in [6] and this
approach has also been extended for calculations including 3NF in [7]. It was shown that in some particular
regions of the breakup phase space, relativistic effects can increase or decrease the calculated breakup cross
sections by up to 60 %. At the same time the effects of 3NF may change certain observables by a similar factor.
The relativistic effects and their interplay with 3NF become more important with increasing available energy
in the three nucleon system. We measured the differential cross section of the 1H(d, pp)n breakup reaction
at energies of 300, 340, 380 and 400 MeV. The investigations at this energy range will enable to study the
evolution of the relativistic and 3NF effects, and will put strong constraints on the theoretical calculations.
2 Data Analysis
The experiment studying the 1H(d, pp)n breakup reaction at beam energies 300, 340, 380 and 400 MeV has
been performed at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY-Jülich with the WASA (Wide Angle Shower Apparatus)
detector [8,9]. The detection system consists of four main components: Central Detector (CD), Forward
Detector (FD), a pellet target device and a scattering chamber.
Currently, the data analysis is focused on the proton-proton coincidences registered in the Forward Detector
with the aim to determine the differential cross section on dense angular grid of kinematical configurations
defined by the emission angles of the two outgoing protons: two polar angles θ1 and θ2 (in the range between 4◦
and 18◦) and the relative azimuthal angle φ12. The first step of data analysis is the identification of interesting
events, i.e. proton pairs from the breakup process and deuterons from the elastic scattering channel registered
in the Forward Detector. The particle identification is based on the ΔE − E technique.
To obtain differential cross section, the luminosity should be determined on the basis of the number of
the elastically-scattered deuterons at a given θ angle and the known cross section for elastic scattering at the
studied energy [10]. Systematic scatter of the data in this energy region motivated normalization based on
all the data sets from the range of energies (between 216 and 400 MeV) compared to theoretical calculations
with the CDBonn potential and TM99 3NF. After selection of deuterons registered in the Forward Detector
and energy calibration, the correct energy vs angle relation for elastically scattered deuterons was obtained,
see Fig. 1, left panel. The values of the luminosity presented as function of the deuteron scattering polar
angle is shown in Fig. 1, right panel. Luminosity as function of scattering angle was plotted as consistency
check. The error bars represent statistical uncertainties only. The boxes represents systematic errors due to
normalization either to calculated or measured cross section and/or uncertainty related to subtraction of the
proton background. The number of deuterons was corrected by efficiency factors, determined on the basis of
Monte Carlo simulation. Including detector acceptance and all cuts applied in the analysis, detector efficiency
for registering and identifying elastically scattered deuterons is about 80 %.
 [deg] dΘ
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
[M
eV
]
d
E
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1
10
210
310
410
510
340MeV
 [deg]dθ
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
]
-1
Lu
m
in
os
ity
 [m
b
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
310×
Fig. 1 Preliminary determination of luminosity. Left panel selection of deuterons registered in FD. Solid curve corresponds to
kinematics for elastically scattered deuterons. Right panel the values of the luminosity presented as function of the deuteron
scattering polar angle. The solid line corresponds to the weighted average of four results with the smallest systematic errors
(shown as boxes). The error bars represent statistical uncertainties only
Experimental Study of Three-Nucleon Dynamics Page 3 of 4 38
100 200 300 400 500
S [ MeV ]
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
d5
σ 
/ d
Sd
Ω
1d
Ω
2 [
 m
b 
M
eV
-1
sr
-2
] θ1=5
ο, θ2=15
ο ϕ12 = 100
ο
CDB+D
2N+3N
CDB+D+C
CDBrel
CDB
100 200 300 400 500
S [ MeV ]
0
2
4
6
8
d5
σ 
/ d
Sd
Ω
1d
Ω
2 [
 m
b 
M
eV
-1
sr
-2
] θ1=5
ο, θ2=5
ο ϕ12 = 180
ο
2N+3N
CDB+D
CDB+D+C
CDBrel
CDB
Fig. 2 Examples of the preliminary differential cross section of breakup reaction obtained for chosen kinematical configurations
as a function of the S value at 340 MeV beam energy, red dots. Magenta band represents calculations based on realistic potentials:
2N complemented with the TM99 3NF and the realistic AV18 potential combined with the Urbana IX. The calculations within
the coupled-channel approach with the CD Bonn + Δ potential without (CDB + D) and with (CDB + D + C) the Coulomb force
included are represented by blue solid line and green dashed line, respectively. Violet and brown solid lines present theoretical
calculations with CD Bonn potential in norelativistic (CDB) and relativistic (CDBrel) regime, respectively (color figure online)
After selection of the proton-proton coincidences and having performed the energy calibration, the dif-
ferential cross section of the breakup reaction can be determined for a chosen kinematic configuration. The
configuration is defined by the emission angles of the two outgoing protons: two polar angles θ1 and θ2 and
the relative azimuthal angle φ12, with defined integration limits: Δθ1 = Δθ2 = 1◦ and φ12 = 5◦. The
kinematical spectra E1 vs E2 are produced for each analyzed configuration.
Events belonging to the chosen configuration of interest are projected onto a kinematical curve in order to
obtain the distribution as a function of the arc-length S measured along the kinematics. An examples of the
preliminary normalized experimental breakup event rate obtained for the chosen kinematical configurations at
the energy of 340 MeV are presented in Fig. 2. In this figure the theoretical calculations [1–3] are also shown.
The calculations in relativistic regime have recently been performed for the 1H(d, pp)n breakup reaction at the
beam energies of 340, 380 and 400 MeV [11], clearly demonstrating importance of relativistic description at
these energies. The errors in this figure represent statistical errors with uncertainty of the detection efficiency,
determined on the basis of Monte Carlo simulation. The result presented in the left panel indicates that the
data confirm the importance of relativistic effect, which is partially compensated by an influence of the 3NF.
The configuration shown in the right panel is very sensitive to Coulomb effects.
3 Summary and Outlook
The analysis is continued with the aim to determine the differential cross sections for the the deuteron breakup
process for a large set of kinematical configurations covering a significant part of the reaction phase space.
The data will be compared to the theoretical predictions for three nucleon systems with the aim to investigate
relativistic effects. Currently, the analysis is focused on precise determination of efficiency of the detection
system for proton–proton coincidences and its impact on final accuracy of the result. The calculations includ-
ing relativistic effects with 3NFs [7] and studies of Coulomb effects are very important to draw definitive
conclusions. The studies will be further extended to data collected at three other beam energies.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate
if changes were made.
38 Page 4 of 4 B. Kłos et al.
References
1. W. Glöckle, H. Witała, D. Hüber, H. Kamada, J. Golak, The three-nucleon continuum: achievements, challenges and appli-
cations. Phys. Rep. 274, 107 (1996)
2. A. Deltuva, K. Chmielewski, P.U. Sauer, Nucleon-deuteron scattering with Δ-isobar exciatation: Chebyshev expansion of
two bayron transition matrix. Phys. Rev. C 67, 034001 (2003)
3. A. Deltuva, R. Machleidt, P.U. Sauer, Realistic two-bayron potential coupling two-nucleon and nucleon-Δ-isobar states: fit
and applications to three-nucleon system. Phys. Rev. C 68, 024005 (2003)
4. E. Epelbaum, Few-nucleon forces and systems in chiral effective field theory. Rep. Prog. Nucl. Phys. 57, 645–741 (2006)
5. R. Machleidt, F. Samaruca, Chiral EFT based nuclear forces: achievements and challenges. Phys. Scr. 91, 083007 (2016)
6. R. Skibin´ski, H. Witała, J. Golak, Relativistic effects in exclusive neutron-deuteron breakup. Eur. Phys. J. A 30, 369–380
(2006)
7. H. Witała et al., Three-nucleon force in relativistic three-nucleon Faddeev calculations. Phys. Rev. C 83, 044001 (2011)
8. Chr Bargholtz et al., The WASA detector facility at CELSIUS. Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 594, 339–350 (2008)
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10. K. Ermisch et al., Systematic investigation of the elastic proton–deuteron cross section-at intermidate energies. Phys. Rev.
C 68, 051001 (2003)
11. H. Witała, Privite communication


Experimental Study of Three-Nucleon Dynamics in the Dp Breakup Collisions Using the WASA Detector 

Emil Alégroth

Robert Feldt

On the long-term use of visual gui testing in industrial practice: a case study

Efthymios Arvanitidis

Sergio Bizzarro

Elena Alvarez Rodriguez

Bruno G. Loos

Elena A. Nicu

Reduced platelet hyper-reactivity and platelet-leukocyte aggregation after periodontal therapy

Umesh C Sharma

Nirmal Kharel

Yeong Shyan Lee

Brian B Ghoshhajra

Suhny Abbara

POSTER PRESENTATION Open Access
Cardiac MRI identifies the possible cause
of sudden cardiac arrest in more than 50% of
resuscitated patients
Umesh C Sharma1*, Nirmal Kharel2, Yeong Shyan Lee1, Brian B Ghoshhajra1, Suhny Abbara1
From 16th Annual SCMR Scientific Sessions
San Francisco, CA, USA. 31 January - 3 February 2013
Background
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) results from malignant ven-
tricular arrhythmias that may be due to myocardial ische-
mia, infarct, edema, fibrosis or infiltration. The underlying
cause is often unknown. Cardiac magnetic resonance
(CMR) may provide structural and functional data and
identify myocardial ischemia, inflammation and fibrofatty
infiltration.
This study determines the diagnostic ability of CMR
in SCA of unknown cause.
Methods
Seventy-six patients with SCA of unknown cause under-
went CMR. The results were adjudicated into either
non-diagnostic (no convincing cause identified) or diag-
nostic CMR.
Results
Of the 76 CMR studies, 41 (52%) demonstrated potentially
causative pathology for SCA. Of these 41 patients- 11
(14%) had recent ischemia or major LV wall motion
defects, 7 (9%) had myocarditis, 6 (7%) had arrhythmo-
genic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) per modified
task-force criteria, 5 (6%) had LV intramyocardial fibrosis,
7 (9%) had severe cardiomyopathy (LVEF of <40%), and 5
(6%) had abundant RV fat. No potential cause for SCA
was identified in 35 (46%) patients.
Conclusions
CMR can identify otherwise undetected possible etiologies
of SCA in more than half of resuscitated patients.
Funding
No Disclosure.
Author details
1Radiology, MGH, Boston, MA, USA. 2Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
Published: 30 January 2013
doi:10.1186/1532-429X-15-S1-P254
Cite this article as: Sharma et al.: Cardiac MRI identifies the possible
cause of sudden cardiac arrest in more than 50% of resuscitated
patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2013 15(Suppl 1):
P254.
Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and take full advantage of: 
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• Thorough peer review
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Submit your manuscript at 
www.biomedcentral.com/submit1Radiology, MGH, Boston, MA, USA
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Sharma et al. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic
Resonance 2013, 15(Suppl 1):P254
http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/15/S1/P254
© 2013 Sharma et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Cardiac MRI identifies the possible cause of sudden cardiac arrest in more than 50% of resuscitated patients

S Hartberg

C Lundqvist

J Clench-Aas

RK Raanaas

POSTER PRESENTATION Open Access
Adolescents with chronic headaches- mental
health problems and coping patterns
S Hartberg1*, C Lundqvist2, J Clench-Aas3, RK Raanaas1
From The European Headache and Migraine Trust International Congress
London, UK. 20-23 September 2012
Introduction/purpose
Most studies on chronic headache have focused on
adults, but chronic headache is also a major problem in
children and adolescents [1]. There are gaps in knowl-
edge of coping and mental health problems in adoles-
cents with chronic headaches [2]. The aim of the
present study is to get a better understanding of the
relationship between different coping strategies and the
presence of chronic headache either alone or in combi-
nation with mental health problems.
Methods
This study is based on a self-report cross-sectional study
undertaken in Akershus County in Norway in 2002. A
total of 19,985 adolescents were included in this study,
covering lower secondary and upper secondary students,
aged 13-19 years. Mental health was assessed by using the
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Chronic
headache was measured with a single item, defined in
close accordance with the classification of the Interna-
tional Headache Society (ICHD-2). Internal and external
coping strategies were assessed through seven items, based
on the question: What do you do/what happens when you
are burdened by painful thoughts and feelings?
Results
Adolescents with chronic headaches showed more symp-
toms of mental health problems overall compared to
those without chronic headache or with mental health
problems alone. Logistic regression analyses showed that
those adolescents having both chronic headaches and
comorbid mental health problems to a greater extent
used internal coping strategies, such as keeping feelings
inside (OR 2.05), using drugs (OR 1.79) and talking
oneself out of problems (OR 1.55), compared to those
with chronic headache alone.
Conclusion
We suggest that attention should be paid towards cop-
ing strategies used by a high risk group that have both
chronic headaches and mental health problems.
Author details
1Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway. 2HØKH, Research Centre,
Akershus University Hospital, Norway. 3Norwegian Institute of Public Health,
Norway.
Published: 21 February 2013
References
1. Gladstein J: Children and adolescents with chronic daily headache. Curr
Pain Headache Rep 2004, 8:71-75.
2. Compas BE, Connor-Smith JK, Saltzman H, Thomsen AH, Wadsworth ME:
Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: problems,
progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychol Bull 2001,
127:87-127.
doi:10.1186/1129-2377-14-S1-P8
Cite this article as: Hartberg et al.: Adolescents with chronic headaches-
mental health problems and coping patterns. The Journal of Headache
and Pain 2013 14(Suppl 1):P8.
Submit your manuscript to a 
journal and benefi t from:
7 Convenient online submission
7 Rigorous peer review
7 Immediate publication on acceptance
7 Open access: articles freely available online
7 High visibility within the fi eld
7 Retaining the copyright to your article
    Submit your next manuscript at 7 springeropen.com
1Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Hartberg et al. The Journal of Headache and Pain 2013, 14(Suppl 1):P8
http://www.thejournalofheadacheandpain.com/content/14/S1/P8
© 2013 Hartberg et al; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Adolescents with chronic headaches- mental health problems and coping patterns

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